Vesicular Systems Research Articles

Cubosomes as versatile lipid nanocarriers for neurological disorder therapeutics: a comprehensive review.

Cubosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems with lipidic liquid crystal nanoparticles formed of predetermined proportions of amphiphilic lipids. They have a honeycomb-like structure and are thermodynamically stable. These bicontinuous lipid layers are separated into two water-based channels internally that can be used by various bioactive substances, including drugs, proteins, and peptides. This complex structure is responsible for its high drug-loading capacity. Cubosomes are thought to be promising vehicles for various routes of administration because of their extraordinary characteristics, including bioadhesion, the capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic, and hydrophobic, as well as amphiphilic substances, high resistance to environmental stress, and their ability to achieve controlled release through modification. One of the essential elements for improving patient compliance is the ability of these well-defined nano-drug delivery systems to boost the effectiveness of targeting while lowering the side effects/toxicities of payloads. The large internal surface area, a sufficiently uncomplicated fabrication procedure, and biodegradability make it an attractive nano lipid carrier for drug delivery. This review outlines the recent advancement of cubosomes for managing various neurological disorders, highlighting their potential in this field.

The Utilization of Plant-Material-Loaded Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Pulmonary Diseases.

Medicinal plants have been utilized to treat a variety of conditions on account of the bioactive properties that they contain. Most bioactive constituents from plants are of limited effectiveness, due to poor solubility, limited permeability, first-pass metabolism, efflux transporters, chemical instability, and food-drug interactions However, when combined with vesicular drug delivery systems (VDDS), herbal medicines can be delivered at a predetermined rate and can exhibit site-specific action. Vesicular drug delivery systems are novel pharmaceutical formulations that make use of vesicles as a means of encapsulating and transporting drugs to various locations within the body; they are a cutting-edge method of medication delivery that combats the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery methods. Drug delivery systems offer promising strategies to overcome the bioavailability limitations of bioactive phytochemicals. By improving their solubility, protecting them from degradation, enabling targeted delivery, and facilitating controlled release, drug delivery systems can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and unlock their full potential in various health conditions. This review explores and collates the application of plant-based VDDS with the potential to exhibit protective effects against lung function loss in the interest of innovative and effective treatment and management of respiratory illnesses.

Niosomal-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Promising Therapeutic Approach to Fight Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance

Staphylococcus aureus, a prominent bacterial pathogen, presents formidable medical challenges owing to its rapid development of resistance. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains has become a pressing concern for healthcare systems, driving researchers to explore novel therapeutic strategies for managing infections associated with this pathogen. In this pursuit, niosomal-based platforms have emerged as promising candidates to effectively target S. aureus and fight conventional antimicrobial resistance. Niosomes comprise a bilayer membrane formed by nonionic surfactants, which can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. These nanoparticles are known as vesicular delivery systems and have many advantages, such as low cost, less toxicity, and more flexibility and stability. Moreover, niosomes, being an effective drug delivery system, can directly interact with the bacterial cell envelope, thereby enhancing the pharmacokinetic activities of drugs at infected sites. A niosome-based delivery system can effectively treat S. aureus infections by destroying the biofilm community, increasing intracellular targeting, and enhancing the antibacterial activity. The main mechanisms of action of niosomes against resistant S. aureus strains involve the ability to resist enzymatic degradation, controlled release profile, and targeted drug delivery, which can provide an effective dosage of antimicrobial agents at the site of actions. In addition, niosomes have the potential to transfer wide-spectrum materials from different classes of antibiotics to nonantibiotic antimicrobial agents, such as natural compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and metallic nanoparticles. The combination of polymeric materials in the structure of a niosomal formulation could improve their bioavailability, loading capacity, and therapeutic efficacy for different applications. Furthermore, niosomes could find application in photodynamic therapy, offering a promising alternative to conventional treatments for eradicating drug-resistant S. aureus isolates. Finally, niosomal nanocarriers can be developed for delivering the drugs to desired sites by different routes of administration and could be considered a powerful strategy for overcoming the therapeutic obstacles caused by MDR S. aureus.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of sodium deoxycholate tailored deformable-emulsomes of etodolac for effective management of arthritis

The current piece of research intends to evaluate the potential of combining etodolac with deformable-emulsomes, a flexible vesicular system, as a promising strategy for the topical therapy of arthritis. The developed carrier system featured nanometric dimensions (102 nm), an improved zeta potential (− 5.05 mV), sustained drug release (31.33%), and enhanced drug deposition (33.13%) of DE-gel vis-à-vis conventional system (10.34% and 14.71%). The amount of permeation of the developed nano formulation across skin layers was demonstrated through CLSM and dermatokinetics studies. The safety profile of deformable-emulsomes has been investigated through in vitro HaCaT cell culture studies and skin compliance studies. The efficacy of the DE-gel formulation was sevenfold higher in case of Xylene induced ear edema model and 2.2-folds in CFA induced arthritis model than that of group treated with conventional gel (p < 0.01). The main technological rationale lies in the use of phospholipid and sodium deoxycholate-based nanoscale flexible lipoidal vesicles, which effectively encapsulate drug molecules within their interiors. This encapsulation enhances the molecular interactions and facilitates the transportation of the drug molecule effectively to the target-site. Hence, these findings offer robust scientific evidence to support additional investigation into the potential utility of flexible vesicular systems as a promising drug delivery alternative for molecules of this nature.

Development of the cholestosome, a novel delivery system made exclusively from cholesteryl esters

AbstractA novel vesicular drug delivery system has been created using only cholesteryl esters. The uncharged nature of the esters requires a formulation process that uses energy, in the form of sonication, to facilitate the cholesteryl esters formation into vesicles. The nature of the material choices renders the vesicles resistant to pH degradation between a pH of 2 and 10. Storage condition at 4°C for 9 months shows a stability of encapsulated materials as well as vesicles. The formulation process is a modified reverse phase method in which the esters are dissolved in an organic solvent, which is then removed and the aqueous component is then added with sonication in a temperature‐controlled water bath. A wide variety of materials can be encapsulated in these vesicles, which are called cholestosomes. Delivery of the cholestosome‐encapsulated materials is a function of the ester component structure and not the encapsulated molecule. Once encapsulated, the vesicles deliver the materials into cells. The potential for oral availability was explored using chylomicrons. Successful delivery of the cholestosome encapsulated into chylomicrons has enhanced the effectiveness of delivery to cells. Analytical methods have been developed to analyze the materials chosen from the cholesteryl esters as well as the encapsulated materials.Practical Applications: The creation of the cholestosome vesicle opens up completely new areas for encapsulating and delivering materials. The cholesteryl ester structure that makes up the vesicles is impervious to pH and bile salts, making cholestosomes ideal for oral delivery of drugs, such as oral insulin. Intracellular delivery of cholestosome vesicles enables multiple applications, from killing latent infections to preventing viral replication (irrespective of the virus) and delivering nucleic acid therapeutics to cure genetic disease. These vesicles pass the blood–brain barrier and could be used for treatments of Alzheimer's and related neurodegenerative disease. Cholestosomes can also be used in cosmetic formulations as the vesicles pass the dermis. They even could be used in food applications as the materials are considered generally regarded as safe.

Development of Niosomal Vesicles Loaded Mometasone Furoate Gel for Transdermal Delivery and its Evaluation.

Mometasone Furoate (MF) is a corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) used to treat eczema, psoriasis, allergies, and rash on the skin; also used to reduce itching, redness, and swelling (inflammation). It has been reported that the bioavailability of MF is less than 11% when given via the nasal route. Encapsulating the drug in niosomes can improve the active pharmaceutical ingredient's bioavailability by enhancing both physical and biological stability. The goal of the study is to develop, a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular system, by loading mometasone furoate, and introducing it into a gel-based formulation by utilizing an appropriate gelling agent, and performing its evaluation. The niosome vesicle was prepared by vacuum rotary evaporation method (Thin film hydration method). Gel was prepared using the dispersion method and in-vitro drug diffusion studies using Franz-diffusion cells. According to the results of the experiments conducted for the study, Mometasone Furoate niosomal gel was prepared utilizing Mometasone Furoate niosomes that were made using the thin film hydration process, Cholesterol, and Span 60, and loaded in various amounts of Carbopol as a geling agent. The niosomes' zeta potential was found to be -24 mV, showing that the formulation is stable. The polydispersity index (PDI) was found to be 0.409 and the average size of niosomes to be 252.7 nm. The performance of the gel of the optimized formulations containing 2% Carbopol showed in vitro diffusion for 7 hours and an increased flux rate as compared to the plain MF. The experiments carried out during the study led to the conclusion that the thin-film hydration method was suitable for the formation of the MF-niosomes by using Span 60 and Cholesterol (2:1). The gel formulation containing 2% Carbopol indicated better in vitro diffusion following the Higuchi model across all niosomal gel formulations. Niosomal gel can be regarded as the best vesicular carrier for the efficient distribution of mometasone furoate via the transdermal route.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Function of MdSYP121 in the Apple Response to Botryosphaeria dothidea.

The vesicular transport system is important for substance transport in plants. In recent years, the regulatory relationship between the vesicular transport system and plant disease resistance has received widespread attention; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. MdSYP121 is a key protein in the vesicular transport system. The overexpression of MdSYP121 decreased the B. dothidea resistance of apple, while silencing MdSYP121 resulted in the opposite phenotype. A metabolome and transcriptome dataset analysis showed that MdSYP121 regulated apple disease resistance by significantly affecting sugar metabolism. HPLC results showed that the levels of many soluble sugars were significantly higher in the MdSYP121-OE calli. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes related to sugar transport were significantly higher in the MdSYP121-OE calli after B. dothidea inoculation. In addition, the relationships between the MdSYP121 expression level, the soluble sugar content, and apple resistance to B. dothidea were verified in an F1 population derived from a cross between 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji Nagafu No. 2'. In conclusion, these results suggested that MdSYP121 negatively regulated apple resistance to B. dothidea by influencing the soluble sugar content. These technologies and methods allow us to investigate the molecular mechanism of the vesicular transport system regulating apple resistance to B. dothidea.

Diacerein Loaded Novasome for Transdermal Delivery: Prepartion , In-Vitro Characterization and Factors Affecting Formulation

Diacerein (DCN) is a semi-synthetic anthraquinone derivative of Rhein that is indicated for the management of osteoarthritis. Diacerein exhibits poor dissolution in the GIT fluids and suffers from low bioavailability upon oral administration in addition to the laxative effect of Rhein metabolites. The aim of the present study was to develop novasomal vesicles with optimized entrapment efficiency and size to serve as a carrier for transdermal delivery of diacerein. Novasomal vesicles were prepared by thin film hydration method thin film hydration. The prepared vesicles were optimized utilizing different surfactant to cholesterol molar ration, sonication type, different sonication times and varying fatty acid level. The prepared vesicles were characterized for drug entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and PDI. The best formula was further investigated for zeta potential ten TEM and compatibility study by FTIR analysis. Results showed that F6 was the best formula regarding it vesicle size 275.2± 2.68nm , entrapment efficiency 69.415± 0.234 % and PDI 0.309± 0.016. In conclusion , novasomal dispersion could be successfully formulated with thin film hydration method. Keywords: Diacerein , Novasome , Transdermal Delivery ,Vesicular System .

Comparative Study of Liposomal and Ethosomal Formulations of Curcuma heyneana Rhizome Extract in a Transdermal Delivery System.

This study aimed to develop an anti-aging nanoformulation with Curcuma heyneana extract as bioactive substance. Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zipj extract has been proven in previous research to have antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties, which makes it a potential bioactive material for anti-ageing and sunscreen cosmetic products. Phytoantioxidants need to penetrate into deeper skin layers to ensure effectivity. Thus, a transdermal delivery system is needed to deliver the extract to a deeper skin layer. The objective of the study was to compare the permeability and anti-ageing activity of liposomal and ethosomal formulations of C. heynena rhizome ethanolic extract. In this study, C. heyneana extract was loaded into a phospholipid vesicular system in the form of liposome and ethosome formulations using the ethanolic injection method. The anti-ageing activity was assessed by analyzing the epidermal thickness, number of sunburn cells, distance between collagen fibres, and number of fibroblasts. While the histologic specimen scoring was carried out for the in vivo penetration study. The ethosomal formulation had been found to have better penetration ability since it was able to reach the lower dermis area compared to the liposomes, which only reached the upper dermis. The ethosomal formulation of C. heyneana extract exhibited a better anti-ageing activity based on the parameters of epidermal thickness, sunburn cell count, fibroblast count, and the distance between collagen fibres in rat skin histology. Ethosomes have been found to be a more proficient carrier system for transdermal delivery of C. heyneana extract compared to liposomes. Meanwhile, their penetration correlated with the effectivity of the formulation, suggesting that the vesicular system enhanced the penetration ability of the extract.

A comprehensive and updated review on the applications of vesicular drug delivery systems in treatment of brain disorders: A shelter against storms

A comprehensive and updated review on the applications of vesicular drug delivery systems in treatment of brain disorders: A shelter against storms

Targeted drug delivery approaches for the management of tumors

The treatment of tumors requires specific and selective drug delivery approaches capable of efficiently eliminating the root cause of oncogenesis. In this context, targeted drug delivery strategies are the preferred choice due to their exceptional recognition of tumor cell biology and their high transfection efficacy within the tumor microenvironment. The emergence of nanoscale techniques has marked significant milestones in the successful management of various types of tumors. The development of targeted delivery approaches for tumor therapeutics has gained momentum over the past few decades. However, in contrast to the plethora of successful pre-clinical studies, only a limited number of passively targeted nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use, and none of the actively targeted nanocarriers have advanced beyond clinical trials. This review delves into the major molecular principles associated with tumorigenesis, including active targeting, passive targeting, and cell-mediated targeting. It also explores the biological barriers (systemic, biological, and cellular) encountered in tumor drug delivery. Moreover, the review examines various tumor-targeted drug delivery systems that have been developed over the past decade. These systems encompass polymeric nanoparticles (micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and polyplexes), lipid-based carriers (solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsion), vesicular systems (liposomes, niosomes, aquasomes, and phytosomes), and inorganic nanocarriers (iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanoparticles, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles), all designed for the alleviation of tumors.

Phosphorylation-state dependent intraneuronal sorting of Aβ differentially impairs autophagy and the endo-lysosomal system

ABSTRACT Progressive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates in extracellular plaques is a characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is also found in intraneuronal deposits and associated with alterations of the endo-lysosomal system and impairment of macroautophagy/autophagy. Here, we assessed the effect of Aβ phosphorylation on neuronal autophagy and the endo-lysosomal pathway. Analysis of APP-PSEN1dE9 transgenic mice revealed a phosphorylation-state dependent intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ species in endo-lysosomal and autophagy-related compartments. Cell biological studies further demonstrate a differential uptake and sorting of phosphorylated Aβ variants in cultured neurons, and phosphorylation-state specific effects of Aβ variants on neuronal autophagy and lysosomal function. While Aβ phosphorylated at serine residue 8 accumulated in autophagosomes, Aβ phosphorylated at serine residue 26 showed efficient transport to lysosomes. The selective sorting of phosphorylated Aβ species caused differential impairment of vesicular transport and lysosomal function associated with neurotoxicity. Thus, the relative occurrence of phosphorylated Aβ species and their intraneuronal accumulation could contribute to AD pathogenesis, and to the commonly observed aberrations of the vesicular transport system already at the early stages of the disease. Abbreviations AD: Alzheimer disease; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; ATG: autophagy related; Aβ: amyloid-β; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; FA: formic acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; nmAβ: non-modified amyloid-β; npAβ: non-phosphorylated amyloid-β; pAβ: phosphorylated amyloid-β; p-Ser26Aβ: amyloid-β phosphorylated at serine residue 26; p-Ser8Aβ: amyloid-β phosphorylated at serine residue 8; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene family; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.

Lipid-based Nanoparticles (LNP) Structures used for Drug Delivery and Targeting: Clinical Trials and Patents

Abstract: Lipid based nanoparticle (LNP) structures commonly used for drug delivery already in clinical use are generally classified into three viz vesicular systems, emulsion based systems and lipid nanoparticles. The details of the types, basic structural characteristics in drug delivery, clinical trials, and patents have been discussed in this work. Moreover, despite the therapeutic efficacies of LNPs, there are some toxicity challenges associated with their use. These toxicities may be cytotoxicity or genotoxicity; to overcome some of these challenges, some measures could be taken during preformulation stages in order to circumvent it. These measures have been extensively discussed in this work. LNPs are used in the targeting of immune cells, which are direct participants in a variety of diseases, hence, are attractive targets for therapy. Cell specific targeting of therapeutic agent(s) helps to concentrate and localize the therapeutic effect and, hence, lowers the systemic side effects, while simultaneously increasing the management outcome. Nanotechnology and particle engineering helps distinguish each immune cell from the other to deliver therapeutic agents and ensure in vivo stability as well as sustained drug release. Surface modification of LNP is an important characteristic utilized in targeting therapeutic agents and allows the utilization of various specific properties expressed in each immune cell. These targeting strategies have been explored in this work exhaustively, and some of the companies and academic labs that develop LNP have been discussed. Also, new ways of developing novel patentable LNP have been discussed.

A Mini-review Based on Multivesicular Liposomes: Composition, Design, Preparation, Characteristics, and Therapeutic Importance as DEPOFOAM® Technology.

Vesicular delivery systems are a kind of drug delivery system that is gaining popularity due to its sustained release nature. This article was designed to understand the characteristics of a drug carrier called multivesicular liposomes, which have the potential to be the future of sustainedrelease drug delivery systems. Multivesicular liposomes have a honeycomb-like structure made up of non-concentric aqueous polyhedral compartments separated by continuous lipid membranes. Because of their unusual structure, they can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals and release them in a prolonged and controlled manner. They also have high encapsulation efficiency, bioavailability, biocompatibility, and stability, and are biodegradable by nature, making them suitable for treating chronic disorders. Encapsulating drugs into multivesicular liposomes is called DepoFoam® technology, which has the capability to release them in a timely manner, lowering the drug administration frequency. As a result, the FDA has approved several various approaches for this technology to treat chronic conditions. Multivesicular liposomes in the form of DepoFoam® technology hold a promising future as a novel drug delivery system. Much research needs to be done to extend their use across various aspects of the therapeutic field.

Vesicular drug delivery systems for oral absorption enhancement

Oral administration is the most acceptable route of drug delivery at this stage due to its convenience, safety, and non-invasiveness. However, drugs given orally are exposed to a complex gastrointestinal environment, causing a tremendous challenge for their successful absorption into the circulation. Over the past decades, researchers have developed various novel pharmaceutical technologies to improve oral absorption, among which the vesicular drug delivery system (like liposomes, niosomes and transfersomes) has received extensive attention. Encouragingly, there have been several investigations confirming the improved effect of vesicular drug delivery systems on oral drug absorption. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of oral vesicular drug delivery systems has been less impressive than implied by the positive results, and few vesicular formulations for oral use have been marketed yet. Against this background, this article provides an overview of the current applications and challenges associated with the vesicular delivery systems available for oral drug delivery, specifically liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, chitosomes and bilosomes. The composition, formation mechanism, drug delivery advantages and application cases of these carriers in oral drug delivery are summarized. The possible mechanisms by which vesicular carriers enhance oral drug absorption are analyzed in terms of the in vivo process of oral drugs. Further, the challenges that oral vesicular carriers now face, such as safety, undefined in vivo fate, and scale-up production, are summarized, while possible strategies to deal with them are indicated. By reviewing the aforementioned, it can facilitate a more comprehensive knowledge of vesicular systems that can be used for oral drug delivery, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the design of oral formulations.

Synthesis, Optical Properties and Cellular Toxicity of Water-Soluble near Infrared-II Fluorescent Assemblies Based on Pillar[5]arene.

The main challenges in second near-infrared region molecular fluorophores are poor water solubility and unknown long-term toxicity at present. Herein, new NIR-II molecular fluorophores have been designed and employed to integrate biocompatible pillar[5]arene with 10 outer triethylene oxide groups for the synthesis of rotaxane IRCR. In addition, PEGylated pillar[5]arenes have been combined for the self-assembly of two supramolecular vesicular systems, i.e., PP5-IR1 and PP5-IR2, affording aqueous solubility and lowered cellular toxicity. In aqueous solution, all these fluorophores displayed room-temperature emission with λmax at 986-1013 nm and quantum yields of 0.54-1.45%. They also exhibited good chemical stability and reasonable self-assembled sizes, which may find potential applications in NIR-II imaging. In addition, PP5-IR1 can be used as a fluorescent chemosensor for selective recognition of glutathione through the cleavage of dinitrophenyl ether and release the fluorescent dye.

Novel Chemotherapy Modalities for Different Cancers.

Even though many of the approved drugs still have high systemic toxicity due to a lack of tumor selectivity and present pharmacokinetic drawbacks, like low water solubility, that negatively influence the drug circulation time and bioavailability, the anti-cancer study has produced commendable results in recent years. The stability tests carried out under stressful exposure to high temperatures, hydrolytic media, or light sources during their development or under moderate settings have shown the vulnerability of anti-cancer medications to various factors. Because of this, the development of degradation products is considered hospital waste in pharmaceutical formulations and the environment. Until now, various formulations have been created for attaining tissue-specific therapeutic targeting, lowering harmful side effects, and enhancing drug stability. To boost the specificity, efficiency, and durability of active molecules that are targeted in cancer therapy the invention of prodrugs is the potential approach. The latest study illustrates that the solubility, pharmacokinetics, cellular uptake, and stability of chemotherapy drugs can be improved through the incorporation of them into vesicular systems, such as polymeric micelles or cyclodextrins, or via nanocarriers containing chemotherapeutics linked to monoclonal antibodies. In this review article, we provide an overview of the most recent advances in the field of designing very stable prodrugs or nanosystems that are powerful anti-cancer medications and their actions on the body.

Novel Vesicular Carriers: Proniosomes

Vesicular systems have been receiving a lot of interest as a carrier for advanced drug delivery. Encapsulation of the drug in vesicular structures can be expected to prolong the duration of the drug in the systemic circulation and to reduce toxicity by selective up-taking. Drug delivery systems using colloidal particulate carriers such as liposomes or niosomes have proved to possess distinct advantages over conventional dosage forms because the particles can act as drug reservoirs, and can carry both hydrophilic drugs by encapsulation or hydrophobic drugs by partitioning these drugs into hydrophobic domains and modification of the particle composition or surface can adjust the drug release rate and/or the affinity for the target site. Although niosomes as a carrier have shown advantages such as being cheap and chemically stable, they are associated with problems related to physical stability such as fusion, aggregation, sedimentation and leakage on storage. All methods traditionally used for the preparation of niosomes are time-consuming and many involve specialized equipment.

A critical analysis of the vesicular drug delivery system: recent advancements and prospects for the future

Vesicular system drug design has revitalised the efficacy of previous medications by effectively regulating and sustaining their therapeutic action. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing pharmaceutical interventions to target novel vesicular drug delivery systems. The objective of innovative medication administration is to minimize adverse effects while ensuring drug efficacy at a predetermined or reasonably consistent level within the body. A novel drug delivery approach is characterized by the controlled release of medication at a predetermined rate, which is determined based on factors such as therapeutic requirements, pharmacological properties, drug characteristics, physiological condition of the organism, and other relevant considerations. At present, there is a lack of medication delivery technologies that effectively achieve the aforementioned objectives while minimizing adverse effects. The utilization of vesicular systems in drug delivery has brought about changes in the understanding and application of diagnosis and therapy across different domains within the biomedical field. The vesicular drug delivery system (VDDS) serves as a means to address the disparity between the theoretical ideal and the presently accessible innovative drug delivery systems, accomplishing this by enclosing active moieties within vesicular structures. Various vesicular drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, transferases, pharmacosomes, colloidosomes, herbosomes, sphinosomes, among others, have been developed. This review primarily focuses on the examination of various pharmacological targets, both lipiodal and nonlipoidal, within vesicular systems. Liposomes and niosomes represent innovative drug delivery systems.

Nanovesicular-Mediated Intranasal Drug Therapy for Neurodegenerative Disease.

Numerous neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and glioblastoma multiform are now becoming significant concerns of global health. Formulation-related issues, physiological and anatomical barriers, post-administration obstacles, physical challenges, regulatory limitations, environmental hurdles, and health and safety issues have all hindered successful delivery and effective outcomes despite a variety of treatment options. In the current review, we covered the intranasal route, an alternative strategic route targeting brain for improved delivery across the BBB. The trans-nasal pathway is non-invasive, directing therapeutics directly towards brain, circumventing the barrier and reducing peripheral exposure. The delivery of nanosized vesicles loaded with drugs was also covered in the review. Nanovesicle systems are organised in concentric bilayered lipid membranes separated with aqueous layers. These carriers surmount the disadvantages posed by intranasal delivery of rapid mucociliary clearance and enzymatic degradation, and enhance retention of drug to reach the site of target. In conclusion, the review covers in-depth conclusions on numerous aspects of formulation of drug-loaded vesicular system delivery across BBB, current marketed nasal devices, significant jeopardies, potential therapeutic aids, and current advancements followed by future perspectives.