Vertical Housing Research Articles

Passive Design Strategy of Vertical Housing for Optimizing Energy Efficiency

Abstract Passive design is crucial for sustainable building, maximizing comfort while minimizing energy use and environmental impact. It optimizes heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting through natural energy sources like sunlight and wind, promoting responsible energy consumption. As the Indonesian economy continues to grow, urbanization rates in major cities are rapidly increasing, leading to urban sprawl. One proposed solution is densification through vertical housing construction. However, a concern with vertical housing is the energy consumption for thermal and lighting comfort, particularly in Indonesia’s tropical climate. Passive design presents an effective energy efficient solution for optimizing comfort in vertical housing. This study explores various passive design strategies based on six basic principle. Firstly, it presents local climatic conditions. Then, it discusses lessons learned from traditional buildings and modern buildings. Finally, it introduces a passive design method for high-rise housing, focusing on six points: massing and orientation, building envelope, passive cooling, thermal mass storage, natural air circulation and daylighting. The study presents results and potential recommendations for passive design to optimize energy efficiency.

AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN PAKISTAN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN LANDED AND VERTICAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN LAHORE

Pakistan has experienced substantial housing growth and stands as one of the most urbanised countries in South Asia, yet it grapples with a housing backlog exceeding 10 million units. The affordability challenges in Lahore are particularly acute. In the realm of affordable housing, there is a preference for vertical living over landed homes. However, no prior research has systematically examined the price correlation between apartment living and landed housing, along with the impact of policies in the context of neoliberal ideology within Pakistan. Neoliberalism, emphasising the superiority of the market over the state has been a dominant force influencing affordable housing strategies. With this backdrop of affordability and neoliberalism, this paper aims to examine the performance difference between landed and vertical housing development. This paper aims to draw an affordability comparison between landed and vertical housing development using a document review and market survey. The study used a qualitative approach employing a case study design. For the data collection, interpretative discourse analysis for public documents was performed, and field surveys for pricing evaluation were conducted in Lahore. The analysis revealed that apartments by the private sector are not affordable for low-income people, often characterised by larger sizes and lacking specific quotas for low-income residents. The study recommends a comprehensive review of building regulations, particularly focusing on specific provisions (quota) targeting low-income people in housing development.

Sustainable Vertical Housing Based on Social and Cultural Activities

The development of vertical housing is currently a response to the problem of population increase. People with low incomes (MBR) who have a range of restrictions, from knowledge gaps to financial difficulties, are typically the ones who live in vertical housing in developing nations like Indonesia. Due to misunderstandings about residents' social and cultural behavior and activities addressing the culture of living in multi-story residences, there are many issues with vertical housing these days, particularly those pertaining to disorganization and improper use of space. The careless use of hallways, which leaves them cluttered with trash, clotheslines, and the possessions of residents, is one issue that frequently arises. This study will outline the issues with vertical housing in Bandung City and provide examples of well-designed housing in the past. The study aims to offer best practices for bridging the gap between the existing conditions and the vertical housing usage pattern. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the findings will lead to both intelligent spatial utilization and sustainable architectural design solutions.

Design With, Not For, Local Community: Utilizing e-Participation Tools in the Design of Socially Sustainable Vertical Emirati Public Housing

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is slowly transitioning from traditional single-family public housing to a ‘vertical’ typology to meet the increasing demand on public housing, solve the problem of the scarcity of land in urban areas, and contribute to achieving its local agenda for sustainable development goals. However, the direct involvement of Emirati residents in the design process of the recently developed limited number of vertical public housing projects has been missing. This research aims to involve a sample of Emirati residents, representing the targeted category for vertical public housing, in the pre-occupancy evaluation of the design of Al Ghurfa, the very recently developed vertical public housing project, focusing mainly on assessing the attainment of social sustainability in this design. The research method included four phases, including initiating a conceptual framework from relevant literature reviews, digitalizing the case study design, developing the conventional and e-Participation interview scenarios and scripts, and selecting a sample of Emirati young citizens who participated in the study. The results of the study successfully highlighted the participating residents’ preferences and concerns regarding the design of the investigated pioneering vertical public housing project. The findings revealed the interviewed citizens’ perceptions of the investigated social sustainability principles in the vertical housing design pertaining to mixed-use development within and outside the vertical residential building, social integration among neighbors of the building, vertical and horizontal accessibility inside and outside the building, security measures for the residents of the buildings and their privacy, design measures of the high-quality living environments, the user-responsive design of the housing units, and the importance of their involvement in the design. This helped propose a set of recommended design actions for attaining social sustainability in vertical housing design tailored to the specific needs of Emirati residents. The research has also revealed the successful merger between the conventional and advanced e-Participation tools in involving the residents in assessing the professional design of vertical public housing as a new emerging typology that is expected to prevail in the near future.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MULTI-STOREY HOUSING: A SKYVILLE @ DAWSON SINGAPORE CASE STUDY

Social and economic sustainability significantly affect the well-being of residents in high-rise vertical housing. Previous research has identified various complaints about poor relationships between residents, lack of interaction, and feelings of confinement. On the other hand, COVID-19 has limited interactions among residents in densely populated housing due to the high transmission rates of the disease. This study aims to conduct a content analysis of data on Skyville @ Dawson apartments from reliable sources, covering the period from 2009 to 2024. The research is conducted with the content analysis method, focusing on economic, social, and environmental aspects of Sustainable Architectural Design. From secondary and online data, it was found that WOHA designed Skyville @ Dawson to accommodate the behavioral needs of Singaporean society with several horizontal gardens on various floors, potentially securing interaction against COVID-19 through good building management. Therefore, this high-rise housing is an excellent example of the socio-economic development of upper-floor housing.

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Study of Factors Affecting Low-Energy and Carbon Emission Performance in Vertical Housing Design

Study of Factors Affecting Low-Energy and Carbon Emission Performance in Vertical Housing Design

Evaluation of water use impacts caused by real estate development with gentrification traits in the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí

Water resource management is a technical, social, and political issue worldwide. Water, being a public good, is characterized as follows: “Unlike private goods, public goods are indivisible and cannot be satisfactorily met by the market or other private initiatives. The provision of public goods requires cooperation or coercion, either through collective action or effective government.” In this sense, water is a human right, as stated by the UN in its sixth sustainable development goal, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.” Gradually, housing in the city of San Luis Potosí has shifted from being affordable for the entire population to becoming increasingly unattainable. Due to the growing demand for housing driven by common population growth and urban development, in recent years, vertical construction-both residential and commercial-has been implemented as a potential solution to this phenomenon, now accounting for 10% of constructions in this area in the capital city, according to the Registro Único de la Vivienda as of 2023. However, such constructions have brought new challenges to urbanization in San Luis Potosí city. As noted by Lozano Niño Y., areas, where high-socioeconomic-status apartment buildings with gentrification features proliferate, were not planned to support high population densities. Eventually, one of the possible consequences of high densification in these areas will be the inadequacy of basic services such as water. While vertical housing offers an alternative to maximize land use within the urban sprawl and could address housing demands, there is also a need to improve public services and urban infrastructure in the surrounding areas where these constructions are planned to prevent social inequality in terms of public service distribution. This study aims to analyze the relationship between case studies—buildings with gentrification features-and their impact on the use and distribution of potable water among the inhabitants of the urban sprawl of San Luis Potosí, by using geospatial methods and technologies.

Ensuring Fairness: Strategies for Providing Affordable Housing for Low-Income Communities in Urban Indonesia

Indonesia's population growth has slowed, yet low-income people still require affordable urban housing. Land scarcity, limited financial options, and complicated home funding provide significant challenges. This study analyses existing literature to find ways to provide cheap housing to Indonesian middle-class residents. The study examines land use, financing, and cash availability. The findings show that MBR cannot get funding due to high costs and strict criteria, while the scarcity of urban land is hindering development. The analysis recommends using unused government land and promoting vertical housing to maximise land use, investigating microfinance and lease-purchase schemes, and simplifying housing fund access. These hurdles can be overcome to provide fair and affordable housing for all in Indonesia, promoting social stability and sustainable urban expansion.

Apartment with Biophilic Architecture Approach in West Jakarta

Nature’s exposure to humans is decreasing, especially for apartment dwellers who can only access nature on the ground floor as a garden function and more often stay indoors. Reduced exposure to nature has an impact on individual physiology and psychology. Thus, using a biophilic architectural approach can bring nature closer to occupants on vertical housing. The purpose of this study is to determine the aspects and attributes on the application of biophilic architecture concept in apartment. Method applied on research was a qualitative method. The analysis was carried out by collecting examples of the application on each biophilic aspect and analysed in terms of position, location, and spatial characteristics. The implementation of biophilic aspects in apartment buildings relies heavily on visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. All aspects also have a close relationship with the outdoor environment and make use of vegetation, water features, natural light, natural materials/colours, and architectural designs in order to implement biophilic concept.

Apartment with Social Interaction Approach in West Jakarta

This research departs from problems related to the high demand for housing and limited land in Jakarta, which makes it difficult for Jakarta residents to have a place to live, which is affected by rising house prices that are disproportionate to income. apartments can be a solution to this problem, because apartments do not require as much land as housing, apart from that apartments here are expected to be the answer to vertical housing in the city of Jakarta that is adequate and safe for residents of Jakarta with easy access to public transport, schools, hospitals, shopping centres, etc. Apartments as a high-rise residential environment could result in social isolation, social disruption and anonymity for its residents, where these problems are related to the issue of social sustainability, so that by implementing social interaction which is part of social sustainability in apartment design it is hoped that it can answer these problems because social interaction can increasing social cohesion, a sense of community and promote social welfare. This study uses qualitative methods by collecting data from literature studies, questionnaires and comparative studies. The results of this study discuss architectural indicators that can accommodate social interaction and architectural indicators of social interaction that are applied to apartment buildings.

Comparing the whole life cycle carbon impact of conventional and biogenic building materials across major residential typologies in Ghana and Senegal

Across West African built environments, patterns of high greenhouse gas emissions are driven by the widespread importation of high embodied carbon building materials by a largely self-built industry and recurring operational carbon costs driven by increased access to fossil-fuel based energy services. Using a whole life cycle assessment (LCA) of major residential typologies in two case-study West African countries, Ghana and Senegal, this paper compares the greenhouse gas emissions of imported building materials with local alternative biogenic and geogenic materials within conventional housing typologies. Results indicated that locally sourced biogenic and geogenic materials may be rendered ineffective in buildings if future typologies do not address the effective space density, passive design strategies and increased renewable energy-use. For the building typology with the highest carbon footprint, the Ghanaian detached house, the substitution of conventional building materials with non-fired earth masonry did not have any significant impact. As shown in the housing typology with the lowest operational to embodied carbon ratio, the Senegalese vertical housing case study, optimizing the thermal mass design of earthen building envelopes can significantly drive down lifetime operational carbon emissions. For tropical low-rise building typologies dominated by high roof area to building volume ratios, roof insulation could drive down operational carbon of the building by a factor of 4 to 5. Although each additional storey results in approximately 10–12 % increase in greenhouse gas emissions, the vertical expansion of housing represents an important driver in reducing greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

Between Laws and Trends: Unraveling the Dynamics of Vertical Housing Units’ Development under Institutional Forces in the Brazilian Amazon

This paper is based on the recognition of a phenomenon occurring in the real estate market of Belém, Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The phenomenon refers to the relative increase in the size of the balconies of residential apartments launched in the city between 2005 and 2017 by construction companies, with the aim of increasing the number of units built per tower. Given that balconies were originally areas of low frequency for the occupants of apartments in this region, the aim of this article was to identify and analyze the institutional factors that support this product development strategy, which is becoming increasingly consolidated among companies. To investigate this phenomenon, we collected data from official documents provided by the Municipal Urban Planning Department (Secretaria Municipal de Urbanismo—SEURB), specifically focusing on the launch of residential high-rise buildings during the specified period. Regression techniques with ordinary least squares methods were applied, as well as econometric models of spatial autocorrelation. The results of the hypothesis tests confirmed the relationship between the restrictive parameters imposed by the city’s Urban Master Plan and the relative increase in apartment balconies. The spatial autocorrelation models confirmed the spatial spillover effect, showing that apartment projects with this characteristic tend to be concentrated in certain areas of the city, influencing each other. In order to discuss this phenomenon, the institutional theory was the protagonist of the analysis, showing how an organizational strategy can adapt to the authority that regulates the occupation of urban land in the city, meeting the two market forces and the demand and supply of apartments.

STUDY OF MODERN TROPICAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONCEPT IN VERTICAL RESIDENCE

Indonesia is a country with a wet tropical climate with high rainfall intensity and short dry season. Indonesia is also one of the archipelagic countries which is quite densely populated, this density makes the demand for residential housing increasing every year. The solution to overcome these problems is to create vertical residences, or commonly referred to as flats, apartments, and condominiums. However, with the tropical climate conditions in Indonesia, vertical housing has more challenges in overcoming the problem of residential temperature due to areas that are more exposed to the sun. Therefore, this study aims to examine the quality of the vertical occupancy of Kampung Akuarium Flats against tropical climatic conditions. This research method is carried out by describing the condition of the building against the parameters of a tropical climate-based dwelling. The results of the study show that the design applied has climatic factors and can meet the needs of residential density in Indonesia.

Vertical incremental housing in São Paulo. The case of Minha Casa Minha Vida – Entidades

Incremental housing allows people to gradually appropriate urban space for their own use. The question remains how housing incrementalism relates to planning strategies for densification and revitalisation within dense urban cores, which can generate socio-spatial exclusion. Vertical incremental housing may offer the benefit of integrating incrementalism in well serviced urban areas but faces challenges in terms of higher land costs, technical complexity and development risk. This article presents an analysis of vertical incremental housing within the framework of the Brazilian Minha Casa Minha Vida – Entidades (MCMV-E) programme. MCMV-E allows social organisations to act as executive agents of housing policy. Under the MCMV-E programme, social organisations control federal funds for transforming vacant real estate into housing for low-income households. Despite its quantitative and qualitative significance, MCMV-E has received limited assessment in the academic literature. Whereas the literature to date has dismissed the programme in terms of its socio-spatial consequences, this paper analysis offers a more nuanced reading, arguing that MCMV-E has allowed low-income residents to successfully acquire housing in central and well serviced locations.

Prototype Design and Construction of 450 VA Permanent Magnetic Sync Generator for Vertical Axis Wind Power Generator House Scale with Low Wind Speed

Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is a mechanical electrical machine that can convert motion energy into electrical energy which has two main parts, namely a rotor using permanent magnets and a stator without an iron core which the machine uses for low and low rotations. load torque used as a generator. The driving force for Wind Power Plants (PLTB) which we know is alternative and renewable power plants, the energy source is wind which continues to exist and is easily available, another reason for the need to develop permanent magnet generators for PLTB is the reduction of petroleum, other fossil energy, subsidies continue to cut materials fuel oil for power generation which increases the price of electricity per KWH as well as a global commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. the need for electricity for the community and the high price of electricity as well as the difficulty of installing electricity with a capacity of 450 VA, this study aims to make a prototype of a laboratory-scale permanent magnet generator for wind power plants for residential homes that allows it to be placed close to the ground, no need to be directed towards the wind. blowing, can generate electricity with wind speed from 2.5 m/s, easy operation and low cost. The research method in this study is to conduct a literature study, conduct a wind source mapping survey from several sources to obtain wind speed data nationally, design a prototype and design a permanent magnet generator prototype and finally simulation with calculation capacity of the prototype. The design of the permanent magnet generator prototype for the Wind Power Plant has 12 poles with a rotor speed of 500 rpm (revolution per minute) with capacity of 450 VA.

Flexible Architectural Interventions for Housing Issues in Bahrain

Houses are important to every living creature they are considered the center of our universe and our haven. Recently having a home that reflects the identity and fulfills the desires of the occupants became a challenge due to the lack of space due to overpopulation in the world, especially in areas with small surface area compared to population size like the island of Bahrain. The unaffordability of housing and lack of space pushed most governments to start producing social houses with design limitations and bulk production. This paper aims to identify the problems related to social housing in Bahrain and seeks the possibility of using flexible architectural interventions to solve these issues. Interviews are conducted with Bahraini families living in social housing projects to identify their issues and their thoughts about flexible solutions. The results show that almost all social housing occupants are not satisfied with their houses' spatial design and have made costly modifications. They also lack the knowledge of flexible interventions and refuse them as a solution while encouraging the idea of vertical housing. This study introduces the term flexibility in social housing and emphasizes the need to improve occupants’ satisfaction in Bahraini society by using efficient architectural interventions.

Designing Commercial Vertical Housing with the Implementation of Modular and Prefabricated Architecture

Residence or housing is one of the basic needs of humans. Each individual has different housing needs based on their social, economic, and cultural aspects. This diversity requires housing design solutions with various design variations that can meet the residents' needs. Vertical housing has become one answer to fulfilling housing needs, but the quality of life in vertical housing is often considered worse compared to conventional housing. Currently, the constructed vertical housing buildings lack high spatial flexibility, as they typically have fixed forms and limited living space that restricts the flexibility for occupants. Commercial vertical housing with the application of modular architecture and prefabrication is one approach that can provide a solution to dynamic living needs quickly and responsively to the environmental typology, while also providing open spaces for residents to enhance their quality of life.

Model of settlement carrying capacity in Semarang Regency in 2021-2040

Semarang Regency is one of the regencies/cities in Central Java Province which is incorporated into the KEDUNGSEPUR regional system. Semarang Regency has a population of 1,053,094 in 2020 with a population growth rate of 1.28%. The increasing population from year to year will certainly affect the environment quality. The population that exceeds the environment carrying capacity can result in limited availability of infrastructure and natural resources. In regional development, the environment carrying capacity is a benchmark for creating a sustainable environment. The aim of this research is to compile a model of the settlement carrying capacity for the next 20 years so that it is known when the settlement carrying capacity in Semarang Regency is exceeded. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method through spatial analysis and population projections. The results of the analysis show that the land area suitable for settlement areas in Semarang Regency is 23,864.4 hectares. The recommended treatment measures to overcome the low settlements carrying capacity of Semarang Regency are population distribution that leads to six districts that still have a DDPm value of >1, controlling population growth, the direction of vertical housing development, and optimizing regional development in each urban center.

The Relevance of Vertical Housing to the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Occupants in Semarang City, Indonesia: Particularly the Proximity of Public Facility Aspects

Population growth and economic development can lead to increased housing demand amid limitations and rising land prices in the City of Semarang, Indonesia. One effort to overcome this challenge has involved shifting the approach to providing shelter to building vertical housing. However, various problems have emerged which suggest that vertical housing is not currently relevant to the socio-economic characteristics of its inhabitants. Thus, this study aims to determine the relevance of vertical housing to residents’ socio-economic characteristics particularly in proximity of public facility aspects. To achieve the research objective, this research uses quantitative research method. Importance–performance analysis (IPA) uses to determine the relevance of vertical housing to residents’ socio-economic characteristics and geospasial tools use to analyze descriptively the proximity of public facilities. Based on the relevance analysis, it can be concluded that the relevance between residents in apartments and residents in flats has some differences. This could happen because of differences in the location and financial capability of residents in apartment and flat. Performance improvement is needed, especially on economic factors for apartments and accessibility factors for low-cost flats so that vertical housing can become more relevant. Therefore, these findings can become input in formulating a policy for providing affordable vertical housing in the Semarang that is well-suited to the socio-economic characteristics of its inhabitants.