Viability Of Probiotic Bacteria Research Articles

Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of yogurt with Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and probiotic bacteria.

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of yogurt prepared with the addition of Persian shallot and probiotic bacteria. The effect of Persian shallot on the viability of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) was evaluated. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effects of shallot and probiotic bacteria on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli species were investigated. The experiments were performed on days 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21. The results showed that the survival of lactic acid bacteria increased significantly in the presence of shallots (p < .05). The addition of two different probiotic bacteria to the yogurt samples inhibited the pathogenic bacteria. While E. coli bacteria had a 3-log reduction, L. monocytogenes did not grow at all in the presence of probiotic bacteria and shallots. Based on these experiments, it was concluded that the addition of shallots not only increased the survival of probiotic bacteria but also reduced the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the addition of probiotic bacteria increased the acceptance of sensory properties of yogurt samples.

Effect of Different Air Oven Temperatures on Chemical, Physical, and Microbial Properties of Dried Bio-Yoghurt Product

The aim of this study was to compare the physical, chemical, and microbiological features of bio-yoghurt that had been air-oven-dried at three temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) to those of fresh bio-yoghurt. The results showed that drying bio-yoghurt at 40–60 °C decreased the number of probiotic starter bacteria in dried yoghurt products compared to fresh bio-yoghurt. The dried yoghurt’s moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents were 4.16–4.55%, 38.22–40.02%, 1.33–1.43%, 47.94–49.45%, and 6.37–6.55%, respectively. The pH and total acidity levels of dried yoghurt were within acceptable ranges at various temperatures and storage durations. At different temperatures, the viscosity values of the products decreased by 620–550 cp; however, the hygroscopicity values remained constant. During a 90-day storage period, the dried yoghurt product’s physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics remained within acceptable levels. Using a drying temperature of 40–50 °C kept the number of live bacteria below acceptable ranges during storage periods. Lactobacillus acidophilus counts were 6.75 and 6.70 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas Bifidobacterium bifidum numbers were 6.66 and 6.08 log CFU/g, respectively. In conclusion, drying bio-yoghurt in an air oven at 40–50 °C provided a dried product with a high number of viable probiotic bacteria and satisfactory physicochemical characteristics after 3 months.

Efficacy and Viability of Subgingival Application of Probiotics as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Periodontitis.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of subgingivally applied probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) vs SRP alone in patients with periodontitis. Patients diagnosed with periodontitis, with probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5-7 mm on at least two teeth on contralateral sites, were selected for the study and randomly allocated to the test group (n = 31) who underwent SRP along with subgingival application of probiotic paste and the control group (n = 31) who underwent only SRP. Clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups at baseline and after 12 weeks. The viability of probiotic bacteria was evaluated in the test group at baseline, day 4 and day 8. All clinical parameters showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 12 weeks on intragroup and intergroup comparison, with a greater improvement in the test group. Microbiological evaluation showed that the mean colony-forming units (CFUs) in the test group were 38.39 ± 7.76, 7.25 ± 2.72 and 1.57 ± 1.29 at baseline, day 4 and day 8, respectively. The mean CFUs significantly reduced with an increase in time from baseline to 8-day time interval. It was seen that the probiotic bacteria remained viable in the periodontal pocket for up to 8 days after placement, but stable improvements were seen in all clinical parameters even at 12 weeks, indicating its prolonged efficacy. Thus, commercially available probiotics can prove to be an inexpensive method to treat periodontitis when combined with SRP.

Development, quality and safety evaluation of a probiotic whey beverage

Background: This study was aimed at the development of a whey beverage enriched with a probiotic starter culture, prebiotics, vitamins, and minerals, and evaluation of microbiological, physico-chemical, and toxicological characteristics of the developed beverage.Methods: The beverage formulation was determined based on organoleptic analysis. The assessment of microbiological and physico-chemical parameters was carried out in accordance with regulatory standards. The safety assessment of the developed drink was carried out in vivo.Results:A beverage formulation based on whey enriched with probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei 1A, Lactobacillus paracasei 2A, Lactobacillus brevis 4 LB, prebiotic inulin, vitamins (A, C) and minerals (potassium iodide) was developed. The organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological properties of the developed drink were determined. The quality of the beverage complied with food safety regulations, the viability of probiotic bacteria and the acidity of the beverage remained stable during storage. Acute score toxicity and allergenic properties in vivo did not reveal any physiological abnormalities and made it possible to classify the developed product as a low-hazard substance.Conclusion:The optimal composition of a probiotic whey beverage has been developed, which can be considered as a potential product for functional nutrition.Keywords: Whey beverage, Formulation, Probiotic, Functional, Safety Assessment, Toxicity, Allergenic properties, In vivo

Effect of protein-based nanoencapsulation on viability of probiotic bacteria under hostile conditions

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of protein-based nanoencapsulation on the viability and stability of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus in digestion conditions and model food. In the study’s first phase, protein-based nanoparticles were prepared by the pH cycling method, and then the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, was nano-encapsulated. Two types of proteins, namely, whey protein and zein protein, were used to encapsulate probiotics individually. The obtained nano-encapsulated probiotics were characterized by performing particle size, SEM, FTIR, and in vitro assay was performed. Then, free and nano-encapsulated probiotics were added to the model food (yogurt) and analyzed for microbiological and sensory evaluation. Nanoencapsulation with both types of proteins significantly (p < .05) improved the stability and viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The particle size for whey and zein nano-encapsulated probiotics ranged between 96 and 100 nm. The encapsulation efficiency for whey and zein nanoparticles was recorded at 96% and 87%, respectively. SEM images for both zein and whey nanoparticles showed their irregular spherical structure. FTIR spectra suggested that the mechanism of entrapment involved in water-insoluble or physical properties was mostly responsible for the generated loaded nanoparticle. In vitro analysis illustrated that whey nanoencapsulation showed the highest viability in SGC and SIC, followed by zein nanoencapsulation and free probiotics showed the minimum viability. Protein nanoencapsulation also significantly affected the sensory properties of food products. Conclusively, the nanoencapsulation of probiotics using protein nanoparticles helps prolong the viability and stability of probiotics under-simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions and in yogurt.

Development of Value-Added Butter by Incorporating Whey Protein Hydrolysate-Encapsulated Probiotics.

The probiotic foods market is growing exponentially; however, probiotics' survivability and interaction with product attributes pose major challenges. A previous study of our lab developed a spray-dried encapsulant utilizing whey protein hydrolysate-maltodextrin and probiotics with high viable counts and enhanced bioactive properties. Viscous products such as butter could be suitable carriers for such encapsulated probiotics. The objective of the current study was to standardize this encapsulant in salted and unsalted butter, followed by storage stability studies at 4 °C. Butter was prepared at a lab-scale level, and the encapsulant was added at 0.1% and 1%, followed by physiochemical and microbiological characterization. Analyses were conducted in triplicates, and means were differentiated (p < 0.05). The viability of probiotic bacteria and the physicochemical characteristics of the butter samples with 1% encapsulant were significantly higher as compared to 0.1%. Furthermore, the 1% encapsulated probiotics butter variant showed a relatively higher stability of probiotics ratio (LA5 and BB12) than the control with unencapsulated probiotics during storage conditions. Although the acid values increased along with a mixed trend of hardness, the difference was insignificant. This study thus provided a proof of concept for incorporating encapsulated probiotics in salted and unsalted butter samples.

The influence of curcumin additives on the viability of probiotic bacteria, antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, and quality indicators of low-fat yogurt.

Curcumin is a nutraceutical with unique anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we aimed to examine the advantages of the use of water dispersible and highly bioavailable form of standardized turmeric extract (Curcuma longa L.)-NOMICU® L-100 (N) in the formulation of probiotic yogurt in comparison with the standard turmeric extract (TE). The antimicrobial activity of both supplements was studied and compared in the context of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. The N maintains the level of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-2 in yogurt at the recommended level (7-9 log CFU/g) throughout the storage period. NOMICU® L-100 also has a higher inhibitory capacity for the growth of yeast and fungi. The evaluation of quality indicators of yogurt with N and TE at the level of 0.2% proves that yogurt with N has original taste properties. A lower degree of syneresis was noted for yogurt with TE (0.2%), but its sensory properties are unacceptable to the consumer due to the appearance of a bitter taste. In conclusion, based on the obtained results, it has been proven that the use of NOMICU® L-100 (0.2%) in the composition of yogurt provides a product of functional direction with stable quality and safety indicators, which can be stored for at least 28 days.

Effect of Storage Time and Bacterial Strain on the Quality of Probiotic Goat's Milk Using Different Types and Doses of Collagens.

Recently, increasing attention has been focused on developing new products based on goat’s milk. Consumers positively perceive fermented goat’s milk products as health-promoting due to their nutritional value, digestibility, and potential source of probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using different doses of collagen and collagen hydrolysate in the production of probiotic goat’s milk fermented by four monocultures: Lacticaseibacillus casei 431® Lactobacillus acidophilus LA- 5®, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LP26, and Lacticaseibicillus rhamnosus Lr- 32®. A total of 20 experimental groups were prepared, including control groups (without additives), and due to the added probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus), various collagen doses (1.5% and 3.0%) and collagen types (hydrolysate and bovine collagen). Physicochemical, organoleptic, and microbiological characteristics were evaluated after 1 and 21 days of cold storage. The applied additives increased the acidity of the milk even before fermentation. However, milk with bovine collagen and hydrolysate had a higher pH value after fermentation than control milk. The study showed higher than 8 log cfu g−1 viability of probiotic bacteria in goat’s milk products during storage due to the proper pH, high buffering capacity, and rich nutrient content of goat’s milk. The best survival rate was shown for the L. casei strain after 21 days in milk with collagen protein hydrolysate. Moreover, collagen in milk fermented by L. rhamnosus decreased syneresis compared to its control counterpart. The addition of collagen, especially the hydrolysate, increased the gel hardness of the fermented milk. The collagen additives used in the milk, both in the form of hydrolysate and bovine collagen, caused a darkening of the color of the milk and increased the intensity of the milky-creamy and sweet taste.

Storage stability of texture, organoleptic, and biological properties of goat milk yogurt fermented with probiotic bacteria.

Goat milk is an attractive food due to its high nutritional values, easy digestibility and hypoallergenicity, but has an undesirable "goaty" flavor. In this study, goat yogurt was fermented with four probiotics, respectively, including Lactobacillus acidophilus (GYA), Bifidobacterium animalis (GYB), Lactobacillus casei (GYC) and Lactobacillus plantarum (GYP), and tested for texture, organoleptic, and biological properties during a 4-week storage period at the refrigerated temperature. All goat yogurt with probiotics showed an increase on titratable acidity and a corresponding downward trend on pH value. Viable counts of L. acidophilus and L. casei were above 6 log cfu/mL at the end of the storage, which met the minimum standards for viable probiotic bacteria in yogurt specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (FAO). The texture and organoleptic characteristics of fermented goat milk depended on the strain and the storage period. DPPH free radical scavenging rate and ferric reducing antioxidant power activity gradually increased in all goat yogurts during the storage and yogurt with probiotic bacteria showed higher values than those of GY0. Among all probiotic containing goat yogurts, GYC exhibited the desirable characteristics of hardness, adhesiveness, water holding capacity, antioxidant activity during the whole storage. Furthermore, the addition of L. casei effectively weakened the goaty flavor and enhanced the overall acceptability. Thus, fermented goat milk with L. casei is optional for the development of goat milk product with satisfactory texture properties, pleasant sensory quality and high bioactivity.

The effect of different dosage probiotic Bacillus cereus in fish diets on the growth and enzyme activities of coral trout grouper juvenile, Plectropomus leopardus

Coral trout grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) is one of the economically important marine fish. The feed nutrients and probiotics influence the digestive system of fish. This research aims to get an optimal dosage of the probiotic Bacillus cereus on the diet for enhanced growth and enzyme activity of coral trout grouper juveniles. The experiment was conducted with different treatments with four dosages of probiotics in the diet: 0%, 0.5%, 1.0, % and 1.5%, and repeated four times. The diet was formulated with 48.32%-49.25% protein and 11.97%-12.98% lipid—twelve juveniles of coral trout grouper with an average weight of 5.7±0,3 g and length of 7.3±0,3. The fish were reared in 30 L of 16 polycarbonate tanks with a flow-through system. The research was carried out for eight weeks. The Fish were fed two times a day. The observed parameters were carried out for specific growth rate, survival rate, feed efficiency, viability of bacteria in diet, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the probiotics Bacillus cereus diet increased growth, feed efficiency, viability of probiotic bacteria, protease enzyme activity, and lipase enzyme activity in the intestine. The dosage of probiotics 1.5% in feed showed better results than other diets (P &lt;0.05).

Postbiotics: potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond

Postbiotics, also known as bioactive compounds, are those that form in a matrix after fermentation and are then employed to promote health. Realizing that an unbalanced population of microorganisms in the gut might contribute to the onset of a variety of diseases has sparked renewed interest in prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics as potential means of effecting such a change (including cancer and type-1 diabetes). Any metabolic by-products of a microorganism that have a positive impact on the host are considered postbiotics. By altering the gut microbiome, probiotics have a number of health benefits; nevertheless, technological restrictions such as viability controls have restricted their full potential usage in the pharmaceutical and food industries. As a result, the focus is changing away from viable probiotic bacteria and towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or biomolecules produced from probiotics, also known as postbiotics. Because they impart a variety of health-promoting properties, paraprobiotics and postbiotics are developing idea in the functional foods sector. Although these concepts are not fully defined, they have been defined as follows for the time being. Probiotics produce postbiotics, which are detected in the cell-free supernatants of live microorganisms. Among them are amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, biosurfactants, organic acids, and short-chain fatty acids. The current review summarizes and discusses a variety of postbiotic molecules as well as their impact on human health.

The effect of inulin addition on probiotic bacteria viability and volatile components in low fat probiotic Tulum cheese

In this study the effects of probiotic bacteria and inulin addition on microbiological qualities, volatile aroma components and sensory properties during ripening of low-fat Tulum cheeses were examined. Adding inulin to low-fat Tulum cheeses improved the volatile aroma components, microbiological qualities, and sensory properties. The addition of inulin enhanced the growth and viability of probiotic bacteria. The total quantities of alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon, and terpene increased as inulin increased due to maturation. During storage, inulin had a beneficial effect on numerous sensory qualities such as the appearance, texture, taste, and odour of the samples. The addition of 1% inulin had a more favourable effect on probiotic viability.

Effect of Using Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Powder and Probiotic Bacteria on Probiotic Shelf Life and Quality Properties of Ice Cream

In this study, the effect of green tea powder (GTP) in ice cream production on the ice cream properties and viability of probiotic bacteria [Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis (Bifidobacterium BB-12) (P)] was investigated. Four ice cream groups (Control, C: without GTP and P; Probiotic Control (PC): with P; P+1% GTP; P+3% GTP samples) were produced. Bifidobacterium BB-12 (P) was added at 108 cfu/mL. pH, overrun, color, first dripping time, complete melting time and sensory properties were carried out on the second day. P was counted at 2, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days of storage. Bifidobacterium BB-12 number of PC was 6.54 log cfu/g at the 90th day. Bifidobacterium BB-12 number of PC was 7.10 log cfu/g, P+1% GTP sample was 6.48 log cfu/g and P+3% GTP sample was 5.84 log cfu/g at the 75th day. Bifidobacterium BB-12 number of PC was 7.24 log cfu/g, P+1% GTP sample was 6.59 log cfu/g and P+3% GTP sample was 6.69 at the 60th day. Sensory properties and probiotic counts showed that P+1% GTP sample could be accepted as a probiotic ice cream until day 75. Hence, GTP could be successfully used as a functional ingredient in the production of probiotic ice cream.

The impact of combination of solution plasma processing and pulsed electric field on the viability of probiotic bacteria, microbial growth, and structure of yoghurt drink

In this study, the properties of the milk treated with combination of solution plasma (SP) processing and pulsed electric field (PEF) for different periods (5 and 10 min) was investigated. The microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory properties of the probiotic yoghurt drink (Ayran) produced from these milks were determined during storage. PEF was performed at voltage 3500 V, repetition 17,000 Hz, and pulse width 2.58 μs on the raw milk. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis probiotic cultures were used in production with conventional yoghurt bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. In addition to the probiotic viability, texture and sensory quality in terms of consumer preference were investigated. It was determined that the viscosity and dry matter values of the solution plasma-treated samples were lower compared to the samples produced by heat treatment, and these values decreased further with the increase in plasma application time. It was also found that the maximum increase in L* and b* values of all samples during storage was in the samples treated with plasma for 10 min. The viability of the probiotic bacteria in probiotic Ayran samples were determined to be within the therapeutic level (>6.27 log10 cfu ml−1) with higher scores for sensorial qualifications. Practical applications Consumers’ expectations of more nutritious and microbiologically safe food have enabled the development of new processing technologies. Probiotic fermented milk products are products that provide health benefits in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, regulation of metabolism, and stimulation of the immune system. The processing of these dairy products with non-thermal technologies provides advantages in preserving their functional properties.

The Probiotic Identity Card: A Novel "Probiogenomics" Approach to Investigate Probiotic Supplements.

Probiotic bacteria are widely administered as dietary supplements and incorporated as active ingredients in a variety of functional foods due to their purported health-promoting features. Currently available probiotic products may have issues with regards to their formulation, such as insufficient levels of viable probiotic bacteria, complete lack of probiotic strains that are stated to be present in the product, and the presence of microbial contaminants. To avoid the distribution of such unsuitable or misleading products, we propose here a novel approach named Probiotic Identity Card (PIC), involving a combination of shotgun metagenomic sequencing and bacterial cell enumeration by flow cytometry. PIC was tested on 12 commercial probiotic supplements revealing several inconsistencies in the formulation of five such products based on their stated microbial composition and viability.

The effects of encapsulated probiotic bacteria on the physicochemical properties, staling, and viability of probiotic bacteria in gluten‐free bread

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microencapsulation with tragacanth gum and sago starch on the physicochemical properties, staling, and viability of probiotic bacteria in gluten-free sorghum bread. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum were used as probiotic bacteria and tragacanth gum and sago starch were used to the encapsulation of bacteria. Encapsulation increased water absorption (from 56% to 59%), dough development time, and farinograph number, and decreased the softening degree (from 27 to 17.2BU) and dough stability time. Encapsulation of probiotics also resulted in better moisture retention in bread during baking and storage, thereby reducing the intensity of staling. This process also increased the survival of probiotics during baking and storage by more than 2 log cycles. In summary microencapsulation of probiotics with tragacanth gum alone and in combination with sago starch could be an excellent way to improve the survival of probiotic bacteria and delay staling of bread. Novelty impact statement The effect of probiotic bacteria microencapsulation in sorghum bread using tragacanth gum and sago starch on physicochemical qualities, staling, and probiotic viability, was studied. Encapsulation of probiotics improved moisture retention in bread during baking and storage, thereby reducing the intensity of staling. Survival of probiotics during baking and storage was increased by more than two log cycles through this encapsulation.

Symbiotic microencapsulation to enhance Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus paracasei survival in goat cheese

In the study, the microencapsulation method was applied in the production of white cheese from goat milk to prevent the loss of viability of Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum due to environmental factors during their storage period. For this purpose, the cheese was obtained using three types of microcapsules - symbiotic microcapsules containing probiotic bacteria and probiotic + fructooligosaccharide, probiotic + inulin. In addition, probiotics, fructooligosaccharide and inulin have been added to cheese in free form, and a total of 7 different cheeses have been produced with the control sample. In the microencapsulation, 1% sodium alginate was used as coating material and the extrusion method was applied. The cheese samples have been stored at +4 0C for 180 days. It has been determined that the viability of L. paracasei and B.longum has been preserved with the microencapsulation technique, while the viability of probiotic bacteria is preserved at a higher level in cheese samples obtained with the addition of prebiotics to microencapsules. It has been concluded that probiotic microorganisms are available above the minimum therapeutic effect value in grams of cheese samples containing microcapsules and these cheese could be considered as probiotic.

Evaluation of Sensory and Rheological properties and Viability of Probiotic Bacteria in Probiotic Date Dessert

Evaluation of Sensory and Rheological properties and Viability of Probiotic Bacteria in Probiotic Date Dessert

Fortifying of probiotic yogurt with free and microencapsulated extract of Tragopogon Collinus and its effect on the viability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum.

In this study, the effect of free and microencapsulation of Tragopogon Collins extract (TPE) on the properties of probiotic yogurt was investigated. For this purpose, first, TPE was extracted by ultrasound method. The amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in TPE were 890.04 mg/g gallic acid and 512.76 mg/g extract (respectively), and it had high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Then, the extract was encapsulated by maltodextrin–whey protein concentrate. The results related to the particle size, zeta‐potential, and microencapsulation efficiency of the TPE microencapsulation were 93.87 nm, 18.99 MV, and 64.35% respectively. In order to investigate the effect of nano‐ and free TPE on the properties of yogurt during a 15‐day storage period of 5 treatments including control, nano‐ and free TPE at 750 and 1,000 ppm were provided and the physicochemical properties, probiotic bacteria viability, and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that adding TPE to yogurt affects the physicochemical properties, probiotic bacterial viability, and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that adding TPE to yogurt affects the physicochemical properties. TPE samples had lower pH, less syneresis, and more acidity, viscosity, and antioxidant properties compared to the control sample (p < .05). Furthermore, in these samples, the viability of probiotic bacteria during storage was higher than the control treatment and the sensory properties were acceptable. In most cases, better results were observed in nano‐TPE treatment. Therefore, by industrial production of probiotic yogurt containing nano‐TPE as a functional food, a new choice will be provided for consumers of dairy products that would have more desirable nutritional value and sensory properties.

91 Effects of the addition of bael (Aegle marmelos) on the viability of probiotic bacteria and the physiochemical characteristics of fermented goat milk over the refrigerated storage

91 Effects of the addition of bael (Aegle marmelos) on the viability of probiotic bacteria and the physiochemical characteristics of fermented goat milk over the refrigerated storage