Vertical Stripes Research Articles

Second-order texture gratings produce overestimation of height in depictions of rectangles and steps

The horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI) has been proposed as a method to increase the perceived height of steps, increase toe clearance and prevent falls. High contrast vertical stripes are placed on the step riser abutting a horizontal edge-highlighter creating ‘T’ junctions which are thought to promote the illusion. Various configurations of the HVI were tested including luminance gratings (L) and second-order modulations of contrast (CM), spatial frequency (FM) and orientation (OM). Observers were asked to compare the apparent height of gratings with that of either filled, unmodulated rectangles or unfilled rectangles. Rectangles were presented alone or as part of a step with a highlighter. In some conditions highlighters matched the properties of the grating; in others or not. In one critical experiment, the HVI was compared for steps with highlighters that were separated from the riser by a thin line and those where the risers and highlighters were continuous. All gratings except FM appeared taller when presented in the step configuration with a continuous, matching highlighter. This effect was greatly reduced when a thin line separated the grating from the highlighter and abolished for mis-matched highlighters and risers. In the rectangle conditions, all cues appeared taller than blank rectangles and L and CM appeared taller than filled-unmodulated rectangles. In conclusion, second-order cues may be useful for inducing the HVI onto steps. However, the ability of vertical stripes and edge-highlighters to accentuate perceived step height may be due to aggregation of the highlighter into the grating rather than the normal horizontal-vertical illusion.

Influence of different visual guiding facilities in urban road tunnel on driver’s spatial right-of-way perception

Urban road tunnel construction is becoming ever more prevalent, and traffic safety in tunnel operation is even more important. This study evaluates the influence of different visual guiding facilities on drivers’ spatial right-of-way perception by combining quantitative and qualitative methods in order to provide a basis for traffic safety optimization in the tunnel. Simulation scenes were designed for six common types of visual guiding facilities as comprising no facility (baseline), horizontal strips, edge markers, LED arch, vertical stripes, and combination (multiple) facilities. An eye tracker was used to obtain eye movement data of subject drivers exposed to various scenes. After each driving test, psychological feeling of the subjects in tunnel driving, and their ratings of alignment and contour guidance of various facilities were obtained by questionnaires. The research results showed that setting locations and facility types have a great impact on drivers’ glance location and glance duration. When horizontal stripes, edge markers, LED arch and vertical stripes were set separately, alignment guidance and contour guidance performance were found to vary in inverse proportion. Horizontal stripes and edge markers are the preferred and necessary facilities, which are conducive to ensuring longitudinal and horizontal rights-of-way. LED arch and vertical stripes are also good supplements to spatial right-of-way. The combination of these 4 types of facilities can provide multi-level alignment guidance and contour guidance functions, which is beneficial to traffic safety in the tunnel.

Assessing dairy calf response to long-distance transportation using conditioned place aversion

Surplus neonatal dairy calves are routinely transported long distances from the dairy farm of birth to calf raisers. Most of the research assessing the effect of transportation on young calves has focused on physiology and health, without considering calf affective states. The aim of this study was to assess the affective response of young male dairy calves to transportation using conditioned place aversion (CPA) testing. Three bouts of transportation exposed dairy calves (n = 95) to transportation for 6 (n = 31), 12 (n = 32), or 16 h (n = 30). During transportation, the trailer interior was made visually distinct using blue horizontal (n = 2 groups) or red vertical (n = 1 group) stripes. Distinct color and pattern combinations were used to create a visual association with transportation. A subset of calves (6 h = 14; 12 h = 14; 16 h = 14) were selected for CPA testing if they were ≥7 and <28 d of age at the time of testing after transport. A group of sham calves that were not transported (n = 13) and were ≥7 and <28 d of age at the time of testing also were enrolled. Wall coverings with the same color and pattern of those in the trailer were fixed in individual sham calf stalls for 6 h on the morning of transportation. Before transportation, calves were placed in a 3-compartment test apparatus with neutral walls and were able to move about freely for 15 min to habituate them to the test apparatus. Calves were CPA tested on d 2 after transportation. During the posttest, calves were placed in the test apparatus with 3 compartments including a neutral center pen (center), blue horizontal stripe compartment (side), and red vertical stripe compartment (side) for 30 min; calves were able to move throughout the apparatus freely. Time spent in each compartment was recorded using continuous observation and analyzed as a percentage of total time in the apparatus. Calves spent less time in the compartment associated with transportation compared with the compartment with no prior association (22% vs. 42% ± 3% of time in the transportation-association and no-association compartments, respectively); however, this behavior was not affected by transportation treatment. Results from this study suggest that calves may perceive transportation to be aversive regardless of duration but may also be attracted to exploring a novel stimulus.

First record of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq

The exotic cichlid Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was first recorded from the Shatt Al-Arab River, at Basrah (Abu-al-Khasib), Iraq. This species was the third cichlid recorded in Iraq. O. aureus and Tilapia zillii have also been recorded for the region. Samples were collected by gill nets during November 2013 and April 2014. Specimens ranged from 192 to 292 mm total length and from 136.5 to 500.06 g. in weight. The Nile tilapia is characterized by having regular dark vertical stripes on the caudal fin, dorsal fin with 17-18 spines, 35-40 lateral line scales and 28-31gill rakers.

An unknown species of Leucochloridium (Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) from northern Honshu, Japan.

Pulsating broodsacs of Leucochloridium sp. (Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) were found from amber snails (Succinea lauta) in Iwate, the northern part of Honshu, Japan. A pattern with red-brown vertical stripes was characteristic of the broodsac. Very similar broodsacs were already detected from Okinawa Islands, the southern archipelago of Japan, and tentatively identified as Leucochloridium cf. passeri. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed that Leucochloridium sp. is different at species level from L. cf. passeri and that both species are related to Leucochloridium vogtianum from Europe. In this study the definitive identification of larval Leucochloridium sp. was impossible, but the resulting phylogeny confirmed that at least 4 species of Leucochloridium are distributed in Japan, depending on locality and climate. The DNA barcode generated in this study will be useful in detecting the adult stage of Leucochloridium sp. from birds.

Identifying and extracting bark key features of 42 tree species using convolutional neural networks and class activation mapping

The significance of automatic plant identification has already been recognized by academia and industry. There were several attempts to utilize leaves and flowers for identification; however, bark also could be beneficial, especially for trees, due to its consistency throughout the seasons and its easy accessibility, even in high crown conditions. Previous studies regarding bark identification have mostly contributed quantitatively to increasing classification accuracy. However, ever since computer vision algorithms surpassed the identification ability of humans, an open question arises as to how machines successfully interpret and unravel the complicated patterns of barks. Here, we trained two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with distinct architectures using a large-scale bark image dataset and applied class activation mapping (CAM) aggregation to investigate diagnostic keys for identifying each species. CNNs could identify the barks of 42 species with > 90% accuracy, and the overall accuracies showed a small difference between the two models. Diagnostic keys matched with salient shapes, which were also easily recognized by human eyes, and were typified as blisters, horizontal and vertical stripes, lenticels of various shapes, and vertical crevices and clefts. The two models exhibited disparate quality in the diagnostic features: the old and less complex model showed more general and well-matching patterns, while the better-performing model with much deeper layers indicated local patterns less relevant to barks. CNNs were also capable of predicting untrained species by 41.98% and 48.67% within the correct genus and family, respectively. Our methodologies and findings are potentially applicable to identify and visualize crucial traits of other plant organs.

Stripe phase induced by artificial gauge fields in a three-components bosonic square lattice

Quantum phases of three-components Bose-Hubbard model are explored in a square lattice, subject to an external magnetic field. By employing an inhomogeneous Gutzwiller variational method, three types of stripe phases are discovered, including the vertical stripe, titled stripe, and horizontal stripe phase. We further identify the phase-separation in these stripe phases, where one of three components is vanishing in density, and the other two components come to stripe phases commensurately. Moreover, theoretical analysis manifests that the orientation of stripe is susceptible to magnetic flux. And an increasing magnetic flux can further transfer the vanishing density from one specific component to another.

Vertical artifacts in high-resolution WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 satellite imagery of aquatic systems

ABSTRACT Satellite image artefacts are features that appear in an image but not in the original imaged object and can negatively impact the interpretation of satellite data. Vertical artefacts are linear features oriented in the along-track direction of an image system and can present as either banding or striping; banding are features with a consistent width, and striping are features with inconsistent widths. This study used high-resolution data from DigitalGlobeʻs (now Maxar) WorldView-3 satellite collected at Lake Okeechobee, Florida (FL), on 30 August 2017. This study investigated the impact of vertical artefacts on both at-sensor radiance and a spectral index for an aquatic target as WorldView-3 was primarily designed as a land sensor. At-sensor radiance measured by six of WorldView-3ʻs eight spectral bands exhibited banding, more specifically referred to as non-uniformity, at a width corresponding to the multispectral detector sub-arrays that comprise the WorldView-3 focal plane. At-sensor radiance measured by the remaining two spectral bands, red and near-infrared (NIR) #1, exhibited striping. Striping in these spectral bands can be attributed to their time delay integration (TDI) settings at the time of image acquisition, which were optimized for land. The impact of vertical striping on a spectral index leveraging the red, red edge, and NIR spectral bands—referred to here as the NIR maximum chlorophyll index (MCINIR)—was investigated. Temporally similar imagery from the European Space Agencyʻs Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2 satellites were used as baseline references of expected chlorophyll values across Lake Okeechobee as neither Sentinel-3 nor Sentinel-2 imagery showed striping. Striping was highly prominent in the MCINIR product generated using WorldView-3 imagery, as noise in the at-sensor radiance exceeded any signal of chlorophyll in the image. Adjusting the image acquisition parameters for future tasking of WorldView-3 or the functionally similar WorldView-2 satellite may alleviate these artefacts. To test this, an additional WorldView-3 image was acquired at Lake Okeechobee, FL, on 26 May 2021 in which the TDI settings and scan line rate were adjusted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. While some evidence of non-uniformity remained, striping was no longer noticeable in the MCINIR product. Future image tasking over aquatic targets should employ these updated image acquisition parameters. Since the red and NIR #1 spectral bands are critical for inland and coastal water applications, archived images not collected using these updated settings may be limited in their potential for analysis of aquatic variables that require these two spectral bands to derive.

Environmental cue difference and training duration modulate spatial learning and cue preference in detour task.

In this study, we investigated how different environmental cue and the proficiency of body motion influenced detour learning behaviour and cue preference in cue conflict situations. Domestic chicks were trained to detour around an obstacle and follow a fixed route to rejoin with their partners. When the environmental cue was red versus blue vertical stripes, the chicks learned the detour task quicker, and as the number of training trials after route acquisition increased, they switched their preference from the environmental cue to a body-motion cue in the cue conflict test. On the other hand, when the environmental cue was vertical versus horizontal blue stripes, the chicks learned the detour task slower and showed a dependence on the body-motion cue regardless of the number of training trials performed after route acquisition. When the environmental cue was removed, most chicks could still successfully detour according to the specific route on which they had been trained. Furthermore, a significant difference in detour latency was found between chicks using the environmental cue and chicks using the body-motion cue, suggesting separate neuronal circuits responsible for processing the two types of information. Our results demonstrated that young domestic chicks could use both environmental cue and body-motion cues to memorize the route during the detour learning task; however, the detour route preference could be dynamically modulated by difference of the environmental cue and the number of training trials they received.

Self-explaining performance of visual guiding facilities in urban road tunnels based on speed perception

A low-cost and effective speed control method is to be developed for urban road tunnels in order to enhance traffic safety and improve operation in the tunnels. The self-explaining performance of the visual guiding facilities on driver’s speed perception and reaction time in the interior zone of urban tunnels was investigated. Using 3D Max to build video simulation model, and referring to the common visual guiding facilities in urban tunnels, six scenes were constructed, namely no facility, horizontal stripe, edge marker, retroreflective arch, vertical stripe and multiple facilities. Stimulus of subjectively equal speed (SSES) and perception reaction time (PRT) were selected as the basic performance indicators to evaluate the different scenes. The experimental results showed that the SSES in multiple facilities scene was closest to the standard speed, followed by the vertical stripe, retroreflective arch, horizontal stripe, and no facility, while speed over-estimation was the most serious in edge marker scene. The results of PRT also showed that self-explaining performance of PRT in multiple facilities and vertical stripe scenes was better than other facilities. Vertically spaced facilities had better SSES and PRT self-explaining performance. The reasonable combination of different types of visual guiding facilities can integrate the advantages of each facility, which is more conducive to realizing the self-explaining effect of rapid perception, accurate judgment, timely decision and easy manipulation.

The panoply of the armoured personage from the capital from Bisotun. Remarks on the spread of the military technology along the Silk Road

The armour of the personage depicted on the capital from Bisotun, exhibited in Ṭāq-e Bostān, has been an object of the research already several times with no definite setting in typology of arms and armour and allocation in historical trends. The article attempts to fill this gap. The article defines the helmet as lamellar/laminar type with the splints with ornately incised edges and central splint over the personage’s nose. The top of the dome is crowned by the decorative, solid finial to which a korymbos is attached. This relates the helmet to the lamellar helmets from Xinjiang and Tang Dynasty China rather than to [?] earlier Kushan lamellar helmets and related Eurasian types, characterised by a flat, round sheet at the top of the dome, usually a sheet over the face, often with a nasal and the laminae running overlapping around the dome, without the central lamina over the face and other laminae spreading to its sides. The body armour can be described as a cuirass made of metallic stripes riveted to each other and placed horizon­tally, with the central, vertical stripe in front. The type is derived from Parthian predecessors with plausible earlier, Achaemenid and Hellenistic sources. The cuirass with frontal opening was a dominant type of construction among the Sasanian armours. The direct relation was evidenced with Korean and Japanese cuirasses of 3rd and 4th centuries (later replaced by lamellar coats) and Eurasian, mainly Xinjiang types.

A Remote Sensing Image Destriping Model Based on Low-Rank and Directional Sparse Constraint

Stripe noise is a common condition that has a considerable impact on the quality of the images. Therefore, stripe noise removal (destriping) is a tremendously important step in image processing. Since the existing destriping models cause different degrees of ripple effects, in this paper a new model, based on total variation (TV) regularization, global low rank and directional sparsity constraints, is proposed for the removal of vertical stripes. TV regularization is used to preserve details, and the global low rank and directional sparsity are used to constrain stripe noise. The directional and structural characteristics of stripe noise are fully utilized to achieve a better removal effect. Moreover, we designed an alternating minimization scheme to obtain the optimal solution. Simulation and actual experimental data show that the proposed model has strong robustness and is superior to existing competitive destriping models, both subjectively and objectively.

3D ring artifacts removal algorithm combined low-rank tensor decomposition with spatial-sequential total variation regularization and its application in phase-contrast microtomography.

High-resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray phase contrast microtomography (PC-μCT) images often suffer from severe ring artifacts, which are mainly caused by undesirable responses of detector elements. In the medical imaging field, the existence of ring artifacts can lead to degraded visual quality and can directly affect diagnosis accuracy. Thus, removing or at least effectively reducing ring artifacts is indispensable. The existing ring artifacts removal algorithms mainly focus on two-dimensional (matrix-based) priors, and these algorithms fail to consider correlations hidden in sequential computed tomography (CT) images. This paper proposed a novel three-dimensional (tensor-based) ring artifacts removal algorithm for synchrotron radiation X-ray PC-μCT images. In the sinogram domain, ring artifacts manifest as vertical stripe artifacts. From an image decomposition perspective, a degraded sinogram can be decomposed into a stripe artifacts component and an underlying clean sinogram component. The proposed algorithm is designed to detect and remove stripe artifacts from a degraded sinogram by fully identifying the characteristics of the two components. Specifically, for the stripe artifacts component, tensor Tucker decomposition is used to describe its low-rank character. For the underlying clean sinogram component, spatial-sequential total variation regularization is adopted to enhance the piecewise smoothness. Moreover, the Frobenius norm term is further used to model Gaussian noise. An efficient augmented Lagrange multiplier method is designed to solve the proposed optimization model. The proposed method is evaluated utilizing both simulations and real data containing different ring artifacts patterns. In the simulations, the human chest CT images are used for evaluating the proposed method. We compare the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and mean absolute error (MAE) results of our algorithm with the Naghia's method, the RRRTV method, the wavelet-FFT method, and the SDRSD-GIF method. The proposed method was also evaluated on real data from rat liver samples and rat tooth samples. Our proposed method outperforms the competing methods in terms of both qualitative and quantitative evaluation results. Additionally, the 3D visualization results were presented to make the ring artifacts removal effect more intuitive. The experimental results on simulations and real data clearly demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the quality of PC-μCT images compared with the existing popular algorithms, and it has great potential to promote the application of high-resolution imaging for visualizing biological tissues.

Infrared image stripe noise removing using least squares and gradient domain guided filtering

Stripe noise removing remains a challenging inverse problem for researchers in the field of infrared image. In this paper, an infrared image stripe noise removing method is proposed based on least squares and gradient domain guided filtering. Firstly, least squares embedded with bilateral filter is applied to smooth infrared image and extract high frequency image information. Then, a one-dimensional gradient domain guided filtering, which provides more efficient and precise vertical stripe information, is proposed to separate detailed texture information and vertical stripe noise in high-frequency images. Finally, the denoised image is obtained by subtracting the noisy image from the separated stripe noise image. Experimental results on public datasets reveal that compared with state-of-the-art methods the proposed method can receive satisfactory results in computational efficiency, denoising effect and detail feature preservation.

Model-Independent Lens Distortion Correction Based on Sub-Pixel Phase Encoding.

Lens distortion can introduce deviations in visual measurement and positioning. The distortion can be minimized by optimizing the lens and selecting high-quality optical glass, but it cannot be completely eliminated. Most existing correction methods are based on accurate distortion models and stable image characteristics. However, the distortion is usually a mixture of the radial distortion and the tangential distortion of the lens group, which makes it difficult for the mathematical model to accurately fit the non-uniform distortion. This paper proposes a new model-independent lens complex distortion correction method. Taking the horizontal and vertical stripe pattern as the calibration target, the sub-pixel value distribution visualizes the image distortion, and the correction parameters are directly obtained from the pixel distribution. A quantitative evaluation method suitable for model-independent methods is proposed. The method only calculates the error based on the characteristic points of the corrected picture itself. Experiments show that this method can accurately correct distortion with only 8 pictures, with an error of 0.39 pixels, which provides a simple method for complex lens distortion correction.

Helmholtz Versus Haute Couture: How Horizontal Stripes and Dark Clothes Make You Look Thinner.

In Helmholtz’s illusion, a square with horizontal stripes appears taller than an identical square with vertical stripes. This effect has also been observed in experiments with human stimuli, where a human figure wearing a dress with horizontal stripes appears thinner than a drawing clad in vertical stripes. These findings do not agree with the common belief that clothes with horizontal stripes make someone appear wider, neither do they disentangle whether the horizontal or vertical stripes account for the thinning effect. In the present study, we focused on the effect of horizontal stripes in clothes comparing horizontal stripes against no-stripes (not against vertical; Experiments 1 and 2), using photos of a real-life female model, and controlling for the average luminance of the stripes (Experiment 2). Results showed that horizontal stripes and lower luminance have—independently—a small-to-moderate thinning effect on the perceived size of the body, and the effect is larger when the two variables are combined. In Experiment 3, we further show that the thinning effect due to the luminance of the dress is enhanced when the general background gets darker.

The response of common minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, to visual cues under flowing and static water conditions

While fixed visual cues provide reliable reference points for navigation in static water, it remains unclear whether fish energetically benefit from their presence in flowing water. Furthermore, benefits of visual feedback from fixed sources may be less for group members that can gain additional information from others. Using an open-channel flume, this study investigated how the response of fish to stationary visual stimuli is influenced by flow and group membership under two treatments: vertical black and white stripes placed on (1) both side walls of the channel or (2) one side wall only compared to a control where both walls were uniform white. The responses were compared in flowing and static water, and between individuals and groups of five. Fish exhibited a positive affiliation for the visual cues, travelling more slowly and spending more time closer to the striped walls. Fish were more edge oriented under flowing conditions, presumably utilizing the lower velocities at the wall boundary to reduce energy expenditure. When only one wall presented visual cues, individual fish spent more time associated with it in flowing water, suggesting some energetic benefit in lotic conditions. This may result from a greater ability to maintain station or control position relative to a reference point and/or the use of visual stimuli as a proxy indicator of physical structure which may provide drag-reducing refuge. A lesser association with the striped wall in static water suggests that visual cues provide other nonhydrodynamic benefits, such as physical refuge from predators or opportunities for crypsis. Conversely, less association of shoals with the striped walls may reflect a greater dependence on information provided by conspecifics or increased security associated with being part of a group. This study indicates that fixed visual cues likely provide several benefits that vary depending on flow and group membership.

Design and analysis on textured cutting tool

Cutting tool plays a major role in manufacturing process to reduce cost and machining time. Various number of researches had been conducted to optimize machining process and to find a way to extend the life of the cutting tool. To improve the process quality, the surface texturing is also performed on the cutting tool. In this paper, the machinability of textured tungsten carbide cutting tool for turning aluminum alloy is proposed. The texture pattern used in parallel stripes and vertical stripes on the flank of the cutting tool. The simulations of the texture pattern were engraved on the tool using Abaqus/CAE 6.14 software chip formation simulation had been done. Boundary conditions for the work is defined as displacement and rotation and the velocity is defined as 0.2 m/s. The meshing of the part and work is done in square mesh pattern and the discretization rate is 0.0005. From the analysis, the chip flow direction and the shear zone are discussed in detail. Subsequently, the energy developed on machine the material has been evaluated with the results of cutting force. The maximum cutting force developed in the plain cutting tool is 1.468 N. however, for the textured cutting tool has 1.207 N for horizontal texture tool and 3.249 N vertical textured cutting tool. It indicates that the horizontal has a built – up edge nature and supports to shear the material conveniently than the other two conditions. In addition, the stress induced during the machining process is also compared for interpretation. Thus, the inference is made to justify that the tool life is increased when surface texturing is done compared to the tool life for non-textured tool.

P‐2.3: Research on the Threshold of Brightness Difference of “Moving Head Pattern”

The requirements for the display quality of the client's screen are becoming stricter and newer problems have been discovered. Our company has discovered a new type of streak defects: when blinking or shaking your head, you will find vertical stripes on the display, but you can't see the defects when staring at the screen. This shaking head pattern is found in many products. In this study, we selected the G127 screen and adjusted the Vcom of the 6.47‐inch A‐si screen to different degrees to reproduce the bad head‐shaking pattern. Observing the visual effects of the experimental screen, we found that the greater the deviation of the Vcom, the more serious the head‐shaking phenomenon. The brightness test of the screen with the shaking head pattern shows that as the degree of the shaking head pattern becomes heavier, the brightness difference between adjacent columns is larger. It can be seen that the minimum brightness difference of the shaking head pattern is 0.108nit.

Influence of novel photovoltaic welding strip on the power of solar cells and photovoltaic assembly

Soldering ribbons mainly play a role in connecting electricity in photovoltaic modules. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the influence of new photovoltaic ribbons on the power of solar cells and photovoltaic modules. First, the principle of total reflection is applied to analyze and calculate the light propagation path, so as to obtain the influence mechanism of the surface structure of the photovoltaic electrode on the assembly power. Then, three types of photovoltaic modules were prepared by designing three new types of photovoltaic electrode surface structure schemes. Finally, the thermal stress and power effects of solar cells are analyzed. The results showed that the photovoltaic electrode warped during the cooling process, and the strain increased with the decrease of temperature. Under standard test conditions, the diagonal, sparse longitudinal, and dense longitudinal isomers are used as the control input parameters, and the diagonal, sparse longitudinal, and dense longitudinal isomers are used as the control input parameters. Compared with the traditional photovoltaic ribbon assembly, the output power of the new photovoltaic ribbon assembly is increased by 0.5%, 1.18% and 2%, respectively, and the optical gain of the dense vertical stripe heterogeneous ribbon is the highest.