Vertical Rectangle Research Articles

Vertebral fracture severity assessment on anteroposterior radiographs with a new semi-quantitative technique.

The aim of our study was to propose a semi-quantitative (SQ) grading scheme for osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. On AP radiographs, the vertebrae are divided into right and left halves, which are graded (A) vertical rectangle, (B) square, (C) traverse rectangle, and (D) trapezoid; whole vertebrae are graded (E) transverse band or (F) bow-tie. Type A and B were compared with normal and Genant SQ grade 1 OVF, Type C and D with grade 2 OVF, and Type E and F with grade 3 OVF. Spine AP radiographs and lateral radiographs of 50 females were assessed by AP radiographs SQ grading. After training, an experienced board-certified radiologist and a radiology trainee assessed the 50 AP radiographs. The height-to-width ratio of the half vertebrae varied 1.32-1.48. On lateral radiographs, 84 vertebrae of the 50 patients had OVFs (38 grade 1, 24 grade 2, and 22 grade 3). On AP radiographs, the radiologist correctly assigned 84.2%, 91.7%, and 77.2% and the trainee correctly assigned 68.4%, 79.2%, and 81.8% of grade 1, 2, and 3 OVFs, respectively. Compared with lateral radiographs, the radiologist had a weighted Kappa of 0.944 including normal vertebrae and 0.883 not including normal vertebrae, while the corresponding Kappa values for the trainee were 0.891 and 0.830, respectively. We propose a new semi-quantitative grading system for vertebral fracture severity assessment on AP spine radiographs.

Comparisons on the thermal and entropic performance of helical tubes with varying cross-sections with constant wall temperature

This study investigates the thermal-hydraulic behavior of helical tubes with different cross-section types. The flow was considered to be in a turbulent flow regime, and the wall temperature of the tube was considered to be constant. Circle, horizontal oval, vertical oval, square, horizontal rectangle, vertical rectangle, equilateral triangle, and hexagons were eight cross-section types assessed in this study. Findings demonstrated that across the evaluated range of mass flow rates, cases with triangular cross-sections had the highest friction factor values. Also, it was observed that these cases have the largest and the most intense vorticity among all other cases. It was revealed that cases with sharp regions include vortices that increase the loss of kinetic energy. In circular cross-section and triangular cross-section examples, the Nu number was most varied. There is a 58% difference between maximum Nu values for circular and triangular cross-sections. The case with a circular cross-section and a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s exhibited the highest PEC factor value of approximately 1.001. Finally, it was determined that a circle cross-section is the best according to the first law of thermodynamics, but a triangular cross-section performed 52% better when compared to other cross-section forms according to the second law of thermodynamics.

EKSPLORASI ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA KAIN TENUN MASYARAKAT DESA WOLOTOPO KECAMATAN NDONA KABUPATEN ENDE

People often don't understand that there is a mathematical element to what is done in cultural activities. Ethnomathematics is an approach that can be used to explain that social culture and mathematics have a very close relationship. One of them is the culture of the Wolotopo Village community, namely weaving which is related to mathematical elements. This study aims to find out what mathematical concepts exist in the woven fabrics of the Wolotopo Village community, Ende Regency. The research method used is qualitative with an ethnographic approach. The data collection used is observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is interview and observation. The results show that the mathematical concepts in the woven cloth motifs of Wolotopo Village are geometric concepts in the form of vertical lines (wound motifs), squares (rote eye motifs), rectangles (wound motifs), trapezoids (limara motifs), rhombuses (one mesa motifs), kites (wound motifs, and koko beto motifs), triangles (pea eye motifs) and circles (soke eye motifs).

The Buddhist Banner: Identity and Aestheticism in the Dimension of Meaning Reflection on the Tai Lue Ethnic Group Education

Tung, the Buddhist banner of the Tai Lue ethnic group (TLEG), has been used for many types of worship and rituals of TLEG living in northern Thailand from the past to the present. Thus, Tung is a symbol that reflects the beliefs and faiths of TLEG. This research aimed to study the characteristics and aestheticism of Tung in the dimension reflecting the beliefs and faiths of TLEG. The in-depth data and information were obtained from the observations and interviews from the key informants, such as the leaders of communities, local philosophers, and Tung weavers of TLEG in Chiang Kham, Phayao, Thailand. It showed that commonly the characteristic shape of Tai Lue Tung is a vertical rectangle that has characteristic patterns that can be divided into three groups: 1) real-world and mythical animals, 2) plants, and 3) utensils and castles, which reflect the stories handed down from the past to the present. Additionally, the aestheticism of Tung takes place through three factors: 1) beliefs and faiths, 2) merit and gratitude, and 3) creativity and imagination from the Tung weavers’ experiences obtained from the compositions and arrangements of all patterns based on the principles of visual elements. This study can be implied into curriculum and learning about Tai cultural education.

Real-Time Robotic Multigrasp Detection Using Anchor-Free Fully Convolutional Grasp Detector

Robotic grasping is essential for intelligent manufacturing. This article presents a novel anchor-free grasp detector based on fully convolutional network for detecting multiple valid grasps from RGB-D images in real time. Grasp detection is formulated as a closest horizontal or vertical rectangle regression task and a grasp angle classification task. By directing predicting grasps at feature points, our method eliminates the predefined anchors that commonly used in prior methods, and thus anchor-related hyperparameters and complex computations are avoided. For suppressing ambiguous and low-quality training samples, a new sample assignment strategy that combines center-sampling and regression weights is proposed. Our method achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 99.4% on Cornell and 96.2% on Jacquard dataset, and real-time speed of 104 frames per second, with approximately 2× fewer parameters and 8× less training time compared to previous one-stage detector. Moreover, an efficient multiscale feature fusion module is integrated to improve the performance of multigrasp detection by 25%. In real-world robotic grasping of novel objects, our method achieves a grasp success rate of 91.3% for single object and 83.3% for multiple objects with only 26 ms used for the whole planning. The results demonstrate that our method is robust for potential industrial applications.

Can faces affect object-based attention? Evidence from online experiments

This study tested how human faces affect object-based attention (OBA) through two online experiments in a modified double-rectangle paradigm. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that faces did not elicit the OBA effect as non-face objects, which was caused by a longer response time (RT) when attention is focused on faces relative to non-face objects. In addition, by observing faster RTs when attention was engaged horizontally rather than vertically, we found a significant horizontal attention bias, which might override the OBA effect if vertical rectangles were the only items presented; these results were replicated in Experiment 2 (using only vertical rectangles) after directly measuring horizontal bias and excluding its influence on the OBA effect. This study suggested that faces cannot elicit the same-object advantage in the double-rectangle paradigm and provided a method to measure the OBA effect free from horizontal bias.

Traffic Sign Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction Based on Point Clouds and Panoramic Images

AbstractTraffic signs are a very important source of information for drivers and pilotless automobiles. With the advance of Mobile LiDAR System (MLS), massive point clouds have been applied in three‐dimensional digital city modelling. However, traffic signs in MLS point clouds are low density, colourless and incomplete. This paper presents a new method for the reconstruction of vertical rectangle traffic sign point clouds based on panoramic images. In this method, traffic sign point clouds are extracted based on arc feature and spatial semantic features analysis. Traffic signs in images are detected by colour and shape features and a convolutional neural network. Traffic sign point cloud and images are registered based on outline features. Finally, traffic sign points match traffic sign pixels to reconstruct the traffic sign point cloud. Experimental results have demonstrated that this proposed method can effectively obtain colourful and complete traffic sign point clouds with high resolution.

The Neural Signature of Visual Learning Under Restrictive Virtual-Reality Conditions.

Honey bees are reputed for their remarkable visual learning and navigation capabilities. These capacities can be studied in virtual reality (VR) environments, which allow studying performances of tethered animals in stationary flight or walk under full control of the sensory environment. Here, we used a 2D VR setup in which a tethered bee walking stationary under restrictive closed-loop conditions learned to discriminate vertical rectangles differing in color and reinforcing outcome. Closed-loop conditions restricted stimulus control to lateral displacements. Consistently with prior VR analyses, bees learned to discriminate the trained stimuli. Ex vivo analyses on the brains of learners and non-learners showed that successful learning led to a downregulation of three immediate early genes in the main regions of the visual circuit, the optic lobes (OLs) and the calyces of the mushroom bodies (MBs). While Egr1 was downregulated in the OLs, Hr38 and kakusei were coincidently downregulated in the calyces of the MBs. Our work thus reveals that color discrimination learning induced a neural signature distributed along the sequential pathway of color processing that is consistent with an inhibitory trace. This trace may relate to the motor patterns required to solve the discrimination task, which are different from those underlying pathfinding in 3D VR scenarios allowing for navigation and exploratory learning and which lead to IEG upregulation.

Effects of smartphone numeric keypad designs on performance and satisfaction of elderly users

Background and objectiveAs cognitive, motor, and sensory skills decline with age, the interface needs of elderly users differ from that of young adults, especially when entering important information in healthcare applications (e.g. blood glucose values) via a numeric keypad on a smartphone touchscreen. The aim of this study is to propose an optimal numeric keypad design for elderly users. A total of 51 participants greater than or equal to 65 years old completed a 6-digit numeric entry task on a smartphone touchscreen. The Java-based experimental program allows participants to operate 45 different keypad designs consisting of three button shapes (circle, vertical rectangle, and square), five button sizes with 2.5-mm increments (7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, 15 mm, and 17.5 mm), and three button spacings (0 mm, 1 mm, and 3 mm). The usability of the keypad design was compared based on task completion time, error rate, and subjective satisfaction, while the data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The results show that circle and square buttons outperform the vertical rectangle button in completion time, accuracy, and satisfaction. Square and circle buttons in 15 mm size led to improved efficiency and decreased error rate. Moreover, task completion time for 3 mm is significantly shorter than 0 mm spacing. Given sufficient space on the touchscreen, the 3 mm spacing can be considered optimal when designing a numeric keypad interface. This study presents a comparison of different numeric keypad designs and the impact on the performance and satisfaction of elderly users. The result can be applied to smartphone numeric keypad design to increase input accuracy and speed. In addition, both circle and square buttons can be adopted in user interfaces for elderly users without the decline of usability. Relevance to industryThe proposed configuration of button shape, size, and spacing can be applied to the numeric keypad user interface (UI) of smartphones targeting elderly users, especially in healthcare applications.

Why and How Should Cognitive Science Care about Aesthetics?

Empirical aesthetics has found its way into mainstream cognitive science. Until now, most research has focused either on identifying the internal processes that underlie a perceiver's aesthetic experience or on identifying the stimulus features that lead to a specific type of aesthetic experience. To progress, empirical aesthetics must integrate these approaches into a unified paradigm that encourages researchers to think in terms of temporal dynamics and interactions between: (i) the stimulus and the perceiver; (ii) different systems within the perceiver; and (iii) different layers of the stimulus. At this critical moment, empirical aesthetics must also clearly identify and define its key concepts, sketch out its agenda, and specify its approach to grow into a coherent and distinct discipline.

Strong stabilization of small water waves in a pool

This paper is about the strong stabilization of small amplitude gravity water waves in a vertical rectangle. The control imposes the horizontal acceleration of the water along one vertical boundary segment, as a multiple of a scalar input function u, times a function h of the position along the active boundary. The state z of the system is a vector with two components: one is the water level ζ along the top boundary and the other is its time derivative ζ. We prove that for suitable functions h, there exists a bounded feedback functional F such that the feedback u = Fz leads to a strongly stable closed-loop system. Moreover, for initial states in the domain of the semigroup generator, the norm of the solution decays like (1 + t) − 1/6. Our approach uses careful estimates on certain partial Dirichlet to Neumann and Neumann to Neumann operators associated to the rectangular domain, as well as non-uniform stabilization results due to Chill, Paunonen, Seifert, Stahn and Tomilov (2019).

Simultaneous switching at multiple frequencies and triple plasmon-induced transparency in multilayer patterned graphene-based terahertz metamaterial

A novel multilayer terahertz metamaterial composed of double rectangle, vertical single rectangle, vertical double rectangle and single rectangle graphene layer is proposed. The dynamic adjustable triple plasmon induced transparency (PIT) is realized by coupling two bright modes and two dark modes, which is an especial synergy effect between two single-PIT. Coupled mode theory contained four resonators is employed to explain the triple-PIT, and the theoretical results exhibit excellent consistency with finite-difference time-domain. Surprisingly, the triple-PIT can evolve into a dual-PIT or a single-PIT only by changing the Fermi level of graphene, and the amplitude modulation degrees at the four resonance frequencies of the triple-PIT are 74.7%, 87.8%, 76.5%, and 77.7%, respectively. In addition, a simultaneous switching at multiple frequencies is realized by adjusting different Fermi levels. Therefore, this study not only lays the foundation for explaining phenomenon of the triple-PIT but also puts forward new ideas for the design of optoelectronic device.

Experimental study on boiling performance of wetting fluids in three-dimensional rectangle microchannels

A unique boiling heat transfer study of wetting fluids in a vertical three-dimensional rectangle microchannel was carried out in this paper, to develop a novel passive three-dimensional chip stack cooling technology. The base liquids were deionized water and R113, and Sodium dodecagon sulfate (SDS) was used as a surfactant, which is added into the base fluids for developing wetting fluids. The length, gap, and width of rectangle channels were in the range of 30 mm to 100 mm,30 mm to 50 mm, and 0.4 mm to 4 mm, respectively. Metal wires with different numbers were laid in the rectangle channel along the flow direction for forming change in the width of the microchannel. The study results show that using wetting fluids can significantly enhance both heat transfer coefficients and maximum heat flux of thermosyphon boiling in three-dimensional microchannels compared with that found in pure liquids. The enhanced effects have significant relations with the three-dimensional geometric dimensions. The present experimental results provide significant technology support for passive three-dimensional chip cooling.

Vibration attenuation and bandgap characteristics in plates with periodic cavities

Plates with periodic cavities show excellent vibration attenuation characteristics. This behavior can be attributed to the presence of frequency bandgaps on account of interference between the incident wave and the reflected wave from the cavities. The present work investigates the vibration attenuation/bandgap characteristics of plates with varying shapes of periodic cavities, such as square, circular, vertical rectangle, and horizontal rectangle, through experiments and simulation. Vibration responses of different periodic plates have been studied by carrying out frequency sweep on a vibration shaker. The investigation has been restricted to flexural vibrations of the plates, which are the predominant mode of vibration in many practical vibration scenarios. The frequency bandgaps, observed through the experiment, have been compared with the numerical simulation by harmonic analysis and by carrying out dispersion analysis on a unit cell of the periodic structure using Floquet–Bloch theory. Dispersion curves of the periodic plates yielded bandgaps, which were observed to be in agreement with the bandgaps from the experiment. The effect of variation in the aspect ratio of the cavities, that is length-to-width ratio, on the bandgaps has also been examined. It has been demonstrated that by suitable selection of the shape/size of the periodic cavity, desired vibration attenuation bandgaps can be realized for a 2-dimensional structure.

A two-dimensional bibliometric index reflecting both quality and quantity

We propose a two-dimensional bibliometric index that strikes a balance between quantity (as measured by the number of publications of a researcher) and quality (as measured by the number of citations to those publications). While the square of h-index is determined by the maximum area square that fits under the citation curve of an author when plotting the number of citations in decreasing order, the rec-index is determined by the maximum area rectangle that fits under the curve. In this context we may distinguish between authors with a few very highly-cited publications, who may have carried out some influential research, and prolific authors, who may have many publications but fewer citations per publication. The influence of a researcher may be measured via a restricted version of the rec-index, the $${rec}_{I}$$-index, which is the maximum area vertical rectangle that fits under the citation curve. Similarly, the prolificity of a researcher may be measured via the $${rec}_{P}$$-index, which is the maximum area horizontal rectangle that fits under the citation curve. This leads to the proposal of the two-dimensional bibliometric index $$({rec}_{I}, {rec}_{P})$$, which captures both aspects of a researcher’s output. We present a comprehensive empirical analysis of this two-dimensional index on two datasets: a large set of Google Scholar profiles (representing “typical” researchers) and a small set of Nobel prize winners. Our results demonstrate the potential of this two-dimensional index, since for both data sets there is a statistically significant number of researchers for whom $${rec}_{I}$$ is greater than $${rec}_{P}$$. In particular, for nearly 25% of the Google Scholar researchers and for nearly 60% of the Nobel prize winners, $${rec}_{I}$$ is greater than $${rec}_{P}$$.

A 3D proposal for the visualization of speed in railway networks

This article deals with a proposal for visualizing the speed of the different sections of the lines of a railway network that has been implemented in the computer algebra system Maple. The idea is to organize the data (the speed in the different sections of the railway network) as a weighted graph. The endpoints of the sections considered are the vertices of the graph and the edges are the sections of the railway lines of the network. The weights of the edges reflect the different speeds in the sections of the network. The vertices of the graph are drawn in the xy plane according to their geographical coordinates. The edges are represented by segments in the xy plane. Vertical rectangles are lifted from these segments according to the weights of the edges (as a kind of wrinkled histogram). Two different methods are proposed to compute the height of the rectangles: one directly considers the difference of speeds with respect to the maximum average speed and the other calculates the height so that the area of the rectangle represents the time required to traverse the section. This way the speeds of the different sections of the lines can be easily visualized (in 3D). The underlying mathematics is elementary, but the implementation is complex and makes extensive use of the possibilities of Maple's plot package.

Linear Buckling behaviour of Composite Laminate [(θ/-θ)] with various shaped cutout using FEM

In this paper, the buckling behavior has been investigated on square laminate made of Woven-glass-polyester composite with various shaped cutouts (i.e., circle, square, vertical rectangle, horizontal rectangle, vertical ellipse, horizontal ellipse) numerically. The composite laminates have been arranged in asymmetrical order as [(θ/-θ)]. The laminated plate that is subjected to uniaxial compression has been emphasized on the laminate along with the effect of layer orientation, effect of cutout ratio and effect of cutout angle. The result shows that the minimum buckling load is obtained at 45° and the maximum buckling load attained at 0° and 90°for all laminates by increasing the layer orientation. For cutout ratio, the maximum and minimum load is obtained for the smallest and largest cutout ratio in all cutout shapes. Increasing the cutout angle, the square cutout exhibits the minimum load at 60°. In elliptical cutouts, the load is decreasing and increasing gradually while they are aligned in along and perpendicular to the loading directions. The rectangular cutouts positioned vertically and horizontally the load is decreasing up to 30° and 60°and then increasing up to 90°.

Same-object costs and benefits in the object-based attentional blink

Object-based attention (OBA) studies using the double-rectangle paradigm have revealed same-object costs with vertical rectangles but same-object benefits with horizontal rectangles, showing asymmetry in the OBA effect. Attentional blink (AB) studies using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigms have shown that when two targets (T1 and T2) are successively presented within 400 msec, T2 performance is significantly impaired (i.e., an AB effect). Some object-based AB studies have indicated that the stable representation of single objects before T1 reduced the same-object AB effect, and some have claimed that the inhibition of the global objects representation by T1 processing enhanced the same-object AB effect. However, these studies did not directly explore whether and how the object representation modulated the object-based AB effect. In the present study, we used a hybrid of the RSVP and double-rectangle paradigms to address this issue. The results revealed that when the object representation was inhibited by T1 processing, the AB effect spread across the object groupings showing an enhanced same-object AB effect; when the object representation was created before T1 processing, there was a reliably reduced same-object AB effect that was not mediated by OBA (i.e., no difference in T2 performance between the same and different objects). Additionally, a horizontal configuration benefit independent of OBA was obtained in the AB.

When is object-based attention not based on objects?

Some studies using methods introduced by Egly, Driver, and Rafal (1994) to measure object-based attention have shown surprising effects of object orientation. Rectangles oriented horizontally produce evidence for object-based attention, whereas vertical rectangles do not. We explore these differences using a two-letter comparison task. Across all the experiments, responses are faster when the targets are arranged horizontally rather than vertically. The horizontal advantage persists when the rectangles are removed, demonstrating its independence from object-based attention. Furthermore, responses are faster for vertically configured targets when they are within the same rectangle. This effect only arises when the rectangle orientation is informative about the target configuration orientation. This same-object advantage would normally be attributed to object-based attention, but the same pattern of data emerged when the rectangles were replaced with a salient orientation cue. The rectangles can apparently serve as a cue, making the cuing effect appear to be an object-based attention effect. However, the cuing effect can also be triggered by a horizontal bar in the center of the display. Thus participants can adopt an attentional set for a horizontal orientation independently of stimulus location. Results from comparison tasks that might have been attributed to object-based attention could instead be due to a combination of a horizontal advantage and an orientation set cost. Although these results lead to a diminished role for object-based attention, they also call for a better understanding of how an attentional set can be adopted without selecting either locations or objects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Ornamental Motifs of Haft Rang Tiles in The Architecture of Houses Constructed in Shiraz in the Pahlavi Era

In the Pahlavi-constructed areas of Shiraz, there are a number of residential houses built with modern architectural design, but traditional techniques and designs have been used in their decoration. Haft rang tiles are among the most commonly used techniques in the architectural decoration of these houses. The use of this ornamentation as seen in both internal and external views of Shiraz houses in the Pahlavi era is an exquisite example of the combination of tradition and modernity in contemporary Iranian architecture; studying its dimensions can lead to a better understanding of Iranian architecture in the contemporary period. Accordingly, this paper explores decorative features and diversity of ornamental motifs of Haft rang tiles in the architecture of houses built in Shiraz in the Pahlavi Era using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The required data was collected through field and library research. To this end, the tile decorations of 20 houses within the urban area of Shiraz constructed during the Pahlavi Era were investigated and categorized by the researcher in terms of spatial, framing, design, and motif diversity. According to the findings of the study, the Haft rang tile frames in the analyzed houses displayed a wide diversity of shapes including rectangles, squares, deformed vertical rectangles, curved surfaces, vertical diagonal frames, window frames, composite geometric shapes, and crowns. The most commonly used patterns in the sample group (20 houses were studied) were Eslimi (arabesque) and Khatai patterns. Human figures are also depicted in the form of archeological or miniature patterns or simple human shapes. Eslimi and Khatai patterns, flowers and birds, and human figures have been sometimes realistically portrayed, and sometimes portrayed in abstract forms. The dominant background colors of the tile frames in the studied period are turquoise and azure.