Veterinary Drug Residues In Food Research Articles

Screening of meat sold for human consumption in Benue State, Nigeria for antibiotic residues

The problem of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin is of great importance in developing countries. The concerns are mostly  related to food safety and the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study was carried out during the hot dry season  (March) between 2016 – 2018 to detect antibiotic presence in beef, chevon and pork sold for human consumption in abattoirs in Benue  state. Thirty-nine samples each of 100-150g of kidney, liver and muscle were collected from cattle, goats and pigs making a total of 351  samples from abattoirs across the three geopolitical zones of Benue state. The samples were screened for multidrug residues using the  modified agar gel diffusion method. A total of 144 were positive out of which 40.3% (58/144) were beef, while 29.2% (42/144) and 30.5%  (44/144) were chevon and pork respectively. From the results of this study, it could be inferred that the meat consumed within Benue  State contains residues of antibiotics possibly because of non-adherence to the withdrawal period by farmers and lack of knowledge of its  consequences on the consumers. 

Improved Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues: Advancing Analytical Techniques to Ensure Food Safety

Abstract: Veterinary drug residues in foods pose risks to consumers and promote antimicrobial resistance. Effective detection methods are needed to monitor and control residues. Recent advancements in analytical techniques for veterinary drug residue detection were reviewed. Key sample preparation methods, including QuEChERS, SPE, ASE, and LLE, were summarized. Instrumental analysis techniques including LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, immunoassays, CE and biosensors were examined. Recent trends and future directions were identified. : LC-MS/MS and GC-MS provide the highest sensitivity and specificity for veterinary drug residue analysis. However, selectivity remains a challenge, particularly for complex matrices like meat and liver. Multi-residue methods now cover over 100 analytes, but analyzing new and legacy drugs lacking established methods is difficult. Increased sensitivity has been achieved through UHPLC and high resolution MS, but detection limits below 1 μg/kg often remain elusive. sSimplified onsite tests are gaining interest. : More selective extraction strategies, data-driven multi-residue methods, microflow LC, and integrated analytical platforms may help address current challenges. Continued advances in sample preparation, instrumentation, data processing, and validation will be needed to fully realize the potential of veterinary drug residue detection and ensure food safety.

Surveillance of veterinary drug residues in food commonly consumed in Singapore and assessment of dietary exposure

Non-judicious and indiscriminate use of veterinary drugs in animal husbandry may result in accumulation of residues in animal tissues, and consequently in food for human consumption. The abuse of veterinary drugs presents a potential risk to consumer health, especially if the residue level is higher than the health-based guidance value (HBGV) such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Contamination of drug residues in food also promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which poses a serious threat to public health globally. There has been limited information on the occurrence and dietary exposure to veterinary drug residues in Singapore to date. In this study, the occurrence of four classes of veterinary drugs, namely beta-agonists, coccidiostats, fluoroquinolones and macrolides, were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in food widely consumed by Singapore residents. The magnitude of dietary exposure was assessed based on the consumption profile of Singapore population. Out of 216 food samples, 9.72 % were detected positive with veterinary drug residues, where majority of the positive samples were poultry and its derived products, followed by eggs and egg products. 7 veterinary drugs, specifically ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clopidol, diclazuril, lasalocid, nicarbazin and tilmicosin, were detected in the samples, with clopidol and enrofloxacin being the most frequently detected drugs. Dietary exposure was evaluated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the detected drugs and benchmarked against the corresponding acceptable daily intake (ADI). All the %ADI values were far less than 100 in both the average and high consumer scenarios, indicating that the health risk associated with dietary exposure to these drugs in Singapore is low.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food.

The presence of drug residues in food products has become a growing concern because of the adverse health risks and regulatory implications. Drug residues in food refer to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites in products such as meat, fish, eggs, poultry and ready-to-eat foods, which are intended for human consumption. These residues can come from the use of drugs in the field of veterinary medicine, such as antibiotics, antiparasitic agents, growth promoters and other veterinary drugs given to livestock and aquaculture with the aim of providing them as prophylaxis, therapy and for promoting growth. Various analytical techniques are used for this purpose to control the maximum residue limit. Compliance with the maximum residue limit is very important for food manufacturers according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Union (EU) regulations. Effective monitoring and control of drug residues in food requires continuous advances in analytical techniques. Few studies have been reviewed on sample extraction and preparation techniques as well as challenges and future directions for the determination of veterinary drug residues in food. This current review focuses on the overview of regulations, classifications and types of food, as well as the latest analytical methods that have been used in recent years (2020-2023) for the determination of drug residues in food so that appropriate methods and accurate results can be used. The results show that chromatography is still a widely used technique for the determination of drug residue in food. Other approaches have been developed including immunoassay, biosensors, electrophoresis and molecular-based methods. This review provides a new development method that has been used to control veterinary drug residue limit in food.

Re-evaluation of a microbiological acceptable daily intake for tylosin based on its impact on human intestinal microflora

As veterinary drugs available for fish is very restricted, there is growing trials for repurposing livestock drugs as aquatic animal drugs. Tylosin is one of the most effective antibiotics to treat bacterial infections approved for livestock, and would be used in fish. Hence, we investigated the toxicological and microbiological aspects of tylosin to establish health-based guidance value (HBGV) and maximum residue limit (MRL) in fishes, and reevaluated the microbiological acceptable daily intake (mADI) based on updated relevant data and international guildeline. Lastly, exposure assessment was performed to confirm the appropriateness of MRL. By investigating available microbiologcial studies on tylosin, the microbiological point of departure was determined as 0.308 μg/mL, which was mean 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50), obtained from the Food Safety Committee of Japan (FSCJ) evaluation report. Furthermore, as a factor for the derivation of mADI, the volume of colon content was recently changed to 500 mL in compliance with the International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) guidelines. This was previously defined as the mass of colon content (220 g). We applied correction factor 0.224 to the mean MIC50 for tylosin in the equation of mADI, since the drug is transformed to metabolites with reduced activity prior to entering the colon and bound to fecal materials within the colon of human. The mADI was evaluated as 0.01 mg/kg bw/day. Finally, the hazard index, calculated by dividing the estimated chronic dietary exposure by mADI, did not exceed 100%, suggesting that chronic dietary exposure to tylosin residues from veterinary use was unlikely to be a public health concern. Overall, this study contributes significantly in updating HBGV by application of the concept of mADI for the first time in Korea based on the revised microbiological risk assessment guidelines and in providing scientific rationale for the risk management of veterinary drug residues in food.

Integrating high-throughput exposure assessment and in vitro screening data to prioritize endocrine-active potential and dietary risks of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in animal products.

New approach methodologies in toxicology, such as in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS), can minimize the use of experimental animals and allow mechanism-based predictions of in vivo toxicity. HTS data has been increasingly used in the regulatory context; however, only a few studies integrated dietary exposure and HTS data to foster chemical prioritization in food. Additionally, the endocrine-associated risk of veterinary drug residues in food is yet to be fully characterized. This study aims to systematically compare the translated HTS data with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values and prioritize the pesticides and veterinary drug residues (n=294) in food using the exposure-activity ratio (EAR) and Toxicological Prioritization index (ToxPi). The dietary exposure assessment was accomplished using a stochastic human exposure and dose simulation high-throughput model (SHEDS-HT). We selected 76 HTS assays from 12 nuclear receptors to represent the molecular initiating event (MIE) of endocrine-disrupting phenotypes. Chemical prioritization was achieved using 4 methods (i.e., EAR-OED, EAR-ADI, ToxPi-exposure+ADI, and ToxPi-exposure+endocrine score), where the consensus prioritized chemicals were fipronil, furazolidone, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycline for the Taiwanese population. This case study demonstrates the utility of HTS data in fostering regulatory decisions on chemicals, especially for those lacking comprehensive toxicity data.

Public Health Significance of Veterinary Drug Residue in Food Animal Products - A Review

The objective of this review paper was to investigate the public health significance of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin. Data were collected by means of the search engine and all relevant journals published between 2019 and 2022 and stocked under Google Scholar were retrieved for analysis. The use of veterinary medications in animals that produce food has the potential to leave residues in animal-derived products (meat, milk, eggs and honey), which puts the consumer's health at risk. The inability to follow the withdrawal period and incorrect drug use are the most likely causes of drug residues. The development of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and alteration of intestine natural flora are the main public health implications of drug residue. The frequent application of tandem or high-resolution mass spectrometry along with liquid chromatography has greatly enhanced analytical methods for residue analysis. This advancement made it possible to quickly conduct targeted searches for hundreds of target compounds in complicated matrices like milk, eggs, honey, or meat and organs after slaughter. Reduction of antimicrobial drug resistance problem has been indicated as one of the most challenging issues related to food safety in the forthcoming years. There is little data available on the extent of veterinary drug residue globally. Therefore, a significant amount of work must be done to assess the scope of the issue, prevent the occurrence of veterinary drug residues and to familiarize animal health professionals with the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicological effects of veterinary drugs in order to reduce the potential public health risk posed by drug residues in food derived from animals.

A sensitive sensing system based on fluorescence dipeptide nanoparticles for sulfadimethoxine determination

Various types of fluorescent nanoparticles have been proposed for the detection of veterinary drug residues in food. However, structure-induced fluorescence nanoparticles with biodegradability and the capacity to conjugate with molecular recognition elements are lacking. Here, a biodegradable tryptophan-phenylalanine dipeptide-based nanomaterial was assembled and modified with a sulfadimethoxine aptamer (TPNPs@aptamer). Then, a novel and efficient fluorescence sensing strategy, based on TPNPs@aptamer and BHQ1-labeled single-stranded DNA (BHQ1@cDNA), was developed for sulfadimethoxine determination. Under optimal conditions, the fluorescence was linear in the range of 0–200 ng/mL sulfadimethoxine with a detection limit of 1.47 ng/mL (S/N = 3). Satisfactory recoveries of standard additions were found between 92.88 % and 114.15 % for water and milk samples with a relative standard deviation less than 5.0 %, suggesting that the proposed fluorescence sensing strategy can be applied reliably in sulfadimethoxine analysis of liquid foods.

Extended coverage of veterinary drug residues in food by LC-HRMS to ensure food compliance and prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance

This study investigated the feasibility to monitor ca. 400 veterinary drug residues in various foodstuffs by a single method. For this, a generic QuEChERS-based approach was applied for sample preparation while liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was considered as detection technique. The LC-HRMS based method was eventually found suitable to screen for 353 parent compounds and marker residues in raw materials of animal sources (dairy-, meat-, fish-, egg-, and animal by-products), but also in related processed ingredients and end commercialized items. The screening approach was fully validated according to the European Guidelines in 70 samples, ending with false positive- and false negative rates below 5 %. Simultaneously, quantitative method performances were found acceptable in terms of recovery (70–120 % range) and precision (<20 %) for 184 out of the 353 compounds. A set of 114 samples originating from Europe, Asia, USA, Brazil, New Zealand and Australia, were subsequently analyzed to collect occurrence and quantitative data. The survey highlighted a high incidence of Antiparasitics (Benzimidazoles in eggs and Coccidiostats in poultry samples), though only one poultry sample for monensin (22 µg kg−1) exceeded the Maximum Residue Level set at 10 µg kg−1 by the European Union. The presented LC-HRMS approach was complemented with a dedicated LC-MS/MS method to improve quantitative measurements of such recurringly found Coccidiostats but also to achieve enhanced sensitivity for Macrocylic lactones.

Combining portable mass spectrometer with bamboo stir bar sorptive extraction for the on-site detection of malachite green, crystal violet and their metabolites in fishes

In this work, a disposable and inexpensive bamboo stir bar containing an organic membrane was constructed to perform stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), followed by portable mass spectrometry to achieve on-site detection of four residual drugs (malachite green, crystal violet and their metabolites) in fishes. The entire method uses only microliter quantities of organic solvents, enabling environmentally friendly pretreatment. The portable mass spectrometer can simultaneously detect four target analytes in a sample in approximately ten seconds. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was successfully applied to simultaneously detect four drugs in fish samples with detection limits of 0.16-0.59 µg/kg. The spiked recoveries for mandarin fish and lateolabrax maculatus were 74.5-96.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 4.4-16%. In addition, the matrix effects of the four analytical targets in the method were experimentally verified to range from 7.30% to 20.62%. The method can potentially be extended to the on-site detection of other veterinary drug residues in foods.

Validated Screening Method for 81 Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Food via Online-Coupling High-Throughput Planar Solid-Phase Extraction to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Current screening capabilities for veterinary drugs (VDs) in foods are limited, requiring time-consuming and expensive trace-level analyses. For the first time, a high-throughput planar solid-phase extraction (HTpSPE) cleanup, controlled by UV/vis/FLD imaging, was developed for screening 81 VDs from 6 different groups (glucocorticoids, anthelmintics, antiparasitics, coccidiostats, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) in 4 different matrices (honey, pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs). It consumed 13 times less solvent and was more eco-friendly and 5 times faster than routine methods. The VDs were automatically eluted using the autoTLC-LC-MS interface, separated online on a high-performance liquid chromatography column via a 10-min gradient, and detected by Orbitrap high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The screening method was validated according to the latest European Commission Implementing Regulation 2021/808. Most VDs except penicillins and cephalosporins were detected at the 5-μg/kg level in pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs and 25-μg/kg level in honey.

Self-templating hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-confined double-shelled Ni/NiO hollow microspheres for diphenylamine detection in fruit samples

Toxic substances, such as heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, pathogens, and veterinary drug residues in food are hazardous to consumer health. The variety and quantity of food consumption have increased owing to developments in the agricultural and food industries. Food safety has a substantial socioeconomic impact, and an increasing number of consumers have become aware of its importance. Therefore, simple and cost-effective analytical methods are required to quantify the safety of preservatives. Herein, we report an electrochemical method using double-shelled carbon-confined Ni/NiO (C@Ni/NiO) hollow microspheres to detect diphenylamine (DPA). The microspheres were synthesized by a self-templating hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The hydrothermal temperature and precursor ratio were optimized systematically to prepare double-shelled C@Ni/NiO hollow microspheres. The excellent electrocatalytic activity and electron transport properties of a C@Ni/NiO-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were exploited in the electrochemical oxidation of DPA. Interestingly, the engineered C@Ni/NiO/GCE has a wide dynamic linear range (0.02–473 μM) and a DPA detection limit of 0.007 μM. In addition, the DPA sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. The practical feasibility of the DPA sensor was evaluated in fruit samples (sweet tomatoes, apples, and red grapes), with considerable recovery.

Screening of 154 Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods of Animal Origin Using LC–MS/MS: First Action 2020.04

Veterinary drug residues in food are substances (>200 compounds) exhibiting potential health risks for consumers, thus being regulated in national legislations and the Codex Alimentarius. Most of the compounds are regulated based upon a maximum residue limit (MRL) while a few of them are banned in food for humans. The food sector needs a reliable and consensus analytical platform able to monitor these substances in a wide range of food commodities. Several confirmatory methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are available in the literature for either screening or quantification of veterinary drug residues in food, but usually applicable to limited scope of matrices. The current work describes the single-laboratory validation (SLV) of a method for screening 154 veterinary drug residues in several food categories. This work describes a streamlined platform making use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening 105 antibiotics, 41 antiparasitics, 5anti-inflammatory agents, and 3 tranquilizers in foods of animal origin. For the best performance across the commodities (dairy-, meat-, fish-, and egg-based materials), four method streams were established. As a screening tool, probabilities of detection (PODs) were assessed at the screening target concentration (STC < MRL) and the blank. The SLV led to PODs at the STC >94% and PODs in the blank < 4%. Performance is in agreement with the acceptance criteria defined in SMPR 2018.010. The Expert Review Panel approved the present method as AOAC Official First Action 2020.04.

Nanomaterial-based fluorescent biosensors for veterinary drug detection in foods.

Veterinary drugs have been widely used in the food industry. Their residues in food products need to be tightly regulated to ensure food safety. In particular, some veterinary drugs are still used illegally, although they have already been banned. Nanomaterials are playing an increasingly important role in analytical chemistry due to their unique properties. Compared to traditional organic dyes and colloidal gold nanoparticle labels, fluorescent nanomaterials appear particularly attractive for the detection of veterinary drug residues. This review summarizes recent advancements of fluorescent biosensors using nanomaterials for the detection of veterinary drug residues in foods. The useful properties of each type of fluorescent nanomaterial are first discussed such as large Stokes shifts, long emission lifetime, and high quantum yields, which are useful for detection in food-related sample matrix. The following target recognition molecules are then reviewed individually including antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, and metal ion coordination based ligands. Representative bioconjugation and assay methods are discussed for each recognition mechanism. Finally, a few future research directions are outlined in the last section of this review.

Exposure of the French population to veterinary drug residues in food

Exposure of the French population to veterinary drug residues in food

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a potential combination for the determination of sulfonamide residues in complex infant formula matrices

An accurate, sensitive and selective analytical method is proposed for sulfonamide residues analysis in infant formulas based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in full scan mode. The sample preparation approach involves low-temperature lipid precipitation followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction with PSA and C18 sorbents, which was successfully optimized using Plackett-Burman design. In order to achieve high analytical sensitivity, the influence of HILIC conditions on sulfonamide ionization was investigated, such as the mobile phase composition, buffer concentration, and sample diluent for injection. The method performance characteristics, including linearity (range 5–120 µg kg–1), reliable limits of quantification (between 5 and 20 µg kg–1), recovery (72.9–109.2%) and precision (coefficient of variation values ≤ 19.8%) under repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, were in accordance with the Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/GL 71–2009 for quantitative analytical methods for veterinary drug residues in foods. Moreover, adequate identification of the compounds was provided with accurate mass measurement of both precursor and fragment ions in one single run. Finally, the developed method was applied to thirty-five powdered milk-based infant formula samples available in the Brazilian market.

Nanostructure-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Techniques for Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Screening.

Pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food and environment pose a threat to human health, and a rapid, super-sensitive, accurate and cost-effective analysis technique is therefore highly required to overcome the disadvantages of conventional techniques based on mass spectrometry. Recently, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique emerges as a potential promising analytical tool for rapid, sensitive and selective detections of environmental pollutants, mostly owing to its possible simplified sample pretreatment, gigantic detectable signal amplification and quick target analyte identification via finger-printing SERS spectra. So theoretically the SERS detection technology has inherent advantages over other competitors especially in complex environmental matrices. The progress in nanostructure SERS substrates and portable Raman appliances will promote this novel detection technology to play an important role in future rapid on-site assay. This paper reviews the advances in nanostructure-based SERS substrates, sensors and relevant portable integrated systems for environmental analysis, highlights the potential applications in the detections of synthetic chemicals such as pesticide and veterinary drug residues, and also discusses the challenges of SERS detection technique for actual environmental monitoring in the future.

Determination of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin: Sample preparation methods and analytical techniques

Veterinary drugs are widely used in animal husbandry to prevent and treat animal diseases, to promote animal growth, and to improve the conversion rate of feed. However, the use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may leave residues of the parent compounds, and/or their metabolites in food products resulting in harmful effects to humans. To ensure food safety, sensitive and effective analytical methods have been developing rapidly. So it is necessary to make a systematic summary of detection methods of veterinary drug residues. Sample preparation methods and analytical techniques are the two main parts of analyzing veterinary drug residues which were described in detail. Sample preparation methods, such as solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography, and QuEChERS, were summarized by the specific examples. The three types of methods, microbial, immunological, and physicochemical methods, for screening or determination were described, including microbial inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, colloidal gold immunoassay, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, biosensor technology, application of quantum dots, capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, the advantages and shortcomings of methods were also described. The challenges and prospects were discussed for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods.

Highly sensitive detection of salbutamol by ALP-mediated plasmonic ELISA based on controlled growth of AgNPs

Salbutamol (SAL), a short-acting β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, is an undesirable addition to livestock farming and used to improve the growth rates. A direct competitive colorimetric immunoassay for SAL was developed. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-mediated controlled growth of the prereduction silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was used to achieve the highly sensitive, colorimetric detection of SAL through the plasmonic ELISA. Click chemistry reaction was used to synthesize salbutamol biotin label (SAL-Bio) to achieve signal amplification and specific binding with antibody. ALP can efficiently hydrolyze sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate and generate L-ascorbic acid, thereby reducing Ag+ and forming AgNPs. The plasmon resonance absorption signals of AgNPs were enhanced along with a distinct color change. The limit of detection of SAL can be decreased to 26.14 pg/mL. The method offers a good technique for the detection of many small molecular contaminants, such as pesticide residues and veterinary drug residues in food and edible water.

A highly sensitive immunoassay of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food by tandem conjugation of bi-functional mesoporous silica nanospheres.

A novel type of enzyme-antibody conjugation using mesoporous silicon nanospheres (MSN) was developed, which amplified the labeling signal and highly increased the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food. First, conjugates were prepared through layer-by-layer immobilization of an enzyme and an antibody on an MSN scaffold. Then the MSN scaffold was employed for labeling and signal amplification to develop a sensitive colorimetric immunoassay through the catalytic oxidation reaction of 5,50-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). When this MSN-based ELISA was applied to detect chloramphenicol, avermectin, tetracycline and streptomycin in food samples, it provided linear ranges of 0.025 ng ml-1-25 ng ml-1, 0.05 ng ml-1-10 ng ml-1, 0.025 ng ml-1-10 ng ml-1 and 0.05 ng ml-1-25 ng ml-1, respectively, with low detection limits down to 0.011 ng mL-1, 0.134 ng mL-1, 0.015 ng ml-1 and 0.106 ng ml-1, respectively. For avermectin, it provided a 16.7-fold decrease of the limit of detection in contrast to that of standard ELISA without the loss of method specificity and accuracy. This novel immunoassay was hypersensitive, simple and easy-to-use, which made it high potential in applying for the accurate analysis of harmful substances in food.