Vertical Handover Research Articles

A Hybrid User Mobility Prediction Approach for Handover Management in Mobile Networks

Mobile networks are expected to face major problems such as low network capacity, high latency, and limited resources but are expected to provide seamless connectivity in the foreseeable future. It is crucial to deliver an adequate level of performance for network services and to ensure an acceptable quality of services for mobile users. Intelligent mobility management is a promising solution to deal with the aforementioned issues. In this context, modeling user mobility behaviour is of great importance in order to extract valuable information about user behaviours and to meet their demands. In this paper, we propose a hybrid user mobility prediction approach for handover management in mobile networks. First, we extract user mobility patterns using a mobility model based on statistical models and deep learning algorithms. We deploy a vector autoregression (VAR) model and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) to predict the future trajectory of a user. We then reduce the number of unnecessary handover signaling messages and optimize the handover procedure using the obtained prediction results. We deploy mobility data generated from real users to conduct our experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed VAR-GRU mobility model has the lowest prediction error in comparison with existing methods. Moreover, we investigate the handover processing and transmission costs for predictive and non-predictive scenarios. It is shown that the handover-related costs effectively decrease when we obtain a prediction in the network. For vertical handover, processing cost and transmission cost improve, respectively, by 57.14% and 28.01%.

Artificial intelligence based handover decision and network selection in heterogeneous internet of vehicles

Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an emerging area that gives support for vehicles via internet assisted communication. IoV with 5G provides ubiquitous connectivity due to the participation of more than one radio access network. The mobility of vehicles demands to make handover in such heterogeneous network. The vehicles at short range uses dedicated short range communication (DSRC), while it has to use better technology for long range and any type of traffic. Usually, the previous work will directly select the network for handover or it connects with available radio access. Due to this, the occurrence of handover takes place frequently. In this paper, the integration of DSRC, LTE and mmWave 5G on IoV is incorporated with novel handover decision making, network selection and routing. The handover decision is to ensure whether there is a need for vertical handover by using Dynamic Q-learning algorithm that uses entropy function for threshold prediction as per the current characteristics of the environment. Then the network selection is based on fuzzy-convolution neural network (F-CNN) that creates fuzzy rules from signal strength, distance, vehicle density, data type and line of sight. V2V chain routing is proposed to select V2V pairs using jellyfish optimization algorithm (JOA) that takes in account of channel, vehicle and transmission metrics. This system is developed in OMNeT++ simulator and the performances are evaluated in terms of success probability, handover failure, unnecessary handover, mean throughput, delay and packet loss.

Is 5G Handover Secure and Private? A Survey

The next-generation mobile cellular communication and networking system (5G) is highly flexible and heterogeneous. It integrates different types of networks, such as 4G legacy networks, Internet of Things (IoT), vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), and wireless local access network (WLAN) to form a heterogeneous network. This easily results in continual vertical handovers between different networks. On the other hand, substantial deployment of small/micro base stations (BSs) brings frequent horizontal handovers within a network. The continual handovers among BSs and various networks expose mobile equipment (ME) to the risk of security and privacy threats. So far, many security and privacy mechanisms have been proposed to ensure secure handover either vertically or horizontally in 5G networks. Nevertheless, there still lacks a thorough survey to summarize recent advances and explore open issues although handover security and privacy are crucial to 5G. In this article, we summarize security and privacy requirements in handovers to resist potential attacks. Following these requirements as the evaluation criteria, we review secure and privacy-preserving handover schemes by categorizing them into two scenarios, i.e., vertical handover and horizontal handover. As for the vertical handover, we review related work from three classes, i.e., handovers within Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) networks, between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks, and between non-3GPP networks. Concerning horizontal handovers, we review related work from two classes, i.e., intramobile service controller (MSC) and inter-MSC handover. Meanwhile, we analyze and compare the technical means and performance of these works in order to uncover open issues and inspire future research directions.

Vertical handover in heterogeneous networks using WDWWO algorithm with NN

ABSTRACT In heterogeneous networks, Vertical Handover (VH) plays a vital consequence of customer mobility as they have a high impact on networking performance like delay, throughput and call block probability. Even in the presence of various existing works, VH management exhibit certain drawbacks like method complexity, difficult network modelling and inaccurate handover. Thus, a hybrid methodology is proposed in this work which can provide accurate VH and considerable reduction in working complexity. Here, a combination of Deep Residual Neural (DRN) and Wind-Driven Water Wave Optimisation (WDWWO) is introduced to perform VH. Accurate prediction of Received Signal Strength (RSS) is a difficult task for mobile users while moving from one network to another. In order to tackle this situation, DRN is used with WDWWO based weight optimisation, hence the name Optimised DRN (ODRN). Almost every networking parameters like bandwidth, delay, throughput, velocity, BER, SNR, energy consumption, monetary cost and data traffic are included in ODRN modelling. The proposed work is implemented in NS2 platform and resultant performances like energy consumption, RSS, throughput, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, handover failure rate, algorithm convergence and latency are compared with conventional methods of D-TOPSIS, FIS-ENN and F-AHP.

Particle swarm optimization application for multiple attribute decision making in vertical handover in heterogenous wireless networks

In wireless heterogenous networks, mobile terminals are covered by different wireless networks with varying quality of services to ensure the delivery of different classes of services. In this paper, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was applied to the distance to ideal alternative (DIA) technique in the framework of network selection in a heterogenous wireless network. The PSO was applied to overcome the subjectivity and bias in the weights’ assignment process used in multiple attribute decision making (MADM). The PSO was utilized to optimize the weights of the DIA method through the maximization of the absolute value of the summation of the ranking differences among candidate networks. In this regard, two different optimization functions were introduced and used to generate the optimum weights. The performance of the PSO-based handover for the DIA method was investigated in terms of ranking difference, ranking abnormalities, and network selection. The results show that the proposed PSO-based weights’ assignment technique increased the ranking difference and reduced the ranking abnormalities without degrading the network selection when compared to the conventional DIA technique. The results of this paper are expected to widen the application of the DIA method and other MADM techniques to the handover process in wireless networks and other decision-based challenges in other fields.

PIPVH: Power Intensify Prime Vertical Handoff Decision Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Wild enhancement of remote network means to provide the steady constant affiliation through acquire to assorted advance as well as to have relationship through the finest organization which give the superlative quality of service (QoS). Vertical handover come keen on portrait when consumer move in dissimilar organization. Plotting canny vertical handover thought is a mainly vital test pro heterogeneous wireless network (HWNs). In this manuscript, we plan a QoS upgraded idyllic vertical handoff (O-VHO) choice computation pro HWNs. The planned calculation comprise of two stages. In primary stage, accumulate all essential credit to recognize the require for handoff plus afterward start it. We consider the numerous credit for progress the consumer quality dimensions, pro instance, statistics broadcast, handoff immobility, received signal strength (RSS),consumer portability, power exploitation, network cost, consumer inclination, as well as QoS dimensions (handoff deferral, throughput, plus parcel misfortune proportion). At to tip we plan multi-useful Intuitionist feathery TOPSIS (MIF-TOPSIS) base dynamic computation to figure the consumer accurate organization region. At last, the planned O-VHO computation apply to assorted HWNs, pro instance, WLANs, MANETs plus VANETs. The recreation outcome shows the planned O-VHO choice computations perform influential than existing VHO calculation as far as QoS dimensions.

Mobility-Aware Seamless Handover With MPTCP in Software-Defined HetNets

In this article, the problem of vertical handover in software-defined network (SDN) based heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is studied. In the studied model, HetNets are required to offer diverse services for mobile users. Using an SDN controller, HetNets have the capability of managing users' access and mobility issues but still have the problems of ping-pong effect and service interruption during vertical handover. To solve these problems, a mobility-aware seamless handover method based on multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) is proposed. The proposed handover method is executed in the controller of the software-defined HetNets (SDHetNets) and consists of three steps: location prediction, network selection, and handover execution. In particular, the method first predicts the user's location in the next moment with an echo state network (ESN). Given the predicted location, the SDHetNet controller can determine the candidate network set for the handover to pre-allocate network wireless resources. Second, the target network is selected through fuzzy analytic hierarchical process (FAHP) algorithm, jointly considering user preferences, service requirements, network attributes, and user mobility patterns. Then, seamless handover is realized through the proposed MPTCP-based handover mechanism. Simulations using real-world user trajectory data from Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology show that the proposed method can reduce the handover times by 10.85% to 29.12% compared with traditional methods. The proposed method also maintains at least one MPTCP subflow connected during the handover process and achieves a seamless handover.

Location Aware Vertical Handover in a VLC/WLAN Hybrid Network

Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology for wireless communication as it offers higher data rates and secure data transmission along with providing indoor illumination. However, VLC is restricted by the line of sight (LoS) nature of the optical channel that consequently results in light path blockages. Therefore, an effective solution would be to combine VLC with a radio frequency (RF) system to form a hybrid VLC/RF network that would take into account the preferences of an end-user with the practicality of implementation. In such networks, an efficient vertical handover (VHO) technique is the most critical element as it ensures a seamless transition between the two networks. In this work, we propose a vertical handover technique that utilizes the user’s location information to make a handover decision. We found that the frequency of light path blockages increases with the increasing number of users in a confined space, resulting in significant performance deterioration. This additional information is then utilized so that the VHO algorithm effectively selects the most feasible network. The proposed algorithm has been tested against the immediate vertical handover algorithm (I-VHO) and the dwell vertical handover algorithm (D-VHO) with two different dwell times. The average number of handovers, quality of experience (QoE), and packet loss have been set as performance metrics. We show from several simulation scenarios that the proposed method results in a fewer number of handovers while maintaining higher QoE and lower packet loss.

A New Secure Algorithm for Upcoming Sensitive Connection between Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

One of the most important concepts in the heterogeneous mobile networks is Vertical Handover (VHO). The VHO is a vital process taken place by Mobile Users (MUs) in order to satisfy their preferences of security and cost, in addition to the rest of parameters of network and terminal such as latency and velocity, respectively. However, a proactive security for upcoming sensitive connection and performing VHO between heterogeneous mobile networks have not been considered. This paper therefore comes up with a new secure algorithm to address this issue: Proactive Security for Upcoming Sensitive Connection (PSUSC). Analysis of the PSUSC algorithm proves reducing potential attacks extremely compared with previous works which rely on using less secure RAT.

Vertical Handover Algorithm for Telemedicine Application in 5G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In this fast-paced technology era, the advancement of telecommunication systems has made many advanced technologies possible. With the help of the 5G technology, more technologies will become a reality and telemedicine is one of them. Numerous studies have shown that the fatal rate of ischemic heart disease cases can be reduced by sending the real-time patient health data from an ambulance to the medical centre so that healthcare professionals can make early preparation and give immediate treatment in the golden hour. 5G technology offers a high data rate and low latency. However, the coverage of 5G is small compared to 4G. It will induce a high number of unnecessary handovers when an ambulance traverses the 5G networks at high speed and lead to degradation of services quality. Therefore, a fast and accurate vertical handover decision-making algorithm is needed to minimize unnecessary handover in high-speed scenarios. This paper proposes a handover algorithm that integrates the Travelling Time Estimation, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) algorithms to reduce unnecessary handover in 5G heterogeneous networks. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has successfully reduced up to 80.3% of handovers compared to FAHP-TOPSIS based handover algorithm in the high-speed scenario. The proposed handover algorithm can improve the quality of telemedicine services in high-speed scenarios.

Dynamic Q-learning and Fuzzy CNN Based Vertical Handover Decision for Integration of DSRC, mmWave 5G and LTE in Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

Internet of vehicles commonly known as IOV is a newly emerged area which with the help of internet assisted communication provides the support to the vehicles. Due to the access of more than one radio access network, 5G makes the connectivity ubiquitous. Vehicle mobility demands for handover in such heterogeneous networks. Instead of using better technology for long ranges and other types of traffic, the vehicles are using devoted short range communications at short ranges. Commonly, networks for handovers were used to be selected directly or with the available radio access it used to connect automatically. With the help of this, the hand over occurrence now takes places frequently. This paper is based on the incorporation of DSRC, LTE as well as mm Wave on Internet of vehicles which is integrated with the Handover decision making algorithm, Network Selection and Routing. The decision of the handovers is to ensure that if there is any requirement of the vertical handovers using dynamic Q-learning algorithms in which entropy function is used to predict the threshold according to the characteristics of the environment. The network selection process is done using Fuzzy Convolution Neural Network commonly known as FCNN which makes the fuzzy rules by considering the parameters such as strength of its signal, its distance, the density of the vehicle, the type of its data as well the Line of Sight (LoS). V2V chain routing is presented in such a manner that V2V pairs are also selected with the help of jellyfish optimization algorithm considering three metrics – Vehicle metrics, Channel metrics and Vehicle performance metrics. OMNET++ simulator is the software in which system is developed. The performance evaluation is done according to its Handover Success Probability, Handover Failure, Redundant Handover, Mean Throughput, delay and Packet Loss.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ НЕЧІТКОГО КОНТРОЛЕРА У ПРОЦЕДУРІ ВЕРТИКАЛЬНОГО ХЕНДОВЕРУ

Due to the rapid development of mobile technologies, there is a situation when several different mobile networks operate on one area. In this case, the main problem for ensuring the required quality of service for subscribers is implemention of an optimal algorithm for fast switching between different network, i.e. performing a vertical handover operation. The paper proposes to utilize a fuzzy controller in the intelligent algorithm of multicriterial vertical handover. We propose to use a fuzzy controller having six input and one output linguistic variables. The rule base consisting of sixty-four rules is presented. Simulation of the developed fuzzy controller in Matlab program was performed.

Algorithm for decision of vertical handover in femto environment

Next generation networks are heterogeneous in nature due to presence of various radio access technologies (RATs). Hence seamless mobility of users can be achieved by vertical handover (VHO). The ma...

Performance evaluation of vertical handover in Internet of Vehicles

Abstract Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is developed by integrating the intelligent transportation system (ITS) and the Internet of Things (IoT). The goal of IoV is to allow vehicles to communicate with other vehicles, humans, pedestrians, roadside units, and other infrastructures. Two potential technologies of V2X communication are dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular network technologies. Each of these has its benefits and limitations. DSRC has low latency but it limits coverage area and lacks spectrum availability. Whereas 4G LTE offers high bandwidth, wider cell coverage range, but the drawback is its high transmission time intervals. 5G offers enormous benefits to the present wireless communication technology by providing higher data rates and very low latencies for transmissions but is prone to blockages because of its inability to penetrate through the objects. Hence, considering the above issues, single technology will not fully accommodate the V2X requirements which subsequently jeopardize the effectiveness of safety applications. Therefore, for efficient V2X communication, it is required to interwork with DSRC and cellular network technologies. One open research challenge that has gained the attention of the research community over the past few years is the appropriate selection of networks for handover in a heterogeneous IoV environment. Existing solutions have addressed the issues related to handover and network selection but they have failed to address the need for handover while selecting the network. Previous studies have only mentioned that the network is being selected directly for handover or it was connected to the available radio access. Due to this, the occurrence of handover had to take place frequently. Hence, in this research, the integration of DSRC, LTE, and mmWave 5G is incorporated with handover decision, network selection, and routing algorithms. The handover decision is to ensure whether there is a need for vertical handover by using a dynamic Q-learning algorithm. Then, the network selection is based on a fuzzy-convolution neural network that creates fuzzy rules from signal strength, distance, vehicle density, data type, and line of sight. V2V chain routing is proposed to select V2V pairs using a jellyfish optimization algorithm that takes into account the channel, vehicle characteristics, and transmission metrics. This system is developed in an OMNeT++ simulator and the performances are evaluated in terms of mean handover, handover failure, mean throughput, delay, and packet loss.

Analysis of handover interruption in vertical handover procedures based on 3GPP standard

Analysis of handover interruption in vertical handover procedures based on 3GPP standard

Algorithm for decision of vertical handover in femto environment

Algorithm for decision of vertical handover in femto environment

Location-Based Vertical Handovers in Wi-Fi Networks With IEEE 802.11ah

IEEE 802.11ah is a new sub-GHz Wi-Fi technology that provides several advantages over traditional Wi-Fi such as a higher communication range, enhanced scalability, and lower energy consumption, however at the cost of substantially lower throughput. With the aim of simultaneously benefiting from multiple Wi-Fi technologies, recent proposals suggest combining a number of these technologies into a single device. This, however, compromises the energy efficiency of the device, as it implies concurrent utilization of different radio access interfaces. To mitigate this issue, the device should utilize the interface of a certain technology only when there is a high probability of establishing communication over that technology. Traditional vertical handover algorithms are not designed for this purpose as they rely on continuous beacon listening or active probing, even if the device is not in the range of a given technology. To address this issue, vertical handover algorithms based on the combination of devices’ physical locations and either Radio Environmental Maps (REM) or propagation modeling have been proposed. Moreover, their suitability and encouraging performance have been demonstrated for a number of the established Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. However, their appropriateness for Wi-Fi-based networks with IEEE 802.11ah is currently unknown, which provides the main motivation for this work. Specifically, we carry out an extensive experimental performance evaluation of two location-based vertical handover algorithms in the context of Wi-Fi-based networks with IEEE 802.11ah. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of location-based handovers in this context. We base our findings on the fact that location-based algorithms can maintain comparable data communication quality as the beacon listening-based baseline, while simultaneously reducing the utilization of the IEEE 802.11ah and IEEE 802.11n radio access interfaces by a factor of 2 and 10, respectively.

Use of Mesh Topology in Organization of Exchange in Heterogeneous Networks

The general scheme of the mesh network organization, its varieties (reactive, proactive and hybrid) and their features are described: the presence of a request-response or special service messages. The advantages of such networks are given, namely: the use of several parallel routes for data transmission at the same time, reducing the probability of failure and increasing the bandwidth of the channel, scalability of the network (the possibility of adding new nodes, increasing the coverage area). The disadvantages of such networks include the emergence of difficulties in eliminating conflicts of various data formats in transmission channels, as well as the accumulation of a real-time time delay when an information signal passes through relay points. A mathematical model and organization of information exchange along the route (oriented graph) are presented; the concept of the efficiency of the information transfer route (the sum of the weight of the arcs of the graph path) is defined. The role of mesh networks in heterogeneous structures is described: mitigation of vertical handover and reduction of emerging access collisions of different data types. At the end of the paper, the summary results of comparing mesh network modeling with the traditional point-to-point connection type are presented. Redistribution of the traffic between the nodes of the mesh technology at the peak load (from 30 to 100 Mbit/s) allows you to deliver data packets with a low probability of failure, by reducing the number of collisions in the nodes, but a lot of internal network resources are used. Thus, the mesh organization can be used as an auxiliary mode for routing packets of a heterogeneous system, if the main mode of operation does not meet the requirements for the quality of communication.

Vertical handover techniques in VANETs

VANET refers to an ad-hoc network made up of different nodes where a node can be a vehicle or a roadside unit. Two types of communication mainly occur in VANET, i.e., V2V or V2I. Since vehicles are mobile devices that are always in transit, there is a need to switch from one network to another network. This process of switching from one network to another network is known as handover and has become a very interesting topic of research for VANET research community. In this paper, we have started with the basics of handover techniques then moved specifically to the vertical handover technique in detail. The different phases of the handover process are explained along with the literature survey in each of them during the last decade (2008-2018). This study thus contributes to the understanding of the available options and gaps for further studies and standardisation activities in this area of research. Statistical information along with number of tables is also given in this paper which provides comparison and information about various parameters of VANET algorithms. In the end, several open research issues in this field are also listed along with the conclusion of the paper.

Algorithm for Vertical Handover Decision in Vehicular Environment

In the present scenario, co-existence of various wireless networks necessitates efficient vertical handover decision algorithms to maintain cost effective seamless connectivity across various networks, as the user is moving from one place to another. In this paper, the authors have presented a vertical handover decision algorithm which calculates a fitness value for each available network based on received signal strength, channel capacity, cost, battery life, velocity, and quality of service (QoS). In addition, the travelling speed of the user and the vehicular density at that time is used to capture the handover track of the user for network management. An alternate model using fuzzy inference system is also presented.