Vetiver Essential Oil Research Articles

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides Essential Oil: A Comprehensive Study on Its Chemical Composition, Thermal Analysis, and Biological Activities

Natural bioactive compounds sourced from plants and plant parts have become integral to drug discovery as natural products. The overreliance on synthetic drugs has adversely affected human health. This study focuses on the essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as "Vetiver" to explore its medicinal value. The oil underwent various analytical and biological assessments. Extraction involved hydro-distillation of the roots, and GC-MS analysis unveiled its composition. FAME analysis provided insights into fatty acid composition. Infrared spectroscopy identified different functional groups. Thermal stability was gauged using TG-DTA and DSC methods. The essential oil's antibacterial potency was tested against bacterial strains. Antimalarial and antituberculosis potential were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. Vetiver essential oil's ability to counter free radicals was determined via the DPPH reagent. Its impact on biofilm produced by 5 cultures was studied. The essential oil's effects on cancerous (HeLa) and normal (CHO) cell lines were assessed using the MTT assay. In conclusion, Chrysopogon zizanioides essential oil exhibits considerable potential with diverse activities. It could serve as a non-toxic alternative for infection prevention and find utility in the food industry
 Keyword: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Essential oil, Thermal Characterization, GCMS, Antimicrobial, Biofilm.

Revealing the shielding effect of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) essential oil and their possible use in cosmeceuticals

Revealing the shielding effect of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) essential oil and their possible use in cosmeceuticals

A Review on Chemical Composition, Oil Quality, and Bioactivity of Vetiver Essential Oil

A Review on Chemical Composition, Oil Quality, and Bioactivity of Vetiver Essential Oil

Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of sesquiterpene diversity in Indian vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty)

Vetiver is one of the valued plants in the aromatic world which has been extensively used in fragrances, aromatherapy, and medicines. The essential oils derived from vetiver root portions are mainly responsible for the organoleptic character of the plant. Vetiver essential oil is composed of diverse structural framework biosynthesized by using three isoprene units or sesquitepene leading to a number of bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracylic structures. Sequiterpenoids contribute major proportion to vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) roots. However, the terpene synthases and their role in sesquiterpene biosynthesis in plant have not yet been studied. On the basis of volatile composition, two distinct stable vetiver genotypes viz., ‘CIM-Vridhi’ and ‘CIMAP-Khusinolika’ have been identified in ‘CSIR-CIMAP’ in recent years. Such a unique chemical difference is attributed to the array of structural diversity in sesquiterpenes and their derivatives. The root transcriptome of the two contrasting genotypes ‘CIM-Vridhi’ and ‘CIMAP-Khusinolika’ was carried out and three full length terpene synthase (TPS) genes were analyzed. These synthase genes, CZTPS1, CZTPS2, and CZTPS3 produce multiple sesquiterpenoids and were functionally characterized. In addition, the gene expression studies leading to metabolite biosynthesis in these genotypes were further confirmed by compound isolation and NMR based structural characterization of compounds from each genotypes. A bicyclic cadinane called khusinol identified as unique identifier in ‘CIMAP-Khusinolika’ while khusimol, a tricyclic zizaene dominates the ‘CIM-Vridhi’ oil composition. In conclusion, characterization of unique markers in each genotypes has been well supported by their transcriptomic data. Thus, present study can be utilized to investigate the vetiver terpenoid metabolism and its structure–odor correlations for the production of more potent odor threshold oriented chemicals from this plant.

An enzyme-assisted method to extract vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) essential oil

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) has various applications in many different fields, such as agriculture, medicine, etc. However, the traditional long vetiver essential oil (VEO) extraction process consumes a lot of energy. Therefore, this study is directed to the use of enzymes to support the VEO distillation. According to the results, the pretreated vetiver root with viscozyme was highly applicable as the extraction yield was enhanced by 23% and the extraction time was decreased by 10 h compared to the traditional method. The pretreatment conditions were surveyed to enhance the effectiveness of the viscozyme pretreatment. By using GC–MS, 63 active ingredients were identified and semi-quantified in hydrodistillation extracted VEO, accounting for about 84.72% of the total essential oil content obtained. The GC–MS results show that there was no significant difference between the non-enzyme-assisted and the viscozyme pretreatment samples.

​Multifunctional Finishing of Textiles using Microencapsulated Vetiver Essential Oil: A Review

Consumers awareness toward usages of natural ingredient for finishing textiles has built an ever-growing demand. New textile technologies have empowered the application of new ingredient on the fabric to provide its functional benefits to the end product. Essential oil has gained popularity as they symbolize “green” alternative and have been used to add specific function to textile due to their eco-friendly and biodegradable nature. Some essential oils, which can be used to infuse textiles with aroma, are also known to attain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can be useful for different textile applications. Aromatherapy is a form of an alternative medicine in which essential oils are used to impart therapeutic effects. It is important to develop textile materials with added functional properties in order to promote healthy and eco-friendly life style. Vetiver is one of the multipurpose essential oil that is economically and ecologically important. The main action of vetiver esssential oil is on the nervous system and it is both sedative and strengthening in effect. It has been traditionally used in aromatherapy from a long period of time for relieving stress, anxiety, depression, tension and insomnia. Therefore, vetiver essential oil can be used to impart finishing onto the textiles to develop functionalized textiles with useful properties.

Microencapsulation of Vetiver Essential Oil using Complex Coacervation Technique

Recently, fragrance embedded textiles are being developed in areas of sustainability, environmentconsciousness for healthy life style and well-being. Aromatherapy is a form of an alternative medicine inwhich essential oils are used to impart therapeutic effects. Vetiver essential oil was selected as the corematerial and gum acacia and gelatin as wall materials. For standardization of microencapsulation process,the ratios of core and wall materials, temperature and pH were optimized on the basis of size, distributionand quality of wall of formed microcapsule observed under inverted microscope. The vetiver essentialoil:gum:gelatin in the ratio 1:4:4 at 45 oC temperature with initial pH 4.5 and final pH 7 were optimized fordevelopment of microcapsules as medium sized microcapsules having good uniformity in size anddistribution with sharp and thick walls were obtained with these optimized process parameters. Hence,these optimized variables can be used to prepare the vetiver essential oil microcapsules for the developmentof fragrant textiles.

Durable Aroma Finishing of Wool Fabric with Microencapsulated Vetiver Essential Oil and Assessment of its Properties

Durable Aroma Finishing of Wool Fabric with Microencapsulated Vetiver Essential Oil and Assessment of its Properties

Mega-environment investigation based on the GGE biplot and genotype selection for high essential oil yield in vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty)

The genotype and genotype-environment interaction (GEI) significantly differed in the current study, demonstrating that genotype-environment (G × E) interaction heavily influenced genotype yield output. A combined analysis of variance revealed that the genotype and G × E interaction had a significant difference for all eleven characters. Except for the traits Ch1, Ch3, Ch4, Ch5, Ch9, and Ch11, a significant variance was found for all eleven characters over the years, indicating that the environment significantly influenced traits performance. The quality of vetiver essential oil is also affected by genotypic and environmental factors. The GGE biplot model shows that genotypes have a significant G × E interaction, split between the first and second IPCA/interaction principal component axis. In all three contexts, the genotypes V1, V13, and V14 in the center of the biplot graph were determined to be stable. The traits CH1-vs-CH3, CH1-vs-Ch7, and Ch4-vs-CH9 indicated significantly substantial genetic correlations among economic traits over the years. The traits Ch3-vs-Ch4, Ch3-vs-Ch9, Ch4-vs-Ch9, and Ch5-vs-Ch6 were highly significant and positively correlated, but Ch1-vs-Ch11 and CH7-vs-CH9 were negatively related. E1 and E2 were linked together to form one group, and E3 and E4 were linked together. GGE biplot analysis for environment interrelationships V1 and V7 was highly stable and well-performing for essential oil yield from a polygon perspective. Genotypes V1, V7, V10, V11, and V12 are stable and desirable genotypes arrayed in a concentric circle near the center of an ideal genotype. The genotypes V 17, V 41, V 69, and V 70 showed good photosynthetic efficiency. These genotypes might be suitable for large-scale farming.

Analysis of cell death in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> caused by sesquiterpenes from <i>Chrysopogon</i> <i>zizanioides</i> (L.) Roberty<i> </i>

Recently, the antibacterial effects of essential oils have been investigated in addition to their therapeutic purposes. Owing to their hydrophobic nature, they are thought to perturb the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to cell death. Against such antibiotic challenges, bacteria develop mechanisms for cell envelope stress responses (CESR). In Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive sporulating soil bacterium, the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor-mediated response system plays a pivotal role in CESR. Among them, σM is strongly involved in response to cell envelope stress, including a shortage of available bactoprenol. Vetiver essential oil, a product of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty root, is also known to possess bactericidal activity. σM was exclusively and strongly induced when the cells were exposed to Vetiver extract, and depletion of multi-ECF sigma factors (ΔsigM, ΔsigW, ΔsigX, and ΔsigV) enhanced sensitivity to it. From this quadruple mutant strain, the suppressor strains, which restored resistance to the bactericidal activity of Vetiver extract, emerged, although attempts to obtain resistant strains from the wild type did not succeed. Whole-genome resequencing of the suppressor strains and genetic analysis revealed inactivation of xseB or pnpA, which code for exodeoxyribonuclease or polynucleotide phosphorylase, respectively. This allowed the quadruple mutant strain to escape from cell death caused by Vetiver extract. Composition analysis suggested that the sesquiterpene, khusimol, might contribute to the bactericidal activity of the Vetiver extract.

Effect Of Vetiver Essential Oil In 10% And 30% Concentration To The Cortisol Hormones Of Stressor-Induced Rats

Background: The number of people with mental health problems is still high in the world, especially depression. This incident is triggered by the stress of each individual on an ongoing basis and failure to adapt. Stress regulation is a preventive measure to prevent depression in individuals. Currently, there are many developing uses of essential oils as antistress relaxation therapy. Vetiver essential oil is believed to reduce stress levels. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of using vetiver essential oil with different concentrations and administration periods on changes in cortisol levels. Methods: This study used Rattus norvegicus experimental animals with the Forced Swim Test (FST) as a stressor. Vetiver essential oil concentrations of 10% and 30% were administered with the essential oil preparation given after giving stressor. Stress level in experimental animals was measured from the hormone cortisol in the blood. The method of measuring cortisol in experimental animals was carried out using the Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results: This study obtained significant results from the Kruskal Wallis statistical test on decreasing cortisol levels in experimental animals by administering vetiver essential oil with 10% concentration. Changes in the cortisol hormone in experimental animals and cortisol levels were not affected by the length of time of administration.

Improved Production and In Situ Recovery of Sesquiterpene (+)-Zizaene from Metabolically-Engineered E. coli.

The sesquiterpene (+)-zizaene is the direct precursor of khusimol, the main fragrant compound of the vetiver essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides and used in nearly 20% of men’s fine perfumery. The biotechnological production of such fragrant sesquiterpenes is a promising alternative towards sustainability; nevertheless, product recovery from fermentation is one of the main constraints. In an effort to improve the (+)-zizaene recovery from a metabolically-engineered Escherichia coli, we developed an integrated bioprocess by coupling fermentation and (+)-zizaene recovery using adsorber extractants. Initially, (+)-zizaene volatilization was confirmed from cultivations with no extractants but application of liquid–liquid phase partitioning cultivation (LLPPC) improved (+)-zizaene recovery nearly 4-fold. Furthermore, solid–liquid phase partitioning cultivation (SLPPC) was evaluated by screening polymeric adsorbers, where Diaion HP20 reached the highest recovery. Bioprocess was scaled up to 2 L bioreactors and in situ recovery configurations integrated to fermentation were evaluated. External recovery configuration was performed with an expanded bed adsorption column and improved (+)-zizaene titers 2.5-fold higher than LLPPC. Moreover, internal recovery configuration (IRC) further enhanced the (+)-zizaene titers 2.2-fold, whereas adsorption velocity was determined as critical parameter for recovery efficiency. Consequently, IRC improved the (+)-zizaene titer 8.4-fold and productivity 3-fold from our last report, achieving a (+)-zizaene titer of 211.13 mg L−1 and productivity of 3.2 mg L−1 h−1. This study provides further knowledge for integration of terpene bioprocesses by in situ product recovery, which could be applied for many terpene studies towards the industrialization of fragrant molecules.

Modulating the Precursor and Terpene Synthase Supply for the Whole-Cell Biocatalytic Production of the Sesquiterpene (+)-Zizaene in a Pathway Engineered E. coli

The vetiver essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides contains fragrant sesquiterpenes used widely in the formulation of nearly 20% of men’s cosmetics. The growing demand and issues in the supply have raised interest in the microbial production of the sesquiterpene khusimol, the main compound of the vetiver essential oil due to its woody smell. In this study, we engineered the biosynthetic pathway for the production of (+)-zizaene, the immediate precursor of khusimol. A systematic approach of metabolic engineering in Escherichia coli was applied to modulate the critical bottlenecks of the metabolic flux towards (+)-zizaene. Initially, production of (+)-zizaene was possible with the endogenous methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the codon-optimized zizaene synthase (ZS). Raising the precursor E,E-farnesyl diphosphate supply through the mevalonate pathway improved the (+)-zizaene titers 2.7-fold, although a limitation of the ZS supply was observed. To increase the ZS supply, distinct promoters were tested for the expression of the ZS gene, which augmented 7.2-fold in the (+)-zizaene titers. Final metabolic enhancement for the ZS supply by using a multi-plasmid strain harboring multiple copies of the ZS gene improved the (+)-zizaene titers 1.3-fold. The optimization of the fermentation conditions increased the (+)-zizaene titers 2.2-fold, achieving the highest (+)-zizaene titer of 25.09 mg L−1. This study provides an alternative strategy to enhance the terpene synthase supply for the engineering of isoprenoids. Moreover, it demonstrates the development of a novel microbial platform for the sustainable production of fragrant molecules for the cosmetic industry.

Catalytical Specificity, Reaction Mechanisms, and Conformational Changes during Catalysis of the Recombinant SUMO (+)-Zizaene Synthase fromChrysopogon zizanioides

Zizaene synthase (ZS) from Chrysopogon zizanioides (Poaceae) is the critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of the fragrant sesquiterpene khusimol, a major component of the vetiver essential oil used w...

Integrated comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of vetiveryl acetates: Molecular identifications, quantification of constituents, regulatory and olfactory considerations

Vetiveryl acetate is a common ingredient of the perfume industry highly prized by perfumers for its crisp vetiver note and thus often used in high-end perfume compositions. Vetiveryl acetate is currently manufactured from vetiver oil by means of various industrial processes that result in the conversion of the main vetiver alcohols into their corresponding acetates. Despite being used for decades as perfume ingredient, vetiveryl acetate has barely been studied in the past, therefore its chemical composition is poorly documented. While vetiveryl acetate is currently under investigation by regulation authorities, it was crucial to fill this gap of knowledge. We report here the first detailed investigation of different types of vetiveryl acetates, covering analytical, regulatory, and olfactory aspects. This study is based upon an integrated analytical methodology involving a full array of gas chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic/spectrometric methods. The principal objective was the identification of the main ester constituents contained in different samples of vetiveryl acetate, as well as linking their chemical composition with their manufacture process. Among the major esters detected in all samples, 23 ester constituents were either isolated by capillary preparative-gas chromatography or synthesized in order to provide their complete spectral characterization. The quantification of constituents in both commercial and laboratory-made vetiveryl acetates was carried out by internal calibration using comprehensive two-dimensional-gas chromatography and predicted relative response factors. The generated set of analytical data permitted to explore both the regulatory aspects and the olfactory properties associated with the substance. The manufacture of vetiveryl acetate modulates the initial scent of vetiver essential oil by suppressing the notes brought by the main fragrant alcohols. While the impact of undesired odorant molecules such as phenol derivatives and geosmin is lowered, the major odour-active ketones such as khusimone, ziza-6(13)-en-3-ones, and the two vetivones develop their own odor characters in vetiveryl acetate.

Effect of polyacrylamide soil-dressing on physiological attributes, essential oil content, and composition of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)

ABSTRACTA pot experiment was conducted on vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) in a completely randomized design to study the effect of soil-dressing with polyacrylamide (PAM) on the quality and quantity of vetiver essential oil (EO). Among the PAM doses tested, 120 mg kg−1 increased 17.3% and 39.6% in the EO content and yield, respectively. Gas chromatography (GC) revealed that khusimol content and yield was increased by 26.7% and 77.0% over the respective control. The study suggests that PAM increased the root biomass by improving soil environment thus increasing the growth parameters, physiological attributes, and EO production.

Drought and salt stress in Chrysopogon zizanioides leads to common and specific transcriptomic responses and may affect essential oil composition and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids metabolism

Abiotic stresses affect crop productivity worldwide. Understanding molecular mechanisms of plant abiotic stress tolerance is important for developing stress tolerant crop plants for sustaining crop productivity in future. Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) is a perennial C4 grass reported to be tolerant to water, salinity and submergence stress. Here, we subjected C. zizanioides seedlings to salt and drought stress and carried out whole transcriptome profiling of leaf and root tissues. Assessing the global transcriptome changes under drought and salt stress resulted in the identification of several genes contributing to stress response in this species. Overall, more transcriptomic changes were observed in leaf tissue compared to root tissue. The response to either stress manifested primarily as upregulation of gene expression in both leaf and root. The study identified stress responsive genes commonly and differently regulated under stress/tissue conditions. Several DEGs in our data were identified as enzymes involved in biosynthesis of essential oil components. The differential expression of these genes under drought and salt stress may affect the vetiver essential oil composition under these stresses. Similarly, several genes involved in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including morphin were found to be differentially expressing in our data. Our data may facilitate further molecular studies on stress tolerance of C. zizanioides. The DEGs from our results are potential candidates for understanding and engineering abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Vetiver Essential Oil in Cosmetics: What Is New?

Background: Vetiver is a key ingredient for the perfume industry nowadays. However, with the constant and rapid changes of personal tastes, this appeal could vanish and this sector could decline quite quickly. New dissemination paths need to be found to tap this valuable resource. Methods: In this way, its potential use in cosmetics either as an active ingredient per se (with cosmeceutical significance or presenting antimicrobial activity) has hence been explored in vitro. Results: In this contribution, we demonstrated that vetiver essential oil displays no particularly significant and innovative cosmetic potential value in formulations apart from its scent already largely exploited. However, evaluated against twenty bacterial strains and two Candida species using the in vitro microbroth dilution method, vetiver oil demonstrated notably some outstanding activities against Gram-positive strains and against one Candida glabrata strain. Conclusions: Based on these findings, vetiver essential oil appears to be an appropriate aspirant for the development of an antimicrobial agent for medicinal purposes and for the development of a cosmetic ingredient used for its scent and displaying antimicrobial activity as an added value.

Sustainable Manufacture of a Valuable Fragrance Ingredient: Lipase-Catalyzed Acylation of Vetiver Essential Oil and Chemoselectivity between Sesquiterpene Alcohols.

A lipase-catalyzed acylation reaction of crude Haitian vetiver essential oil was studied as an alternative to chemical processes for the manufacture of an industrially relevant fragrance ingredient. A competitive process that involved a recyclable immobilized lipase at 10 % w/w was developed and used up to the kilogram scale and quantitatively delivered the target product with good productivity (up to 90 g L-1 h-1 ). With the support of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS), it was found that the enzymatic reaction exhibited a high chemoselectivity in favor of primary sesquiterpene alcohols. This finding and its consequence on the olfactory properties were correlated with sensory analysis.

Biological activity of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil (VEO) has a long history of use. However, research on its biological activity in human skin cells is scarce. In this study, we investigated the biologi...