Veterinary Entomology Research Articles

New records and ecological remarks regarding the tribe Stomoxyini (Diptera: Muscidae) from Israel

1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120, GunterCMuller@hotmail.com 2United States Department of Agriculture-ARS-Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A. 3Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in Denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a Florida isolate

House flies (Musca domestica) infected with Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) were found in fly populations collected from 12 out of 18 Danish livestock farms that were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. Infection rates ranged from 0.5% to 5% and averaged 1.2%. None of the stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), rat-tail maggot flies (Eristalis tenax) or yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) collected from MdSGHV-positive farms displayed characteristic salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH). In laboratory transmission tests, SGH symptoms were not observed in stable flies, flesh flies (Sarcophaga bullata), black dump flies (Hydrotaea aenescens), or face flies (Musca autumnalis) that were injected with MdSGHV from Danish house flies. However, in two species (stable fly and black dump fly), virus injection resulted in suppression of ovarian development similar to that observed in infected house flies, and injection of house flies with homogenates prepared from the salivary glands or ovaries of these species resulted in MdSGHV infection of the challenged house flies. Mortality of virus-injected stable flies was the highest among the five species tested. Virulence of Danish and Florida isolates of MdSGHV was similar with three virus delivery protocols, as a liquid food bait (in sucrose, milk, or blood), sprayed onto the flies in a Potter spray tower, or by immersiion in a crude homogenate of infected house flies. The most effective delivery system was immersion in a homogenate of ten infected flies/ml of water, resulting in 56.2% and 49.6% infection of the house flies challenged with the Danish and Florida strains, respectively.

Editorial

Our previous editorial in September of this year marked the retirement of Dr Gay Gibson as Editor for Medical and Veterinary Entomology. We are now delighted to announce the appointment of a third Editor to join Doug Colwell and Hilary Ranson. Professor Domenico Otranto from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy has served as member of the Editorial Board since 2006. His expertise bridges the Medical and Veterinary fields and his current areas of interest include the study of arthropod vectors of pathogens of animal and human concern. We also updated our Editorial Board membership over the summer. Three long standing members of the Board, Dr Lance Durden, Professor Mario Coluzzi and Dr Frantisek Rettich stepped down this year and we would like to thank them warmly for their work in supporting the journal over the years. We are pleased to announce that 12 existing members agreed to stand for another term and have been joined by four new members, Dr Roger Nasci (Center for Disease Control, U.S.A.), Dr Filipe Dantas-Torres (University of Bari, Italy), Dr Frederic Simard (Institute pour Recherche and Development, France/Burkina Faso) and Dr Jamie Stevens (University of Exeter, U.K.). The final change to the team is a change in the Editorial Assistant. Ms Amanda Ball who has been so helpful in getting us set up on ScholarOne has moved on to pastures new and we are pleased to announce that Ms Angela Hughes has taken over these duties as of November 2010. All Editors would like to thank all of the above, and of course the authors and reviewers who all make a very important and valued contribution to the work of Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Doug Colwell, Domenico Otranto & Hilary Ranson

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: Invasion of the Bedbugs

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: Invasion of the Bedbugs

Retracted: Established and emerging pathogens inIxodes ricinusticks collected from birds on a conservation island in the Baltic Sea

Tick-borne pathogens such as Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. cause a great variety of diseases in animals and humans. Although their importance with respect to emerging human diseases is increasing, many issues about their ecology are still unclear. In spring 2007, 191 Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks were collected from 99 birds of 11 species on a bird conservation island in the Baltic Sea in order to test them for Borrelia spp., A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. infections. Identification of the pathogens was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. The majority of birds with ticks testing positive were European robins and thrushes. Borrelia DNA was detected in 14.1%, A. phagocytophilum in 2.6%, rickettsiae in 7.3% and Babesia spp. in 4.7% of the ticks. Co-infections with different pathogens occurred in six ticks (3.1%). The fact that 11 ticks (five larvae, six nymphs) were infected with Borrelia afzelii suggests that birds may, contrary to current opinion, serve as reservoir hosts for this species. Among rickettsial infections, we identified Rickettsia monacensis and Rickettsia helvetica. As we detected five Rickettsia spp. positive larvae and two birds carried more than one infected tick, transmission of those pathogens from birds to ticks appears possible. Further characterization of Babesia infections revealed Babesia divergens and Babesia microti. The occurrence of Babesia spp. in a total of five larvae suggests that birds may be able to infect ticks, at least with Ba. microti, a species considered not to be transmitted transovarially in ticks.

An Interview with Graham White, Ph.D.

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic DiseasesVol. 9, No. 6 ProfileAn Interview with Graham White, Ph.D.Published Online:9 Dec 2009https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.9612.intAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleAbstractGraham White, Ph.D., is a research scientist in the Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, based in the Mosquito & Fly Research Unit of the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Veterinary & Agricultural Entomology. He graduated with a degree in entomology from Imperial College of London University and chose a career in public health entomology, specializing in mosquito biology and control. Dr. White received his doctoral degree from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) for research to develop chemosterilant procedures (sterile insect technique) that were applied by USDA to eliminate Culex quinquefasciatus from a Florida island. During 1967–1972, he served as medical entomologist for the East African Institute for Malaria & Vector-Borne Diseases, based at Amani in Tanzania, investigating vector species complexes in relation to epidemiology and control of malaria, filariasis, and onchocerciasis. During the 1970s, he was Assistant Professor at the Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, with a Wellcome Fellowship to study the Anopheles gambiae complex in relation to malaria control operations. He then became head of Medical Entomology at the British Museum of Natural History, from 1974 to 1979, where he specialized in biosystematics and served 20 years as a Director of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. He returned to LSHTM as Senior Lecturer in Medical Entomology from 1979 to 1985, and served as a World Health Organization (WHO) consultant with national vector control programs in Cuba, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, and the United Arab Emirates. During 1985–1997, Dr. White was vector control product development manager for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI, Britain's biggest chemical company) and then Zeneca Public Health. He contributed to the development of pyrethroid formulations for antimalaria house-spraying and for insecticide-treated bednets, including the first wash-resistant treatment. In 1987, he founded the quarterly research journal Medical & Veterinary Entomology for the U.K. Royal Entomological Society. He served as entomologist and Rapporteur of the Technical Advisory Group of the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis and has advised on malaria vector control in more than 30 countries. Dr. White was Rapporteur for a series of intercountry meetings that launched the WHO Integrated Vector Management Strategy 2003. Since 2004, he serves as full-time consultant for the U.S. Armed Forces Pest Management Board, to facilitate the development of new vector control materials and application methods.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 9Issue 6Dec 2009 InformationCopyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:An Interview with Graham White, Ph.D..Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.Dec 2009.755-758.http://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.9612.intPublished in Volume: 9 Issue 6: December 9, 2009PDF download

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Effects of Wind Speed on Aerosol Spray Penetration in Adult Mosquito Bioassay Cages1

Bioassay cages are commonly used to assess efficacy of insecticides against adult mosquitoes in the field. To correlate adult mortality readings to insecticidal efficacy and/or spray application parameters properly, it is important to know how the cage used in the bioassay interacts with the spray cloud containing the applied insecticide. This study compared the size of droplets, wind speed, and amount of spray material penetrating cages and outside of cages in a wind tunnel at different wind speeds. Two bioassay cages, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE) and Circle, were evaluated. The screen materials used on these cages reduced the size of droplets, wind speed, and amount of spray material inside the cages as compared to the spray cloud and wind velocity outside of the cages. When the wind speed in the dispersion tunnel was set at 0.6 m/sec (1.3 mph), the mean wind speed inside of the CMAVE Bioassay Cage and Circle Cage was 0.045 m/sec (0.10 mph) and 0.075 m/sec (0.17 mph), respectively. At air velocities of 2.2 m/sec (4.9 mph) in the dispersion tunnel, the mean wind speed inside of the CMAVE Bioassay Cage and Circle Cage was 0.83 m/sec (1.86 mph) and 0.71 m/sec (1.59 mph), respectively. Consequently, there was a consistent 50-70% reduction of spray material penetrating the cages compared to the spray cloud that approached the cages. These results provide a better understanding of the impact of wind speed, cage design, and construction on ultra-low-volume spray droplets.

THE PARAMAGNETIC FORCE IN PLANT GROWTH AND INSECT CONTROL

It is a mystery how someone who was born in Menlo, Iowa in 1909 and in 1941 completed all of his undergraduate and graduate education at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. decided to pursue a career in medical and veterinary entomology. At 17 years of age, Carroll Newton Smith worked as a Congressional Page. He liked to joke that he began only 6-7 steps from the U.S. Presidency and retired at least 20 steps away, having attained the rank of GS-15 in the interim. In 1935, after finishing his M.S. degree, he was employed by the USDA as a Junior Entomologist in Washington D.C. and advanced from Associate Entomologist to Entomologist during 1937-41 while earning his Ph.D. degree (Weidhaas et al. 1993). He conducted fundamental research on the biology and control of the American dog tick on Martha's Vineyard during the latter period. He worked for the USDA in Savannah, Georgia in 1941-1946 conducting research on insecticides, insect repellents and the attraction of biting insects to humans. He continued this work after transferring to Orlando in 1946 and subsequently conducted pioneering research on radiation, chemosterilization and the genetics of insect candidates for the sterile insect technique. The wide range of arthropods used in his research included ticks, mites, mosquitoes, lice, fleas, cockroaches, ants and flies, notably the tsetse fly. Later in his career, he developed a passion for editing and collaboratively produced several excellent books: Principles of Insect Chemosterilization, History ofEntomology and Insect Colonization and Mass Production (a personal, signed copy given to the senior author). He also served as an editor for the Annual Review of En-

Medical and veterinary entomology; Forensic entomology

Entomological ResearchVolume 37, Issue s1 p. A91-A97 Medical and veterinary entomology; Forensic entomology First published: 07 August 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2007.00092.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume37, Issues1August 2007Pages A91-A97 RelatedInformation

Medical and veterinary entomology; Forensic entomology

Medical and veterinary entomology; Forensic entomology

Seasonal patterns of ectoparasitism of poultry in Zaria, Nigeria: A retrospective study

A 10-year study on birds suspected of ecto-parsite infestation at the Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was conducted. The peaks of abundance were observed in the months of June (22.3%), July (18.5%), September (9.7%), October (8.7%) and January (8.7%). A conspicuous fall was recorded in August (4.9%). About 40.8% of the parasites were recorded in June and July. The most abundant parasites were Menacanthus stramineus (41.8%), Cnemidocoptes mutans (13.6%), Argas persicus (11.7%) Lipeurus caponis (7.8%), Gonoides gigas (7.8%). Other species recorded though in lower proportions were lxodid tick larvae (4.9%), Gonoides meleagrades (3.9%), Dermanyssus bursa , Echidnophaga gallinacea and Menopon gallinae recorded 0.97% each. Menacanthus stramineus occurred almost all the year round. The group of parasites were abundant in the following decreasing order lice (62.1%), mies (19.4%), ticks (17.5%) and flea (0.97%). The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 24 2003: 155-160

Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: Evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector

Knowledge about Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae), the intermediate host of the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), is confined to experimental studies. To investigate the role P. variegata plays in the transmission of T. callipaeda under natural conditions, the population dynamics of these flies in the natural environment and their feeding preferences (on vegetables and/or animal lachrymal secretions) were examined. From April to November 2005, a total number of 969 (557 males and 412 females) P. variegata flies were collected weekly in a region of southern Italy with a history of canine thelaziosis. The flies were identified and dissected or subjected to a PCR assay specific for a region within the ribosomal ITS-1 DNA of T. callipaeda. The zoophilic preferences of P. variegata were assessed by collecting flies around the eyes of a person or around a fruit bait. Seven hundred and twenty flies (398 males and 322 females) were dissected under a stereomicroscope; 249 flies (158 males and 91 females) that died prior to the dissection were subjected to molecular investigation. Only P. variegata males were infected with larval T. callipaeda both at dissection (six, 0.83%) and with the specific PCR (seven, 2.81%), representing a total percentage of 1.34% flies infected. Interestingly, only males were collected around the eyes, compared with a male/female ratio of 1:4 around the fruit. This survey indicated that P. variegata males act as intermediate hosts of T. callipaeda under natural conditions in Europe. Both the zoophilic behaviour of P. variegata males on lachrymal secretions and their role as vector of T. callipaeda have been discussed as they represent a peculiarity in medical and veterinary entomology. The synchrony between the fly population dynamics and the biology of the nematode in the definitive host provides an interesting model for exploring the co-evolution of Thelazia spp. with their hosts.

The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. By Peter H Adler, Douglas C Currie, and , D Monty Wood; Foreword by , Daniel H Janzen; illustrated by , Ralph M Idema and , Lawrence W Zettler. Published by Cornell University Press, Ithaca (New York), in association with the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Canada). $99.95. xv + 941 p + 24

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. By Peter H Adler, Douglas C Currie, and , D Monty Wood; Foreword by , Daniel H Janzen; illustrated by , Ralph M Idema and , Lawrence W Zettler. Published by Cornell University Press, Ithaca (New York), in association with the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Canada). $99.95. xv + 941 p + 24 pl; ill.; indexes to names of black flies and to names of organisms other than black flies, subject index. ISBN: 0–8014–2498–4. 2004.Jerome A Hogsette, Jr.Jerome A Hogsette, Jr.Center for Medical, Agricultural & Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida Search for more articles by this author Center for Medical, Agricultural & Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FloridaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 80, Number 3September 2005 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/497215 Views: 15Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

2002 Student Debates on Medical and Veterinary Entomology

2002 Student Debates on Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Current status of medical and veterinary entomology in France: endangered discipline or promising science?

Following alarming statements (French Senate, Académie des Sciences) on the present situation concerning entomology and systematics in France, the Conseil Général Vétérinaire designated one of us (D.C.) to carry out a survey on the status of medical and veterinary entomology (MVE) with respect to research orientations and university curricula. Around 100 participants, including scientists, teachers and several directors of research and educational bodies, were interviewed and filled in questionnaires for this survey. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the deterioration of MVE in France is associated with: (1) the hasty reorganisation of training and research in the life sciences, leading to the disappearance of several disciplines. Hence, the postgraduate DEA degree in entomology was eliminated, and even the name ‘entomology’ no longer appears in teaching programmes or on research contracts; (2) France's withdrawal from action research programmes in developing countries. Although these programmes were efficient in controlling outbreaks of major endemic diseases, integrated pest and vector management programmes have been replaced by basic health care ( ‘Health for everyone in 2000’) and vaccination programmes; (3) the general shift from field to laboratory research, focused mainly on molecular mechanisms. The survey results confirmed generally acknowledged trends concerning many points and highlighted several specific problems, such as the disappearance of systematics experts. Several potential solutions are proposed.

Current status of medical and veterinary entomology in France: endangered discipline or promising science?

Following alarming statements (French Senate, Académie des Sciences) on the present situation concerning entomology and systematics in France, the Conseil Général Vétérinaire designated one of us (D.C.) to carry out a survey on the status of medical and veterinary entomology (MVE) with respect to research orientations and university curricula. Around 100 participants, including scientists, teachers and several directors of research and educational bodies, were interviewed and filled in questionnaires for this survey. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the deterioration of MVE in France is associated with: (1) the hasty reorganisation of training and research in the life sciences, leading to the disappearance of several disciplines. Hence, the postgraduate DEA degree in entomology was eliminated, and even the name ‘entomology’ no longer appears in teaching programmes or on research contracts; (2) France's withdrawal from action research programmes in developing countries. Although these programmes were efficient in controlling outbreaks of major endemic diseases, integrated pest and vector management programmes have been replaced by basic health care (‘Health for everyone in 2000’) and vaccination programmes; (3) the general shift from field to laboratory research, focused mainly on molecular mechanisms. The survey results confirmed generally acknowledged trends concerning many points and highlighted several specific problems, such as the disappearance of systematics experts. Several potential solutions are proposed. A la suite d'informations alarmantes (Sénat français, Académie des Sciences) sur la situation présente dans laquelle se trouvent l'Entomologie et la Systématique en France, le Conseil Général Vétérinaire a désigné l'un d'entre nous (D.C.) pour entreprendre une évaluation de l'état de l'entomologie médicale et vétérinaire (EMV) au point de vue des orientations de recherche et de la formation universitaire. Pour ce faire, une centaine de spécialistes, comprenant des chercheurs, des enseignants et plusieurs responsables d'équipes de recherche et de formation, ont été interrogés et ont rempli un questionnaire. Sur la base des résultats de cette enquête, on peut estimer que la dégradation de l'EMV en France est en relation avec: (1) la réorganisation précipitée de l'enseignement et de la recherche dans le domaine des sciences de la vie, conduisant à la disparition de plusieurs disciplines. Ainsi, le Diplôme d'études approfondies (DEA) en Entomologie a disparu, et le mot même d’ «entomologie » n'apparaı̂t plus dans les programmes d'enseignement ou les contrats de recherche; (2) le retrait de la France des activités de recherche dans les pays en développement. Bien que ces programmes aient été efficaces dans le contrôle de maladies endémiques majeures, les actions concernant la lutte intégrée contre les agents infectieux et les vecteurs ont été remplacées par la promotion des soins de santé primaire (« La santé pour tous en l'an 2000 ») et des programmes de vaccination; (3) la dérive générale des activités de terrain vers la recherche en laboratoire, principalement orientée vers l'étude des mécanismes moléculaires. Les conclusions de cette étude confirment les tendances généralement admises à propos de nombreuses questions et mettent en relief plusieurs problèmes spécifiques, comme la disparition des experts en matière de systématique. Plusieurs solutions d‘avenir sont proposées pour remédier à cette situation.

West Nile disease and its control

Donald R. Barnard from the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology at Gainesville in Florida, USA, describes West Nile virus, an emerging mosquito-borne disease agent in North America where it threatens human and animal health. Historically, it has caused encephalitis and death in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, and Oceania. Preventing future outbreaks of WN fever requires effective virus surveillance and mosquito control technology.

Editorial

Editorial

MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY.

Medical and veterinary entomology , Medical and veterinary entomology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی