Vertical Spaces Research Articles

Going Vertical

ABSTRACTMost archaeological practice involves horizontal excavations of ancient occupations and cemeteries, but the Chachapoya of Peru's eastern montane built tombs along narrow cliff ledges, which require innovative methods of investigation. Many of these sites are becoming exposed and threatened due to increased deforestation. The La Petaca mortuary complex includes 125 constructed platforms, modified ledges, mausoleums, and caves containing human remains across one section of an exposed rock face approximately 200 m across by approximately 80 m high. While the site has been looted and damaged due to various taphonomic processes (including ecological, geological, and cultural), we argue that there are recoverable details, especially in relation to how the ancient Chachapoya people created and accessed these vertical spaces. Through collaboration with technical professionals, we identified and documented many tombs using vertical progression techniques. This valuable partnership between spelunkers and archaeologists allowed us to develop techniques for “vertical archaeology,” including safe access in order to be able to document, sample, and make detailed observations of building methods and burial contents.

Body-relative horizontal\u2013vertical anisotropy in human representations of traveled distances

A growing number of studies investigated anisotropies in representations of horizontal and vertical spaces. In humans, compelling evidence for such anisotropies exists for representations of multi-floor buildings. In contrast, evidence regarding open spaces is indecisive. Our study aimed at further enhancing the understanding of horizontal and vertical spatial representations in open spaces utilizing a simple traveled distance estimation paradigm. Blindfolded participants were moved along various directions in the sagittal plane. Subsequently, participants passively reproduced the traveled distance from memory. Participants performed this task in an upright and in a 30° backward-pitch orientation. The accuracy of distance estimates in the upright orientation showed a horizontal–vertical anisotropy, with higher accuracy along the horizontal axis compared with the vertical axis. The backward-pitch orientation enabled us to investigate whether this anisotropy was body or earth-centered. The accuracy patterns of the upright condition were positively correlated with the body-relative (not the earth-relative) coordinate mapping of the backward-pitch condition, suggesting a body-centered anisotropy. Overall, this is consistent with findings on motion perception. It suggests that the distance estimation sub-process of path integration is subject to horizontal–vertical anisotropy. Based on the previous studies that showed isotropy in open spaces, we speculate that real physical self-movements or categorical versus isometric encoding are crucial factors for (an)isotropies in spatial representations.

Acetazolamide Reduces Retinal Inner Nuclear Layer Thickness in Microcystic Macular Edema Secondary to Optic Neuropathy

Optic neuropathy (ON) is commonly complicated by microcystic macular edema (MME), that is, small vertical cystoid spaces in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the macula. We performed a retrospective consecutive case series of 14 eyes from 11 patients with ON and MME that were treated with oral acetazolamide, acting on cellular water transport. Contralateral eyes without MME were used as controls. Segmentation of images obtained with OCT was used to determine changes of individual retinal layer thickness during treatment. Retinal INL thickness consistently decreased in all eyes after 2–3 weeks of treatment. Recurrence of MME was observed after treatment cessation. No significant change of retinal thickness was found in contralateral unaffected eyes. Visual function did not change with treatment. Acetazolamide significantly improved the MME in eyes with ON. However, visual function did not. Acetazolamide is a treatment option for MME associated with ON but without an impact on the visual function.

‘Kerist I wish I was a skyscraper’: John Dos Passos’ Manhattan Transfer, skyscrapers and the predatory modern city

Abstract John Dos Passos’ Manhattan Transfer (1925) is one of the first American novels to significantly engage the figure of the skyscraper in modern New York City. Throughout the novel, Dos Passos employs the physical and symbolic structure of the skyscraper to examine the effects of capitalism on the spaces of the burgeoning metropolis at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the text, Dos Passos utilizes skyscrapers to critique the capitalist and overly individualized spaces of the city and the dangers that these spaces pose to the novel’s characters. The critique in the text is compounded by the fact that Dos Passos’ characters find solace neither in the opening vertical spaces of the city nor in the public spaces of the street. In the end, the novel’s characters are faced with alienating and dehumanized spaces in the hostile and predatory metropolis.

快速城市化背景下广西典型城市景观空间格局动态比较研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 快速城市化背景下广西典型城市景观空间格局动态比较研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201801280226 作者: 作者单位: 广西师范大学环境与资源学院,广西师范大学环境与资源学院,广西师范大学环境与资源学院,广西师范大学环境与资源学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41361041）；广西自然科学基金项目（2014GXNSFAA118300）；岩溶生态与环境变化研究广西高校重点实验室资助项目（YRHJ15Z005） Comparison of changing landscape patterns in the rapidly urbanizing cities of Guangxi Author: Affiliation: College of Environment and Resources,Guangxi Normal University,College of Environment and Resources,Guangxi Normal University,College of Environment and Resources,Guangxi Normal University,College of Environment and Resources,Guangxi Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着城市化的快速发展与城市规模日益扩张，城市景观空间结构不断地被人为改变着，不合理的景观空间格局既削弱了区域的经济和社会发展功能，影响着城市生态环境质量的不断提高，也进一步制约着城市的可持续发展进程。以广西3座典型中心城市——南宁、柳州和桂林市为研究对象，利用6景Landsat5 TM和Landsat8 OLI/TIRS影像数据，通过遥感影像分类技术提取研究区的土地利用景观信息，对典型城市1990-2015年的景观空间格局特征与生态过程进行对比分析，旨在揭示快速城市化阶段重点城市核心景观要素的时空演化规律。结果表明：①在城市化进程加快的背景下，广西各典型城市的景观空间格局均发生了剧烈的变化。受人为影响强烈的土地利用景观类型变动最为显著，建设用地景观的不断扩张与耕地、林地景观的缩减是城市化发展的基本特征。②在水平空间上，城市建筑景观逐渐由核心圈层向外围圈层扩展，外围区的自然景观受人工干扰强度加大，景观类型逐渐丰富，但破碎化程度加剧。③在垂直空间上，城市景观类型呈现较显著的海拔分异特征，中、低海拔区是城镇化最集中的地带，建设用地的景观优势度增长最为显著。高海拔区因但受城市扩张与农业开发活动的胁迫，自然景观的优势度与团聚性呈下降趋势。④从城市功能定位来看，南宁、柳州和桂林市作为广西3座不同功能类型的中心城市，它们在区域社会经济发展方面起到重要的辐射和引领作用。该研究为科学开展城市景观规划、实施城市生态环境管理和推进广西城市化健康有序发展提供参考依据。 Abstract:With the rapid urbanization and expansion of cities, the landscape structures of urban areas are artificially changing. This has led to reduced functions of urban eco-economic systems owing to the unsustainable ecological position of landscapes, which not only affects the quality of the environment, but also restricts the progress of sustainable urban development. For Nanning, Liuzhou, and Guilin, which are three typical cities of Guangxi, six Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI&TIRS images were used as the data sources. The land use information was extracted by remote sensing techniques. Thereafter, the characteristics of landscape structure and landscape changing pattern of the three typical cities during the period 1990-2015 were analyzed to reveal the evolution of city landscape patterns during rapid urbanization. The results showed that (1) the landscape pattern of the three typical cities changed drastically with urbanization. Landscape changes under human disturbance were highly significant. The major characteristics of urbanization were the increase in construction land and decrease in cultivated land and woodland. (2) In the horizontal spaces, the construction land expanded rapidly from the center of the city outwards, with the natural landscape being dramatically affected by human activities in the outer areas. Landscape was heterogenous and fragmented. (3) In the vertical spaces, landscapes showed obvious vertical differences. Urbanization was mostly concentrated in the mid and low altitude regions. Clearly, landscape dominance by construction land increased. Because of urbanization and agricultural production, the dominance and abundance of natural landscapes declined. (4) From the perspective of function orientation, Nanning, Liuzhou, and Guilin, the three typical cities of Guangxi, have a strong attraction, radiation, and driving force to peripheral regions in terms of economic and social development. This paper provides reference for landscape planning, eco-environment management, and sustainable urbanization in Guangxi. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

<b>Fitting new constructal models for the thermal potential of earth-air heat exchangers

Relying on the Constructal Design method, this paper introduces new periodic models for the thermal potential of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers (Eahe). As a case study, it analyses the best spacing for three ducts arranged triangularly in order to maximize the heat transfer between soil and air. More specifically, the ratio between the horizontal and vertical spaces among the ducts is set free to vary up to limiting global constraints. This paper aims to better understand how the variations in affect the thermal performance of Eahe. As an additional contribution, some relationships between and the thermal potential of Eahe are mathematically and continuously stated. This allows establishing additional results for the efficiency and energetic performance of Eahe, as well as recommend arrangements in the shape of isosceles triangles with base and height unitary.

Optimization of tube bundle arrangement for flooded shell-and-tube evaporator

Tube bundle arrangement has a great effect on the heat transfer performance of flooded shell-and-tube heat exchanger. In the present study, a shell-side heat transfer model was established to reveal the effect of tube bundle arrangement for flooded shell-tube evaporator, and was validated experimentally; the simulation results agree well with the experimental data with a deviation less than 15%. Based on the validated model, the effect of tube arrangement was analyzed; in the upper section of tube bundle, the size and amount of bubbles increase, leading to deterioration of heat transfer. The optimization method for uneven configuration of the horizontal and vertical tube spaces was proposed, and the optimized tube spaces were obtained; the performance of the optimized heat exchanger was tested and compared with that of the original one, and shows over 10% higher heat transfer capacity than the original one.

Assessment of light adequacy for vertical farming in a tropical city

The pursuit of urban agriculture as part of a city’s green infrastructure is often a challenge, particularly within compact cities, where there is a limited amount of space between buildings for urban farming and gardening. Instead, such high-rise urban developments present often under-utilized spaces on the vertical surfaces of buildings. A key unknown is the adequacy of light for plant growth. Many leafy vegetables that require high amounts of light form a significant proportion of the staple diet in many Asian countries. We report on the assessment of sunlight adequacy for growing leafy vegetables in a compact tropical city, based on the high-rise and high-density residential environment of Singapore. Leaf physiological traits of seven leafy vegetables were assessed and used to estimate plant light requirements. A survey of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) along exposed corridors showed that the daily light integral (DLI) value ranged from 2 to 35molm−2 d−1 under relatively ideal weather conditions during days with abundant solar insolation, and façades that experienced a minimum of half-day direct insolation matched the light requirements of vegetables within the moderate to very high-light categories. With regard to the building form, PAR increased gradually with height, but remains highly influenced by façade orientation and configuration. Owing to the annual north–south oscillation of the sun’s path, reduced annual PAR variability and higher total annual PAR at façades, buildings with an east–west orientation will better support continuous vegetable cultivation, especially for basic building typologies without self-shading configurations. However, excessive PAR and temperatures during mid-day hours may hinder plant growth. By highlighting such patterns in levels of PAR, this study confirms the potential for high-rise and high-density conditions in the tropics to support farming using typically under-utilized vertical spaces of residential buildings.

Froude-Stanton modeling of heat and mass transfer in large vertical spaces of high-rise buildings

Understanding physics of heat and mass transfer inside large vertical spaces is a major challenge for high-rise fire safety. Due to the size of a high-rise building, experimental studies based on sub-scaled models play an important role in high-rise heat and mass transfer research. Froude modeling method is probably the most common approach for sub-scaling. However, Froude modeling has been found incapable of obtaining accurate temperature predictions from the sub-scaled experiments, especially near building boundaries where there exists significant heat transfer between smoke and the boundaries. In this paper, a new modeling method, Froude-Stanton modeling, is developed for both mechanically-driven and naturally-driven thermal smoke spreads, in which heat transfer is taken into consideration in the energy balance equation. The flow resistance of the internal shaft structure is also considered using a lumped method. To verify the new method, series of experiments were conducted on three shafts with different sizes and material using both Froude and Froude-Stanton methods. The results, including temperature profile, relative neutral plane level and thermal smoke flow rate, are compared between the two modeling methods, and it was found that the new Froude-Stanton modeling method is more accurate.

Façades of gothic Mediterranean cathedrals and fortifications. Constructive racionality facing earthquake

This study continues the research taken by the teacher Cassinello, Doctoral Thesis "Seismic rationality in Gothic architecture: structural and building types" (Cassinello, 2005), where she checks the special constructive facing earthquakes configuration of Spanish cathedrals, subdividing them in structures Types A or B. Types B have large spandrels on the arches, flat terraces, hidden buttresses and horizontal facades with very vertical windows. The target is to show how these facades of cathedrals and fortifications in the Spanish Mediterranean have special facing earthquake´s configuration being the essential key for the building stability. In order to do it we select and analyse various samples. The Method of the equivalents and horizontals forces and the Analysis of confined masonry defines the design´s principles founds in these facades. Analytical methods relating horizontal areas of façades and areas of buildings, or vertical and horizontal spaces between windows and graphic methods with parabolic arcs or compressed prisms saving the vertical windows provide us comparative results. His analysis allows us how to classify the ability of each façade facing earthquake forces and drawing conclusions that demonstrate this special design.

KOSMOLOGI RUANG VERTIKAL DAN HORIZONTAL PADA RUMAH TRADISIONAL (SA’O) DESA ADAT SAGA, KABUPATEN ENDE, FLORES

Title: Vertical and Horizontal Room Cosmology in Traditional House (Sa’o) Adat Saga Village, Ende Regency, Flores Cosmology is the science related to kemestaan (cosmos) in a concept of the relationship between the human world (micro-cosmos) and of the universe. Space in traditional house Saga has values and khasan interesting architecturally is examined. The influence of Ngga'e on the Du'a belief and traditional home space Saga interesting architecturally is identified. This study uses qualitative methods with an ethnographic approach that is description. The findings of this study is about the cosmology of the space on a traditional home. Cosmological view of space in traditional house Saga is distinguished into three parts namely is lewu, gara as one and mention the position of the human body parts. Cosmological view of space in traditional Indigenous Villages (Sa'o) Saga depicted horizontally with the mother lay. Nature of traditional house Saga is the core of fertility and birth. Being a mother is clearly visible on a carved door (pene ria) enter Sa'o believe carving the breasts of a woman who symbolizes the human life and a transverse under IE peneria koba leke symbolizing the human development. The position of the head of the mother at the lulu (the dugout), second legs on his back is to the fore in the tent (dugout or accepting guests), second hand mereba is at the right and left dhembi space, the womb or humanitarian space are at puse ndawa. Keywords: traditional house (sa'o), the indigenous village of saga, the cosmology of the vertical and horizontal spaces

Asymptotic stabilization of submanifolds embedded in Riemannian manifolds

We study control problems in which systems whose states spaces are Riemannian manifolds must be steered towards embedded submanifolds of their state spaces in a stable fashion, i.e., feedback laws rendering the given submanifold asymptotically stable are sought. Bringing the closed loop to the form of a gradient system with drift, we find that the gradient part can be scaled in a fashion so as to guarantee asymptotic stability of the desired submanifold. Under this circumstance, we show that solutions of the system can be brought to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the submanifold in arbitrary time. Thereafter, we derive an algebraic condition under which the control vector fields can be brought to the desired form. Lastly, we recast our algebraic condition in terms of vertical and horizontal spaces for the case that the submanifold is an equivalence class.

Utilization of Vertical Spaces for Horticultural Crop Production in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas

It is estimated that by the year 2050, the world's population would increase to ten billion, and close to 80% of human settlements would be concentrated in and around urban locations. To feed this urban-centric population, huge tracts of land would be required.

Natural Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of the Bundle Heat Exchanger in the Latent Heat Microcapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry

As a novel latent functionally thermal fluid, microcapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCMS) has many potential applications in the fields of energy storage, air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat exchanger, etc. In order to investigate the heat storage and heat transfer performance of MPCMS, natural convection in a rectangular enclosure heated by bundle heat exchanger has been studied numerically in this paper. The effects of mass concentration (Cm) of MPCMS, the vertical spaces of bundle heat exchanger on the natural convective heat transfer are investigated. The results indicate that, MPCMS with Cm=30% shows the best natural convectionperformance, and a lower position of bundle heat exchanger can strengthen the natural convection.

Subatmospheric pressure boiling on a single nucleation site in narrow vertical spaces

Compact evaporators like plate heat exchangers can play a significant role in reducing the investment cost of low cooling power sorption systems. If water is used as refrigerant, their design remains mainly empirical. The objective of this paper is thus to investigate the specific characteristics of water pool boiling in narrow channel at subatmospheric pressure in order to acquire the fundamental knowledge needed to improve the design of compact evaporators in these sorption systems. An experimental test setup was thus designed and built to study water pool boiling in narrow channel at subatmospheric pressure (from 5 to 1.2 kPa) on a vertical heated copper disk. The influence of the thickness of the narrow channel and of the pressure on the heat transfer is discussed. As the pressure and the channel thickness decrease the occurrence of a specific subatmospheric pool boiling regime is observed, degrading heat transfer coefficient. Nevertheless, the general trends of evolution are in agreement with those generally observed in the literature: heat transfer is enhanced as the thickness of the narrow channel decreases but, depending on the pressure, decreasing too much the channel thickness could lead to a deterioration of the heat transfer coefficient. A particle image velocity (PIV) device was implemented to the experimental setup in order to highlight the effect of the wake-induced flow on the heat transfer.

Spatial distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter fractions in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil under European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Little is known about how trees and their roots may influence the spatial distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils with subsequent effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and turnover. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of individual trees and their root system on the spatial distribution and chemical composition of SOM fractions and the storage of SOC in subsoils.A Dystric Cambisol was sampled along three vertical replicate transects (3.15m in length, 2.00m in depth) in a regular grid (45cm horizontal spaces, 25cm vertical spaces) at increasing distance from three individual mature European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Soil OM fractions were obtained from rhizosphere soil and bulk soil samples taken at 10 and 85cm depth increments by a combined density and particle size fractionation. Carbon and nitrogen measurements were performed, and the chemical composition of the SOM fractions was further characterized by solid state cross polarization magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.The distance from the individual trees had no influence on the SOC contents and stocks or the chemical composition of the SOM fractions. This was ascribed to the dense and even rooting at 0–40cm depth across all sampled distances. Instead, the SOC contents and stocks highly differed between 10cm depth (11.4gSOCkg−1), where particulate organic matter (POM) dominated, and 85cm depth (0.5gSOCkg−1), where clay associated SOC dominated. These differences seemed to be strongly influenced by the roots of the trees which were almost completely absent from depths ≥60cm. Elevated SOC contents in the rhizosphere soil (40.1gSOCkg−1) were ascribed to root exudates in the root's vicinity and a very high amount (109.3gkg−1) of fresh POM (alkyl/O/N alkyl C ratio of 0.8). The data revealed that, besides root exudates, also root derived POM contributed significant amounts of SOC to the soil.Although only low amounts of the clay fraction were found at 85cm depth (22.8gclaykg−1), it accounted for high amounts of SOC and played a crucial role for the storage of SOM. The relatively high SOC stocks at 40–200cm depth (1.4kgCm−2) compared to the SOC stocks at 0–40cm depth (3.8kgCm−2) indicate that also sandy forest subsoils with low SOC contents have to be considered in terrestrial carbon inventories.

공간구조를 고려한 도로망 기반 토지이용의 분류분석

도시공간을 이해하고 적절한 계획을 세우기 위해서는 도로와 토지이용을 동시에 고려한 통합적인 분석이 요구되며, 공간의 평면적 구조뿐만 아니라 수직적인 구조도 분석이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 공간구조를 고려하여 도로를 기반으로 토지이용을 분석하고 평가하는 것이다. 연구방법은 먼저, 도로는 도로망 구조를 고려한 공간구문론을 도입하였고, 토지이용은 주거와 상업용건물의 수평적이고 수직적인 개발밀도를 고려하였다. 둘째, 물리적 거리, 공간구문론의 속성 중 전체통합도, 도로의 길이를 반영한 전체통합도의 3가지 도로 변수에 대한 설명력을 비교하였다. 셋째, 이 중 적절한 도로 변수를 기반으로 토지이용과 함께 변형한-IPA를 수행하고, 결과를 4개의 영역으로 분류하였다. 이를 계획된 지역인 서울의 강남구에 적용하여 결과를 가시화하였다. To understand urban space and make appropriate plans, the integrative analyses considering road and land use simultaneously are required. In addition, studies that involve both horizontal and vertical spaces must be taken into consideration. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a classification analysis of road network-based land use considering spatial structure. The methods of this study were as follows; first, a space syntax theory considering the structure of road network was introduced for roads. For land use, to consider both horizontal and vertical development densities of residential and commercial buildings were used. And the explanatory power of three variables-Euclidean distance, global integration and length-reflected global integration-were compared. Third, based on road as an appropriate variable, modified-IPA was conducted with land use and the results were categorized into four areas. The proposed method was applied to Gangnam-gu, a CBD area in Seoul, and results were analyzed and visualized using GIS.

A limited feedback transmission scheme based on MS compensation in the 3D MIMO system

In a three-dimensional (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, the base station can use both horizontal and vertical spaces, transmitting spatial beam to users more accurately. This system has caught the attention of researchers in recent years. The existing research on the 3D MIMO technology is based on the assumption that the base station can acquire the ideal channel state information (CSI), which is not actually the case in real systems. Therefore, this paper introduces a limited feedback transmission scheme based on mobile station (MS) compensation in the 3D MIMO system. In this scheme, the vertical antenna gain of the 3D MIMO system compensation is assigned to the MS. Two CSI-RS ports are configured at the base station, omnidirectional CSI-RS port and partial CSI-RS port. The MS can calculate the horizontal CSI and the vertical beam gain according to omnidirectional CSI-RS port and partial CSI-RS port, respectively. Partial CSI-RS resources are used to calculate the channel after being weighted by the vertical beam vector, MS selects the optimal vertical precoding vector. Simulations show that compared with the reference strategy, the transmission scheme with limited feedback based on the MS compensation proposed in this article has more advantages. The average spectral efficiency of the system and the cell edge spectral efficiency can be greatly improved.

Parametric Study of Light-Well Design for Day-Lighting Analysis under Clear Skies

 Abstract—Lightwells are vertical spaces used in multistory buildings to illuminate spaces without direct day light access. In many countries the building code allows for kitchen and bathroom to be mechanically ventilated and lighted, while in other countries and jurisdictions, building codes necessitate that such spaces be naturally ventilated and lighted. Therefore, lightwells become an integral part of the design especially in sites with min frontage and multistory residential buildings. Design requirement solely on the dimensions and area neglects several aspects that may affect the performance of the lightwell. Reflectivity, windows area and aspect ratio, building orientation, and the aspect ratio of the light-well itself are important factors in determining the performance. In order to assess and develop rational criteria for lightwell design, this study aims at conducting a parametric study to assess the effectiveness of light well design. Two famous lightwell index formulae are calculated and correlated to the day light performance. Various measures were used to test the day light performance including dynamic climate based measures. RADIANCE simulation models and an automated process using LUA code were used to perform the parametric variations. A physical building model was used to calibrate the RADIANCE simulation. This study will be of interest to building officials setting code requirements as well as practicing architects.

The nature of floating cells in human embryonic stem cell culture

A consistent presence of floating cells is a common phenomenon in cultures of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, little attention has been paid to their existence. It is currently believed that unavoidable imperfections in culture conditions lead the cells to undergo senescence and apoptosis resulting in unattached cells floating in the culture medium. Inspired by recent studies on mitotic activities in human embryonic stem cell colonies, we believe the existence of floating cells is not simply the result of unfavorable growth conditions but an intrinsic phenomenon resulted from maintaining the pluripotency of hESCs under the culture conditions. We tested this hypothesis with a set of systematic experiments and discovered: 1) the ratio of floating cells to attached cells was significantly increased with culture time; 2) the number of floating cells could be manipulated. For example, we were able to reduce the number of floating cells by providing the colonies with more horizontal or vertical cultural spaces and maintaining the cells’ pluripotency. The results open a new avenue to increase the stem cell culture efficiencies by rescuing the floating cells. On the other hand, by placing a physical barrier on the top of colonies, the number of floating cells was decreased, at the same time, hESCs also showed signs of differentiation. In addition, when inducing cells to differentiate with retinoic acid, the number of floating cells no longer increased with prolonged culture time. Taken together, these results suggested that continuous cell division across the colonies is responsible for the emergence of floating cells during hESC culture. This is quite different from the bacterial colony growth where the cells in the center of colonies are quiescent. Our results indicated that continuous cell division, even at the cost of floating cells formation, is essential for human embryonic stem cell proliferation.