Vertical Interaction Research Articles

The Roles of Adaptive Water Governance in Enhancing the Transition towards Ecosystem-Based Adaptation

The growing realization of the inadequacies of the conventional approach to climate change adaptation has generated interest in sustainable forms of adaptation that could promote long-term ecosystem health and social equity. In this regard, the concept of ecosystem-based adaptation has been receiving attention as an integrative framework for maintaining healthy ecosystems, with the aim of building the resilience and reducing the vulnerability of social–ecological systems to climate change impacts. However, there is currently an inadequate understanding of the institutional requirements for the transition towards ecosystem-based adaptation. A promising institutional mechanism for addressing these governance challenges is adaptive governance, a governance mechanism that relies on flexible, multi-level institutions to connect actors across multiple scales in managing conflicting values and uncertainties in ecosystem-based management processes. This paper discusses four roles of adaptive governance in the transition of water resource systems towards ecosystem-based adaptation: (1) creating awareness about climate change through social learning and the integration of diverse sources of knowledge; (2) generating interest for policy change through the provision of economic and non-economic incentives; (3) creating opportunities for change through the promotion of vertical and horizontal interactions among actors; and (4) building capacities for change through enhanced access to relevant institutions and resources.

Partial vertical ownership in the presence of downstream competition

Firms sometimes acquire partial ownership of their upstream suppliers. Such ownership entails no direct control over the target firm's decision‐making; however, both firms might change their pricing strategies after forming a partial ownership relationship. This paper studies the economic impacts of partial vertical ownership (PVO) in a market with downstream competition, where a manufacturer supplies two competing retailers. We find that dividend payments between firms can alter firms’ incentives in their operational decisions and, hence, serve as an “invisible hand” to downstream competition and vertical interaction. We show that a higher PVO percentage can have both positive and negative effects because the acquiring retailer's gain from PVO depends on not only its own sales but also the competitor's sales. Thus, the PVO decision (i.e., the percentage of ownership to acquire) has an inverted U‐shaped effect on the resulting profit for both the acquiring retailer and the manufacturer, which implies an intermediate PVO percentage in equilibrium. Second, the relative strength of the positive and negative effects depends on the acquiring retailer's competitive position. We show that the manufacturer prefers establishing PVO with the retailer with a valuation disadvantage because the disadvantaged retailer can obtain more benefits from PVO and is willing to pay higher than the competitor. Last, we find that consumers benefit from PVO when the acquiring retailer is the retailer with a valuation advantage but may become worse off when the disadvantaged retailer acquires PVO. Our research provides managers with guidance on the optimal PVO percentage and policymakers with insights on regulating PVOs for consumer protection.

Experimental performance and wake study of a ducted twin vertical axis turbine in ebb and flood tide currents at a 1/20th scale

While studies on horizontal axis tidal turbines are plentiful, those on ducted twin vertical axis alike HydroQuest’s turbines are lacking. For such a device, both the relative counter-rotation direction of the rotors and the tripod base geometry upstream are different between ebb and flood tide. Consequently, this paper analyses the effect of the two opposed flow directions on the hydrodynamic performance and on the wake of the turbine. The study is based on experimental measurements at a 1/20th scale in Ifremer’s wave and current flume tank. The hydrodynamic performance of the model are characterised over a wide range of operating points with the turbine installed on a tripod and on a monopile base. In addition, the 3D wake of the turbine is thoroughly analysed in the two flow directions using 3-component laser Doppler velocimetry. Overall, the drag and the maximum average power coefficient are not affected by the current direction but the optimal tip speed ratio is 7 % lower during ebb with 1.5 times higher power fluctuations compared to flood tide. Besides, the wake of the two rotor columns interact differently depending on the flow direction, leading to a 30 % faster surface averaged velocity recovery in the flood tide configuration. The observed effect of flow direction provides a better knowledge of twin vertical axis turbine wake interactions and highlights the impact of the gravity base geometry on the development of the overall turbine wake. This paper also provides a wide experimental database for the validation of numerical models applied to ducted twin-vertical axis tidal turbines.

Electrified interfaces of deep eutectic solvents

Many theoretical and experimental studies have been focused on the physicochemical properties of dense ionic fluids such as ionic liquids (ILs). However, less attention has been given to interfacial properties involving deep eutectic solvents (DES). The impact of the DES composition, hydrogen bond donor (HBD) structure, temperature, and electrode nature material on the DES-electrode vertical interactions remain vague. The lack of knowledge imposes significant constraints in proposing a suitable Electrical Double Layer model (EDL) to describe the DES at electrified interfaces. Measuring differential capacitance-potential curves is a strategy to assess the EDL structure and understand how ions interact with the electrode surface, which knowledge is fundamental to designing and optimizing electrochemical systems for various applications (e.g., energy storage devices). Accordingly, a set of choline chloride-based DESs was assessed containing distinct HBD at their eutectic composition (the polyalcohol's 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, and the amide urea) against glassy carbon (GC), gold (Au), and the platinum (Pt) electrode at different temperatures.The differential capacitance-potential curves were found to vary significantly in shape in the three different electrode surfaces studied, ranging from camel shape (Au electrode), U-shape (GC), and asymmetric bell shape (polycrystalline Pt). The carboxylic malonic and oxalic acids were also assessed for a proper comparison to understand better the role of the HBD's functional group in shaping the electrode-electrolyte structure against the trend found with diol isomers. A suitable EDL model must inevitably accommodate interfacial properties assessed at the capacitive region, namely the influence of the surface chemistry, potential dependence, DES structure molecules, and temperature in shaping the electrified interfacial anatomy.

Numerical analysis of pipe–soil interaction between SCR and nonlinear seabed based on co-rotational approach

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a numerical model for analysing the vertical pipe-soil interaction between SCR and nonlinear seabed in the touchdown zone, which is subjected to complex stress concentration effects. The model establishes a co-rotational coordinate system of the riser and simulates pipe-soil interaction using a series of springs based on p-y backbone curve. The global displacement of the riser and the resistance of the seabed soil are coupled and solved iteratively by the Newton-Raphson method. The result shows that this approach can solve the initial penetration of the riser in the touchdown zone. Parametric analysis reveals that riser with larger length and thickness-to-diameter ratio, the deeper embedment in the seabed, also the larger response of the seabed soil resistance at the same time. Estimation functions are developed by polynomial fitting method to analyse the relationships between length to diameter ratio (L/D) of the riser and standardised embedment, standardised soil resistance.

Vertical dynamic interaction and group efficiency factor for floating pile group in layered soil

AbstractThis paper theoretically estimates the dynamic pile–soil interaction and the group efficiency factor for pile group in layered soil through energy‐based method. The vertical dynamic interaction of partially embedded single piles and their surrounding layered soil is analytically deduced from Hamilton's principle. Combined with a series of numerical simulations, the soil attenuation factor from energy method is modified for adapting to the wave speed variation in various layers. Then, the pile‐to‐pile interaction factor is directly solved with the help of the transfer‐matrix method. The dynamic governing equation of pile group with an elevated rigid cap is established by superposing the pile‐to‐pile interaction factors. Finally, the dynamic impedance of pile group is obtained and derived into a group efficiency factor. Compared with the plane strain method, this present method can produce a more suitable soil attenuation factor and a dynamic interaction factor at low frequency range, which is exploited for practical engineering design. The effects of subsoil layer, subsoil layer, and unembedded pile segment on group efficiency factor are investigated. The results show that the real part of group efficiency factor decreases at high frequency range for a small pile spacing, which may be detriment to the pile group capacity. Besides that, the combined effects of unembedded segment and weak surface soil on group efficiency factor are highlighted.

Contrasting Vertical Intergovernmental Interactions in Matching Fund Policy Implementation to Support Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China

This article uses evolutionary game theory to demonstrate a logically consistent explanation for the strategies of both superior and subordinate governments in different scenarios during the implementation of matching fund policy aimed at supporting the innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. Through a case study of Shanghai, the article constructs a political interest–fiscal opportunity cost–manpower input cost model to explain the gaming behaviour of superior and subordinate governments. It further identifies a new form of project alienation in which subordinate governments conspire with enterprises to avoid providing matching funds and the causes of such alienation.

A frequency-domain approach to model vertical crowd-structure interaction in lightweight footbridges

Load models that account for Human-Structure Interaction (HSI) may be preferable to accurately predict the dynamic response of lightweight footbridges subjected to pedestrian actions. Representing each person within a crowd may not be practical in engineering design calculations as time-variant models with a large number of degrees of freedom have to be managed. In addition, high computational time may be required to achieve the steady-state response. In this sense, this paper proposes a novel approach to calculate the vertical steady-state response of footbridges from a time-invariant coupled crowd-structure system. Considering the model of the structure and a feedback model of the crowd, a total closed-loop Transfer Function (TF) of the coupled system is derived. Based on this frequency-domain interacting methodology, a step-by-step procedure is set to asses the vibration serviceability of lightweight footbridges due to harmonic excitations through simple algebraic operations. The proposal is used to study a Fibre Reinforced Polymer footbridge subjected to two streams of walking pedestrians. For this structure, a good compromise between experimental and numerical results is obtained in terms of vertical vibrations and TFs. To further validate the proposed approach, a pre-stressed concrete laboratory facility is also analysed, obtaining a satisfactory agreement between the experimental and numerical TFs. Thus, the proposed approach allows to evaluate lightweight footbridges under crowd-induced loads considering HSI in a simple and accurate manner, which is clearly geared to practice.

The policy mix of green finance in China: an evolutionary and multilevel perspective

ABSTRACT Against the background of climate change, green finance has received worldwide attention in recent years, as policymakers bring the ‘green’ idea into financial sectors and encourage investments in green projects. From an evolutionary and multilevel perspective, this study conducts a comprehensive review of the policy mix of green finance in China. Our analysis emphasizes the dimensions of time and scale of a policy mix that are important elements to understanding the evolution process. We identify a transition process in green finance policies in China with changes in both policy objectives and policy instruments. China has gradually shifted its policy focus from direct public intervention and investment to the construction of a green finance market. From the multilevel perspective, the dynamic vertical interactions between different levels of government have played an important role in this transition.

Three-dimensional trenches induced by lateral riser-soil interaction and their influence on the behavior of SCR

Although the lateral oscillation of steel catenary risers (SCRs) contributes to trench production, traditional riser-seabed models cannot simulate the process. This study proposes a modified lateral riser-seabed interaction model and integrates it into the SCR model based on the vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method to simulate the trench formation process. The effects of the loading history, extra soil berm resistance, and cyclic vertical riser-soil interactions were included in the soil model. A 3D trench could be developed under the cyclic out-of-plane movement of the SCR. The trench formation process, seabed resistance distribution, axial tension, bending moment, and stress range distribution of the SCR were discussed in detail to illustrate the effects of the soil model. Different loading amplitudes and nonlinear soil parameters were chosen to determine their influence on the trench shape and distribution of the horizontal seabed resistance. The developed trenches were then inserted into the fresh SCR model before executing the dynamic analysis, in which only the cyclic heave motion was applied to the hang-off point. The simulation results showed that the trenches produced by cyclic sway motions beneficially influenced the fatigue life of the SCR. However, the effect would differ with the profiles.

Multi-level climate governance: examining impacts and interactions between national and sub-national emissions mitigation policy mixes in Canada

ABSTRACT Jurisdictions use an assortment of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate policy mixes have often evolved through the ad hoc layering of new policies onto an existing policy mix, rather than deliberate design of a complete policy portfolio. This can lead to unanticipated interactions between policies which can support or undermine policy objectives and is further complicated where climate policy is implemented at multiple jurisdictional levels. In the context of Canada and its four most populous provinces, we examine the development of climate policy mixes across jurisdictional levels between 2000 and 2020 and evaluate policy interactions. We develop an inventory of 184 climate policies, and examine each in terms of instrument type, implementation timing, technological specificity, and expected abatement. We evaluate interactions between overlapping policies both within jurisdictional levels (horizontal) and across jurisdictional levels (vertical) for their impact on emissions abatement using a policy coherence analysis framework. We find that subsidies and R&D funding were the most abundant policies (58%), although pricing and flexible regulation are expected to achieve the most abatement. Sub-national jurisdictions have often acted as policy pilots preceding federal policy implementation. We evaluate 356 policy interactions and find 74% are consistent in adding abatement. Less than 8% have a negative impact by reducing abatement, although vertical interactions between federal and provincial policies were more often negative (11%) than horizontal interactions at the federal (<3%) or provincial (<2%) levels. Although the impact of many interactions is unknown (13%), we generate interaction matrices as a foundational roadmap for future research, and for policy-makers to consider potential interactions when designing and assessing policy effectiveness. Key policy insights Climate policy mixes have expanded and diversified over the period 2000–2020 across jurisdictions in Canada. Sub-national jurisdictions have often acted as policy ‘pilots’ by implementing policy before the adoption of similar national level policy. Climate mitigation policy interactions are predominantly supportive toward achieving additional emissions abatement. Vertical interactions between federal and provincial policy can undermine the additionality of policy effort by sub-national jurisdictions. These findings emphasize the need for better coordination in climate policy mix design between national and sub-national jurisdictions.

Politainment on Twitter: Engagement in the Spanish Legislative Elections of April 2019

The mediatisation of politics is based on the logic of spectacle. Politainment defines the phenomenon in which political information is trivialised by the hybrid narratives in which it is included and its anecdotal tone, with the aim of reaching an audience that seeks entertainment rather than information. This phenomenon has reached the digital sphere; the media, political parties, and prosumers are interested in using the new communicative context to expand their audience or become producers of new narrative formulas that act as a loudspeaker for online infotainment policies or discourses. This research examines the engagement obtained by politainment producers on Twitter, a network where debates about television content are concentrated. The article examines the tweets issued by Spanish television programmes that carry out politainment. The research focuses on the Spanish general elections held in April 2019 to establish whether this social network acted as a sounding board for television broadcasts and how it contributed to fixing ideas and content. The researchers conducted a content analysis on a sample of 7,059 tweets and 2,771 comments. The results show that the production, promotion, and communication strategies of programmes on Twitter are still scarce and unoriginal. The behaviour of prosumers is not very creative, active, or interactive, preventing the creation of a debate on Twitter or the construction of a horizontal (user–user) or vertical (user–programme) interaction on the content published.

Can Ride-Hailing Platforms be Immune to Dual-Fairness Concerns?

The rapid development of ride-hailing platforms has a substantial impact on urban transportation ecosystems, which raises the issue of fairness concerns both vertically and horizontally. To investigate the effects of dual-fairness concerns on the ride-hailing platform, this article studies a taxi and ride-hailing system, which captures the vertical interactions between the ride-hailing platform and the ride-hailing driver with vertical fairness concern, and the horizontal competition between the ride-hailing driver and the taxi driver with horizontal fairness concern. Two incentive strategies (i.e., revenue and demand sharing strategy and ride-hailing fare subsidy strategy) for the ride-hailing platform are designed to relieve the negative impact of fairness concerns. Government’s regulation on taxi fare is also discussed in this article. By analyzing the dynamic game models that involve these stakeholders, we find that: 1) both the vertical and the horizontal fairness concerns will lower the utility of the ride-hailing platform; 2) the revenue and demand sharing strategy and the ride-hailing fare subsidy strategy can enhance the utility of the ride-hailing platform by relieving the negative impact of horizontal and vertical fairness concerns, respectively; and 3) with the government’s regulation on taxi fare, the negative impact of dual-fairness concerns can be relieved, and a higher social welfare can be achieved.

NPDN-3D: A 3D neural partial differential network for spatiotemporal prediction

Neural network-based methods have been widely applied to spatiotemporal prediction tasks, such as video prediction and weather forecasting. However, most existing works are designed for prediction in 2D space, and 3D prediction has not been extensively studied. In this paper, we propose to leverage 3D partial differential equations (PDEs) for spatiotemporal prediction in 3D space, and further develop a novel 3D neural partial differential network. This is inspired by that 3D PDEs can model both horizontal and vertical information interactions by various partial derivatives. Moreover, they can also formulate physical knowledge by equations. To integrate 3D PDEs in neural networks, we first develop the theory of approximating 3D partial derivatives by 3D convolutions, and further present an effective strategy to utilize the theory in practice. Then based on the theory and strategy, we propose a novel 3D Neural Partial Differential Network for prediction, named NPDN-3D. Specifically, NPDN-3D consists of two pivotal modules: (1) a neural partial differential module for capturing low-order spatiotemporal dynamics. This module is the key for prediction, where the dynamics are formulated by commonly-used low-order 3D PDEs. (2) A residual module for capturing the remaining non-low-order dynamics. This module performs as an extensible plug-in to enhance the expressiveness of our model. Extensive experiments on two simulated datasets and two real datasets show that our method not only achieves better prediction but also learns the correct PDEs.

Comparing Party System Types at the Regional Level: Czech Regional Elections 2000–2020 as an Example of Vertical Top-down Spill-over

The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of regional-level party politics in post-communist Czech Republic. We follow the multilevel election perspective, which emphasizes that full understanding of regional-level contestation and the resulting shape of regional party systems is only possible when taking horizontal and vertical interactions between regional and other electoral arenas into consideration. By analyzing all regional elections since the establishment of self-governing regions in 2000 to 2020, we found that Czech regional party systems (1) are not converging towards a single type; (2) are not too stable between elections; (3) are characterised by growing fragmentation and the resulting gradual shift from moderate multiparty systems to extreme multiparty systems; and (4) this transformation is largely a result of a top-down form of vertical spill-over as development in the Czech national arena has the main impact on electoral outcomes as well as party system formats at regional level.

Solitary wave interaction with an impervious house in the coastal community using a parallel three-dimensional incompressible CIP-based model

Three-dimensional numerical investigations on solitary wave interaction with an impervious house in the coastal community using a parallel incompressible CIP-based model are carried out. Simple and effective parallel computation will be realized based on algorithm of domain decomposition method and hybrid OpenMPI–OpenMP computational framework. The convection term is discretized by a constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method and an accurate interface capturing scheme, the Tangent of Hyperbola for Interface Capturing with Slope Weighting (THINC/SW), is applied to reconstruct the free surface. The reliability of the present model is validated by a series of benchmarks, including regular wave interaction with a single cylinder, regular wave reflection and diffraction on a vertical structure and interactions between a solitary wave and an impervious structure. The present results are in good agreement with the published results. The present model is applied to investigate the solitary wave reflection and diffraction on the house with different roof types. The variations of wave force, wave elevation and free surface are investigated, which considers the effect of natural disasters such as tsunamis on the safety of the house with different roof types in the coastal community. These results provide engineering references for the design of tsunami-resilient houses.

Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States

This paper examines the transformation of the territorial structure of tourism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The spatial and temporal organisation of tourism in these countries has undergone significant changes since they became independent and joined the EU. These changes have affected the geography of tourist flows and destinations of interest. This study aims to define the geographical and economic peculiarities of the development of tourism in the Baltic States and to identify the central, peripheral and semi-peripheral regions. Elements of the centre-periphery structure were identified through cluster analysis covering the period 2009—2019. Eleven indicators were used to determine the level of socio-economic development, the state of inbound and domestic tourism and the degree of transport infrastructure development. The results of the study suggest that there have been progressive changes in the territorial structure of tourism in the Baltic States. The main centres of attraction are the capitals and their adjacent territories. Horizontal contacts with more developed regions of the EU states and vertical interaction with other regions of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have a significant impact on the development of tourism activities. Central regions are dominant in terms of attracting tourist flows. This is characteristic of a highly polarized tourism structure. However, many semi-peripheral and peripheral regions have lately improved their position, being integrated into national and cross-border tourism routes and increasing outreach in the tourism market.

Гражданское участие молодежи в регионе: возможности и ограничения

The problem of activating the potential of youth in territories’ development, the transi tion of their latent resources (opportunities) into the actual state of the driving force of social change at the regional level is of particular relevance for public and scientific discourse. From the standpoint of the activist paradigm, young people are seen as a significant subject of territorial development through their involvement in various practices of civic participation. The purpose of the article is to identify the opportunities and limitations of youth civic participation in the development of territories. The authors determine that a favorable institutional environment for the young people’s civic participation is being created in Russian society, however, there are problems in the implementation of youth policy both at the national level and in the regions. Based on the methodology of quantitative sociology (the authors developed a toolkit for a sociological survey, which was tested on the territory of the Vologda Oblast in 2021, N=1900), it was revealed that young people, demonstrate their willingness to civic participation to a greater extent than the population of the region as a whole, but they are somewhat less likely to be included into real practices of socially useful activity. The authors concluded that both political (in vertical interaction with the authorities) and social participation of young people (in the space of everyday&nbsp; life) is realized primarily in informal (one-time or spontaneous) practices. It is determined that the demotivating reasons for the young people’s engagement in&nbsp; the civic participation practices in the regional space vary from institutional to social and psychological qualities of the individual. By the example of the Youth Center “GOR.COM35” (Vologda), it is shown that the youth center is a complex structure or a new model of “public-state partnership” that creates conditions for the development of civic participation of young people in the region. The materials presented can form the basis of sociological diagnostics of the level, potential,&nbsp; and barriers to youth involvement in socially useful activities in order to further develop the priorities of youth regional policy and effectively build the&nbsp; work of youth organizations.&nbsp

Механизм экономических взаимодействий: содержание категории и сущностные характеристики

The mechanism of economic interactions is represented by mechanisms of three main types: vertical, horizontal and network interactions. The essence of these types of interaction mechanisms, the features of their organization and formation are demonstrated. The mechanism of vertical interactions implies the presence of a certain center that determines the «rules of the game» within the boundaries of the economic space it controls. This type of mechanisms includes, for example, the mechanism of interaction between the state and economic entities, the mechanism of interaction between management companies and various subdivisions in holding-type structures. The mechanism of horizontal interactions is focused on the initiation and maintenance of intersystem and intrasystem interactions. Also there are the issues of organizing interpersonal interactions of individuals acting as independent economic entities in the sphere of influence of this mechanism. The mechanism of network interactions ensures the formation of network communities of an open type, within which there is a trusting cooperation of heterogeneous entities that share the values of these communities and are ready to interact with each other in order to achieve common interests within the framework of formal and informal ties with different levels of scale, intensity and frequency of transactions. As the essential characteristics of these mechanisms, the following are distinguished: the predominant direction of influences, the presence of entities that implement the functions of management, regulation and coordination, the predominant type of interactions, economic spaces within which interactions are organized, the functions of mechanisms.

When Heads Bang Together: Creolizing and Indigenous Identities in the Americas

In her 2019 book, The Black Shoals, Tiffany Lethabo King warns that “settler colonial discourse structures the ways that people think about and simultaneously forget . . . that Black and Native death are intimately connected in the Western Hemisphere” (2019, xiii). This warning is similar in spirit to Jody Byrd’s call to decenter “the vertical interactions of colonizer and colonized” and recenter “the horizontal struggles among people with competing claims to historical oppressions” (2011, xxxiv). What happens to the lifeways of creolization when brought under the scrutiny of such analyses? To ask this question differently, how might creolization, as a theory of Afro-diasporic experiences shaped in histories of chattel slavery, displacement and migration, working against structures of anti-blackness, approach a vigilance for what Lorraine Le Camp (1998) names the “terranullism” —a Doctrine of Discovery world-orientation that reads land to be colonized as either vacant or all but vacated of civilized human communities—that grounds much of settler colonial discourse?