Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae Inoculation Research Articles

Ameriolations with VAM and PSB Inoculation of Growth and yield attributes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important legume grown all over the world with its varied uses as vegetables and other processed products. Its production and productivity in recent times have witnessed a diminishing graph due to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. With unexploited use of synthetics in legume crops number of nodule formation have reduced to lowest levels. VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) inoculation in soil have been observed in enhancing number of nodules, levels of NPK uptake and yield in pea. Methods: Considering the importance of above facts and experiment was laid in 2022 with RBD with three replications containing 7 treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (75% RDF + 25% PSB), T3 (50% RDF + 50% PSB), T4 (75% RDF + 25% VAM), T5 (50% RDF + 50% VAM), T6 (75% RDF + 12.5% VAM + 12.5% PSB) and T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB). Result: Investigations indicated that the treatment T7 (50% RDF + 25 % VAM + 25% PSB) showed significantly high growth, yield and quality like plant height (113.90 cm), number of leaves (87.09), number of branches (20.2), number of nodules (90.56), numbers of pod/plant (19.1), pod length (8.97 cm), number of seeds per pod (8.23), green pod yield/plot (4.80 kg), green pod yield/ha (80.12 q) compared to control. Hence, T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB) evidently exhibited a conglomeration of bio nutrient uptake enhancers resulting in maximum yield and quality.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF BACOPA MONNIERI TREATED WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE FUNGI GLOMUS FASCICULATUM AND GLOMUS MOSSEAE.

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) play a crucial role in enhancing the growth of plant by increasing the uptake of nutrients from soil and also is known to enhance the secondary metabolites of plants. The response of VAM Glomus fasciculatum Glomus mosseae and on the growth, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of commonly known a Bacopa monnieri s Brahmi was carried out. was treated with both pure cultures individually and mixe B.monnieri d culture in (1:1) ratio along with uninoculated sample as control and gown in polyhouse condition for varying intervals. The physiological parameters, phytochemical analysis and antioxidant scavenging activities were analysed after 30, 60 and 90 days of VAM inoculation, respectively. Colonization of VAM was seen in the plant samples signifying the symbiotic association. Physiological analysis showed an increase in shoot, root and wet weight of with B. monnieri increase in time The preliminary phytochemical analysis inferred the methanol . ic leaf extracts of treated with B.monnieri Gf, Gm and Gf+Gmcontained alkaloids, avonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids and carbohydrates which increased quantitatively with time.DPPH free radical scavenging activity showed escalation in result with increase in time of treatment with showinghigher G. fasciculatum scavenging activity compared to and the mixed cultures

New Prospective for Enhancement in Bioenergy Resources Through Fungal Engineering.

Lignin and cellulose, organic constituents of the plant or plant-based material not commonly used for feeding purpose are referred as Biomass. Patents suggest that this can be used as the best resource of renewable energy. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi can play an effective role in biomass manufacturing through activated metabolism of the plant under dual symbiosis. During C acclimatization, mycorrhizal inoculated plants existent greater number of leaves with a height of plants as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The current article discloses the search of the natural resources for C assimilation into biomass using mycorrhizal symbiosis. The pot experiment was conducted in the natural environment for extraction of more bioenergy through biomass of Conocarpus erectus L under VAM (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculation in various environmental conditions with replicates. It observed that these fungal engineered plants showed distinctive prospective to offer, enhanced biomass to energy couple with a strong network for sinking CO2 from the atmosphere via strong roots and large surface area of leaves. There was an increase in biomass (9-17% respectively) of the plant under drought-VAM, VAM inoculation and VAM- enriched CO2 conditions in same period in comparison to control plants through lignin, cellulose and carbohydrate contents. It was followed by enhanced enzyme activities and nutrient ions in dual symbiosis. Coupling biomass-originated energy may recover environmental conditions and commercial value for sustainable growth in energy consumption sector. The green energy from fungal engineered plants may replace high demand of fossil fuel as a young biofuel and make the cities more productive in the fabrication of bioenergy too in the form of biomass or biofuel with C impartial atmosphere.

PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING Centrosema pubescens DAN Pueraria phaseoloides OLEH PEMUPUKAN BATUAN FOSFAT DAN INOKULASI MVA

Centrosem a pubescens (centro) and Pueraria phaseoloides (puero) are important forage legumes as protein and mineral sources for ruminant livestock in the tropics. However, most of the land that used for forage production is characterized by a low phosphorus content. As the high cost of superphosphate is a major limiting factor, a combination of rock phosphate (RP) fertilization and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi inoculation maybe a promising technique. A field experiment was conducted in Bogor during 7 months, on a latosolic soil (low pH and low available Bray II extractable P) to evaluate the effects of RP fertilization and VAM inoculation and their interaction on dry matter (DM) production and in vitro dry matter digestibility. A completely randomized block design with 3 replicates was used . The main experiment consisted therein the combination of three factors as follows 1) legume species (centro, puero), 2) VAM inoculation (with, and without VAM inoculation), and 3) rock phosphate fertilization (0, 44, 87, 131, and 175 kg P ha-1). The period of defoliation was used as sub factor (defoliation I, II, and III). Results showed that DM production and DM digestibility of puero was significantly higher (P 0.05) with or without VAM inoculation. When inoculated, rock phosphate fertilization increased DM production of legume. Success of VAM inoculation in the field affected by effectiveness of indigenous- VAM fungi or depending upon VAM inoculum potential.

Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oil Obtained from Mint Timija Cultivated under Mineral and Biological Fertilizers.

Cultivation of mint timija (Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley) constitutes a promising solution to the conservation and sustainable utilization of this Moroccan endemic and threatened species. Optimized agronomic practices require mineral and/or biological fertilizer applications. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of application of a complete (N, P, and K) mineral fertilizer and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation on the composition, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties of mint timija essential oils (EOs). The GC-MS analyses identified 27 components representing more than 99.9% of the total oils. Menthone (40.7–49.3%), pulegone (31.3–36.5%), and isomenthone (2.5–4.4%) were found to be the main constituents. Cultivation of mint timija with mineral fertilizer and VAM inoculation induced an increase in menthone content and a parallel decrease of pulegone. Both treatments enhanced the antioxidant activity of the investigated EOs in all assays (IC50 ranged from 2.34 ± 0.03 mg/mL to 6.82 ± 0.25 mg/mL), while no significant difference in the toxicities of these oils against Tribolium confusum du Val. has been observed. Overall, we conclude that cultivation using complete mineral fertilizer and VAM inoculation could be useful in modulating the chemical composition and enhancing the antioxidant activity of the EO of this endemic Moroccan species.

Effect of rhizobium, VAM and rock phosphate inoculation on growth and productivity and isolation of VAMF spores of Pisum sativum

Rhizobium, VAM and rock phosphate inoculation has a significant utilization in Pisum sativum.The present study was conducted to study the influence of rock phosphorus fertilization, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) and rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield parameters of Pisum sativum. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design during summer season at the Department of Botany University of Peshawar Pakistan. A composite soil sample was collected for analysis of soil for physical and chemical properties. Rock phosphorus fertilization, application along with AMF and rhizobium inoculation increased the growth parameters significantly. Inoculation under Phosphors deficient soil which have pivotal role in the mycorrhization, growth and productivity. Dual inoculation, Rhizobium and AMF resulted in an increase in grain yield respectively, over no inoculation in Pisum sativum. Maximum growth was observed where AMF along with rhizobium and rock phosphate inoculation were applied. It is concluded that Pisum sativum should preferably be grown with dual inoculation of VAM along with rhizobium and rock phosphate. And vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal spores in the rhizospheric soils of Pisum sativum at three different stages,vegetative, flowering and fruiting highest spores density recorded at fruiting stage and increased with the age of plant and also effected by the treatment highest in dual inoculation as comapared to single inoculation.

Effects of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Applied Phosphorus through Targeted Yield Precision Model on Root Morphology, Productivity, and Nutrient Dynamics in Soybean in an Acid Alfisol

A field experiment was conducted in a phosphorus (P)–deficient acidic Alfisol in northwestern Himalayas to study the effect of three vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) cultures [VAML, local VAM culture (Glomus mosseae) developed by CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India; VAMT, VAM culture (Glomus intraradices) developed by Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India; and VAMI, VAM culture (Glomus mosseae) developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India] on growth, productivity, and nutrient dynamics in rainfed soybean. Plant height, aboveground dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, root length, root weight density, Rhizobium root nodule count, root colonization, yield attributes, yield, and nutrient uptake of soybean increased consistently and significantly with increase in inorganic P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 dose based on targeted yield precision model coupled with various VAM cultures. VAMT (Glomus intraradices) at each P level showed its superiority over VAMI and VAML. Sole application of any of the three VAM cultures produced similar growth and development parameters as well as grain yield (18.68 to 19.08 q ha−1) as produced through farmers’ practice (nitrogen at 20 kg ha−1), indicating that VAM has a vital role in root morphology and nutrient dynamics in a soil–plant system, though significantly greater productivity was obtained with 100% of the recommended P2O5 dose based on soil-test crop response (STCR) precision model without VAM inoculation. Targeted grain yield of soybean (25 q ha−1) was achievable with 75% of the recommended P2O5 dose applied with any of the three VAM fungi cultures without impairing soil fertility, thereby indicating that VAM fungi can save about 25% P fertilizer in soybean in P-deficient acidic Alfisols of northwestern Himalayas.

Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on the drought resistance of wild jujube (Zizyphs spinosus Hu) seedlings

The current study explored the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation on the growth and water requirement of pot-grown wild jujube (Zizyphs spinosus Hu). Three water regimes (20%, 40% and 60% of soil water content) were conducted. The VAM inoculation could significantly increase plant growth (including plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry mass), enhance relative leaf water content, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates and stomatal conductance, and improve plant drought tolerance. The water consumption of the mycorrhizal plants producing 1 g of dry matter was 18.7%–26.6% lower than the consumption of non-mycorrhizal plants grown under the same soil water content conditions.

INFLUENCE OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE ON CELERY TRANSPLANT GROWTH AND PHOSPHORUS-USE EFFICIENCY

ABSTRACT Elevated phosphorus (P) levels present in Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) stormwater runoff are an environmental concern for adjoining wetlands in South Florida. A regulatory program requires EAA growers to adopt best management practices that reduce P in farm drainage water. Given the prevailing regulatory climate, P fertilization practices are under scrutiny, and a premium is placed on identifying management practices that improve crop P-use efficiency. By enhancing root P uptake, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) can potentially reduce P inputs to celery (Apium graveolens L.) without compromising crop yields. The initial objective of this study was to determine whether celery infection by Glomus intraradices was feasible. Subsequent objectives included the assessment of plant growth response to VAM inoculation during the transplant production-dates printpubdate="07/01/2002" phase and quantification of VAM effects on P-use efficiency in celery. Pre-germinated celery seeds were direct-seeded into flats containing VAM-amended potting mix at concentrations of 0, 200, 500, and 1000 chlamydospores (30-mL mix)−1, for treatments V-0, V-200, V-500, and V-1000, respectively. Following 90 days growth, root colonization under low VAM amendments (V-200) ranged from 87.1% (Experiment #1) to 92.7% (Experiment #2), far exceeding the non-inoculated control (V-0; 0 to 3.7%). Relative to V-0, celery plants infected with VAM averaged 21.7 to 57.0% greater shoot dry matter, were 22.9 to 42.7% taller, supported 9.5 to 15.5% more petioles, and shoots had 8.6 to 23.0% greater P concentrations. Overall P-use efficiency, represented by top-growth P uptake, was 33.0 to 94.2% greater than the control. Under high VAM (V-1000) amendments, P uptake exceeded V-0 by 61.7 to 102.5%. Time-trend analyses indicate that shoot dry matter accumulation and P uptake trends over the 90-day growing period generally ranked as follows: V-1000>(V-500=V-200)>V-0. These results document successful VAM colonization in celery. Additionally, VAM confers improved growth performance and P-use efficiencies during celery transplant growth.

Uptake of fertilizer sulfur by maize from soils of low sulfur status as affected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) generally enhances uptake and translocation of P and encourages plant growth and development in nutrient-deficient soils. Contradictory reports about the role of VAM in S uptake and translocation may result from insufficient consideration of soil S status. In this study, using soils of low S status, VAM inoculation increased the content of radioactively labelled S (35S) in shoots of maize plants. Key words: Maize plant, S-uptake, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi

Effect of nutritional status of faba bean on proximate composition, anti-nutritional factors and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD)

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of moisture regime, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation, phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) fertilization on the proximate composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and anti-nutritional factors of faba bean. The results indicated that the moisture content was significantly affected by the watering regime, VAM inoculation and P+S treatments. Ash content was significantly higher in the P+S and VAM+S for wet and dry samples, respectively. Sulphur and VAM+P+S were associated with higher levels of fat in the wet and dry samples, respectively. The protein content positively correlates with fertilizer and VAM treatments. Carbohydrate content was higher in the control samples. All treatments gave higher tannin contents. Phytic acid increased significantly in treated samples. Trypsin inhibitor activity was significantly higher for VAM+P+S and for S in wet and dry samples, respectively. Water stress and fertilizer treatments resulted in lower IVPD compared to the control. Reduced values for IVPD were associated with higher levels of tannin and phytic acid.

Comparative Effect of Rhizobium and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Cowpea in Mine Waste Soils of Orissa

Due to heavy mining activities the yield of cowpea is decreasing drastically at the valleys of Sukindo and Kaliapani. in Orissa. To Improve plant growth and yield and mine soil status, biofertilise...

VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Landscape Trees and Shrubs Growing under High Fertility Conditions2

Abstract This study investigated the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on the growth of landscape trees and shrubs under high-fertility nursery growing conditions. Four species of 1 year old trees, and rooted cuttings of nine species of shrubs, were inoculated with Glomus intraradices, or Glomus fasiculatum, or served as non-inoculated controls. The trees were transplanted to two high fertility, non-sterile field locations. Inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Acer platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Malus, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, but did not enhance growth. The shrubs were containerized in a peat and bark medium with two levels of controlled release fertilizer. VAM inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Spiraea × bumalda, Syringa × chinensis, Prunus × cistena, and Cornus alba, while Weigela, Cotoneaster dammeri, and Potentilla parvifolia became well colonized without inoculation. Forsythia ovata and Viburnum opulus did not become significantly colonized. The growth of Syringa was stimulated by VAM inoculation during consecutive seasons, irrespective of fertilizer level. The growth of Prunus at the lower fertilizer level was significantly stimulated by inoculation even though control plants became highly colonized without VAM inoculation. Two years after inoculation, five species were transplanted to a second, non-sterile, field site to monitor the effect of inoculation on post transplant growth. G. intraradices significantly enhanced S. aucuparia caliper growth in the second year post-transplant.

Plant life span and response to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

To determine if annual and perennial species from weakly mycotrophic families exhibit the same differential patterns of responsiveness to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) as do members of the strongly mycotrophic grass family (Poaceae), this study examined the responses of congeneric, sympatric annual and perennials species from the Caryophyllaceae and Solanaceae to inoculation with the VAM fungus Glomus intraradices. The perennial Solanum carolinense responded as positively to G. intraradices as did perennial grasses. The other perennials examined, Solanum dulcamara and Silene nivea, were both relatively unresponsive to VAM inoculation and had mean responsiveness values below the typical level for annuals from strongly mycotrophic families. The annual Solanum nigrum exhibited a small positive response to inoculation, and was as responsive as many annuals from more mycotrophic families, especially at low P supply rates. The annual Silene noctiflora was strongly inhibited by inoculation. Mortality over 8 weeks was fivefold higher in VAM-inoculated Silene noctiflora than in uninoculated plants. Among the four herbaceous species examined, the species which persists longest in old-field succession in eastern North America was also the most responsive to VAM inoculation. Mechanisms are proposed for successional persistence and replacement based on VAM responsiveness and soil nutrient pool sizes.

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and zinc application on dry matter and zinc uptake of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

In a greenhouse study we examined the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation, using Glomus macrocarpum and of Zn application on dry matter production and Zn uptake by greengram in two mollisols. The VAM inoculation significantly increased the dry weight of different plant parts and the Zn uptake in both soils. Inoculated plants showed a greater response to the application of Zn at 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1 soil in a Zn deficient clay loam soil. The inoculated plants also absorbed — more water than the uninoculated plants. Mass flow and diffusion were the principal processes by which Zn reached the plant roots; mass flow was particularly important in the absence of VAM in a sandy soil fertilized with higher Zn doses (5 and 10 mg kg-1 soil). The greater supply of Zn to inoculated roots was attributed to an apparent diffusion process rather than to mass flow of Zn.