Vertical Fragmentation Research Articles

Analysis of the Regularity of Distribution of Natural Landscapes in the Greater Caucasus Depending on Physical-Geographical Characteristics Using GIS Technology

Natural geographic conditions play an important role in the formation and development of landscapes. Various factors of natural conditions, especially the absolute height of the relief, slope, aspect, horizontal and vertical fragmentation, have been widely studied since the 20th century. Nowadays, these factors are studied through geographic information technologies, on the basis of satellite images and Remote Sensing materials. Therefore, our research is dedicated to the actual topic. We also conducted analyses based on modern methods in the Great Caucasus natural region, which is our research area. At this time, we have analyzed the absolute height of the relief, aspect and inclination of the slopes using the Digital Elevation Model of the area. As a result of the conducted researches, we have determined that desert and semi-desert landscapes were formed in areas with low absolute height and inclination, and forest, alpine, subalpine, nival and subnival landscapes were formed in areas with high absolute height and inclination. Forests are mostly found on the northern slopes, and semi-desert and desert landscapes are widespread on the southern slopes.

A Secure and Optimization Based Clustering for Vertical and Horizontal Fragmentation in Distributed Database Management System

Distributed database systems are increasingly important due to the massive data output, and their effectiveness is largely based on their design. Two key processes, fragmentation and allocation, are used to improve the efficiency and efficacy of these systems. Effective data fragmentation requires both horizontal and vertical categorization of tuples. Advanced optimization techniques are used for both fragmentations, such as the Enhanced Arithmetic Optimization (EAO) algorithm with Opposition-based Learning (OBL) and Levy Flight Distributer (LFD) for vertical fragmentation and the hybrid Aquila Optimizer (AO) with Artificial Rabbit Optimization (ARO) algorithm for horizontal fragmentation. The fragmented data is securely transmitted using the Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) algorithm. The implementation is executed using the Python language, and the performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated using different performance parameters. The execution time analysis shows that the proposed EAOA algorithm consumes 5.5 seconds for vertical fragmentation, while the hybrid AARO algorithm takes 5.9 seconds for horizontal fragmentation. The vertical fragmentation is found to be better than the horizontal one in DDBMS.

Health reform inNigeria: the politics ofprimary health care anduniversal health coverage.

Over the past decade, Nigeria has seen major attempts to strengthen primary health care, through the Saving One Million Lives (SOML) initiative, and to move towards universal health care, through the National Health Act. Both initiatives were successfully adopted, but faced political and institutional challenges in implementation and sustainability. We analyse these programmes from a political economy perspective, examining barriers to and facilitators of adoption and implementation throughout the policy cycle, and drawing on political settlement analysis (PSA) to identify structural challenges which both programmes faced. The SOML began in 2012 and was expanded in 2015. However, the programme's champion left government in 2013, a key funding source was eliminated in 2015, and the programme did not continue after external funding elapsed in 2021. The National Health Act passed in 2014 after over a decade of advocacy by proponents. However, the Act's governance reforms led to conflict between health sector agencies, about both reform content and process. Nine years after the Act's passage, disbursements have been sporadic, and implementation remains incomplete. Both programmes show the promise of major health reforms in Nigeria, but also the political and institutional challenges they face. In both cases, health leaders crafted evidence-based policies and managed stakeholders to achieve policy adoption. Yet political and institutional challenges hindered implementation. Institutionally, horizontal and vertical fragmentation of authority within the sector impeded coordination. Politically, electoral cycles led to frequent turnover of sectoral leadership, while senior politicians did not intervene to support fundamental institutional reforms. Using PSA, we identify these as features of a 'competitive clientelist' political settlement, in which attempts to shift from clientelist to programmatic policies generate powerful opposition. Nonetheless, we highlight that some policymakers sought to use health reforms to change institutions at the margin, suggesting future avenues for governance-oriented health reforms.

WITHDRAWN: Efficient fragmentation and allocation on clustering in distributed environment (FACE)

Distributed data processing systems require a reliable storage structure that ensures consistent, high-scale, and scalable data access for all users. Data fragmentation and subsequent allocation are important aspects of a flexible distributed database system. Existing techniques may result in significant data loss while performing data allocation and fragmentation. To overcome these issues a novel fragmentation and Allocation on Clustering in Distributed Environment (FACE) is proposed for reliable storage with scalable data access for all users. Initially, the user query is given to distributed database system (DDBS), then the query is fed to the query parser. The query parser parses and converts a textual query into a query object. After parsing the query data, it is passed to the query optimizer, which optimizes the query to access the data more efficiently. In the next step, the query is fragmented using dual (horizontal and vertical) fuzzy C means clustering. In Dual fuzzy C means clustering, the vertical fragmentation focuses on clustering attribute values that are frequently accessed together, and horizontal fragmentation focuses on grouping records that meet data selection criteria. After fragmentation, the query is allocated using sequential rule mining, in which queries occur in sequential order. The allocated query is optimized using the Efficient Fragment Security (EFS) algorithm to normalize the parameters to achieve better results. The performance metrics of the proposed techniques are calculated based on Final Prediction Error (FPE), and Execution time. The proposed FACE achieves a lower execution time of the 1.56 s. The result shows that the proposed FACE decreases the overall execution time lower than the 4.70 s, 4.46 s, 3.3 Sec, and 3.14 s in MAPA, DMA, BBE, and RATS-HM respectively.

Rural-Urban Linkages: Regional Financial Business Services’ Integration into Chilean Agri-Food Value Chains

The spatial structure of urban-related industries and agri-food value chains is important for promoting sustainable linkages. Using an interregional input-output framework, this study explores the geography of inter-industry linkages between financial business services and the Chilean agri-food related industries from a subnational perspective. This framework allows adding evidence on rural-related economic activities and financial business services, covering Chilean internal geography, which has a regional concentration of both the business services supply and the agriculturally engaged regions, potentially blocking territorial competitiveness. Our findings indicate that the relationship between value-added and trade is consistent with the vertical fragmentation of domestic production associated with returns to scale. Consequently, while the value-added financial services are more intense in trade for global value chains, this occurs in regions specialized in agri-food industries and services. Our findings also show that Southern Chilean regions engaged in primary agricultural production have lower levels of financial services directly and indirectly embedded in both domestic and global value chains trade, thus highlighting an uneven geography of vertical integration within the country.

Preserving Privacy for Distributed Genome-Wide Analysis Against Identity Tracing Attacks

Genome-wide analysis has demonstrated both health and social benefits. However, large scale sharing of such data may reveal sensitive information about individuals. One of the emerging challenges is identity tracing attack that exploits correlations among genomic data to reveal the identity of DNA samples. In this paper, we first demonstrate that the adversary can narrow down the sample&#x2019;s identity by detecting his/her genetic relatives and quantify such privacy threat by employing a Shannon entropy-based measurement. For example, we exemplify that when the dataset size reaches 30&#x0025; of the population, for any target from that population, the uncertainty of the target&#x2019;s identity is reduced to merely 2.3 bits of entropy (i.e., the identity is pinned down within 5 people). Direct application of existing approaches such as differential privacy (DP), secure multiparty computation (MPC) and homomorphic encryption (HE) may not be applicable to this challenge in genome-wide analysis because of the compromise on utility (i.e., accuracy or efficiency). Towards addressing this challenge, this paper proposes a framework named <small><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\upsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>Frag</small> to facilitate privacy-preserving data sharing and computation in genome-wide analysis. <small><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\upsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>Frag</small> mitigates privacy risks by using a vertical fragmentation to disrupt the genetic architecture on which the adversary relies for identity tracing without sacrificing the capability of genome-wide analysis. We theoretically prove that it preserves the correctness of the primitive functionalities and algorithms ranging from basic summary statistics to advanced neural networks. Our experiments demonstrate that <small><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\upsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>Frag</small> outperforms secure multiparty computation (MPC) and homomorphic encryption (HE) protocols, with a speedup of more than 221x for training neural networks, and also traditional non-private algorithms and a state-of-the-art noise-based differential privacy (DP) solution in most settings.

Vertical Fragmentation Impacts in the Performance and Management Database Health Information System (Comparative Study of Fragmentation Vertically Algorithm)

The cost and the speedness of data access on a query depend on the numbers of attributes. In fact the query function will search for data from various attributes in the database table, whereas not all the attributes are needed on the accessed tables. To avoid the not necessary attributes, Vertical Fragmentation methods can be used. The purpose of this research aims to compare the vertical fragmentation of database tables using Bond Energy algorithm and Graph-Based Vertical Partitioning algorithm to create a distributed database. The results of both algorithms will determine which attributes will be avoided. Then, the results of the two algorithms are compared and evaluated using Partition Evaluator to show the amount of the access data costs that are used, so to find which is the better algorithm to be applied. Based on some experimental results, GBVP algorithm showed a better performance with higher Partition Evaluator value respectively at 4,98; 10,41; 17,95; 4,64; and 14,07 as well as the lower value of execution time respectively at 0,003; 0,002; 0,002; 0,002; 0,003 and 0,003.

SeAC: SDN-Enabled Adaptive Clustering Technique for Social-Aware Internet of Vehicles

Since millions of smart vehicles in Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) produce and relay data to analyze road conditions, creating social networks of vehicles in IoV is an important factor for the future Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Likewise, the IoV architecture has seen vertical fragmentation of approaches used to meet the needs of different work domains. Therefore, IoV in combination with social networking, called Social IoV (SIoV), was created to address these alleged problems. However, one of the challenges in SIoV is that the social relations between vehicles grow and deplete very fast due to the extremely dynamic and unstable nature of the IoV. Therefore, a clustering-based scheme for SIoV, which is efficient in terms of stability can overcome this problem. We propose : an SDN-enabled adaptive clustering technique for SIoV. uses a 3D modeling approach to construct logical clusters that are based on factors such as physical location, social tie, and interest similarity among vehicles. Therefore, improves the stability of clusters and the efficiency of the underlying SIoV architecture. Additionally, by minimizing the trade-off between social and physical distances, lowers communication and computation costs. We evaluate, and the simulation results show that for two different topologies, the adaptive approach using can produce better results in terms of a stable cluster formation.

Systematic Literature Review Untuk Identifikasi Metodde Fragmentasi Pada Perancangan Sistem Database Terdistribusi

Large and complex databases that exist on a system can result in poor performance such as increasing access time and costs on a system. There are various ways to reduce the time and cost of data access and improve the performance of a database, one of them is by designing a Distributed Database. It is not known how many methods can be used to design a distributed database. This study aims to identify a distributed database design method using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method whose data were obtained from related journals from 2012–2022. This review is helpful for researchers as well as practitioners, for researchers this research will help them to see trends in the field of vertical fragmentation in distributed databases.

Modified minimum spanning tree based vertical fragmentation, allocation and replication approach in distributed multimedia databases

Modified minimum spanning tree based vertical fragmentation, allocation and replication approach in distributed multimedia databases

Vertical Political Fragmentation &amp; Firm Market Entry: An Examination of Maquiladora Entry in Mexico

This study advances scholarly understanding of how political fragmentation, the situation wherein public officials from different political parties control different government jurisdictions, affects firm market entry. Although the extant literature suggests that political fragmentation creates favorable environments for firm market entry, empirical studies show mixed results, potentially because the extant literature has not differentiated between the effects of different types of fragmentation. We address this conundrum by distinguishing theoretically between the effects of what we term horizontal fragmentation (which occurs between jurisdictions at the same level in the government hierarchy) and vertical fragmentation (which occurs between jurisdictions at different levels) and underscore that existing research has focused on the effects of the former while overlooking the effects of the latter. We examine the entry of 6,000 foreign manufacturing firms (maquiladoras) into 2,057 cities in Mexico between 1990 and 2006 and find that vertical political fragmentation has a negative effect on firm market entry by fostering adverse business environments. Implications for international business studies and business and government research are discussed.

Design and Implementation of EFSC Algorithm for Hybrid Representation of Distributed Databases

In distributed database management systems, fragmenting base connections increases concurrency and hence system throughput for query processing. User queries use hybrid fragmentation methods focused on vector bindings, and deductive database implementations lack query-access-rule dependence. As a result, for hierarchical deductive information implementations, a hybrid fragmentation solution is used. The method considers the horizontal partition of base relations based on the bindings placed on user requests, then produces vertical fragments of the horizontally partitioned relations, and finally clusters rules based on attribute affinity and query and rule access frequency. The suggested fragmentation approach makes distributed deductive database structures easier to develop.

What do multinationals do? The structure of multinational firms’ international activities

AbstractAnalyses of multinational enterprises have generally shifted from a capital‐market perspective to viewing them as real production units. Yet, we still have difficulties in answering a basic question: What do multinational enterprises do? Here, we seek some broad, general answers about the structure of multinational firms’ international activities. By structure, we include (a) the geographic distribution of a firm's activities, (b) activities performed by various branches, (c) where do foreign affiliates sell their outputs and purchase their inputs and (d) interactions among establishments. Much of our analysis relates to which of two archetypes is dominant: (1) horizontal structures in which foreign affiliates replicate the firm's core activities and serve local and regional markets and (2) vertical structures in which foreign affiliates perform different activities and act as links in a global production chain. Examining this from a variety of perspectives, we find that horizontal replication dominates vertical fragmentation. The final section of the paper discusses intangible assets and other service flows between parents and affiliates. Smoking‐gun evidence suggests that these are large, particularly compared to intra‐firm trade in goods. Despite this, their importance is undervalued, likely due to severe measurement difficulties.

Text-based multi-dimensional medical images retrieval according to the features-usage correlation.

Emerging medical imaging applications in healthcare, the number and volume of medical images is growing dramatically. Information needs of users in such circumstances, either for clinical or research activities, make the role of powerful medical image search engines more significant. In this paper, a text-based multi-dimensional medical image indexing technique is proposed in which correlation of the features-usages (according to the user’s queries) is considered to provide an off-the content indexing while taking users’ interestingness into account. Assuming that each medical image has some extracted features (e.g., based on the DICOM standard), correlations of the features are discovered by performing data mining techniques (i.e., quantitative association pattern discovery), on the history of users’ queries as a data set. Then, based on the pairwise correlation of the features of medical images (a.k.a. Affinity), set of the all features is fragmented into subsets (using method like the vertical fragmentation of the tables in distribution of relational DBs). After that, each of these subsets of the features turn into a hierarchy of the features (by applying a hierarchical clustering algorithm on that subset), subsequently all of these distinct hierarchies together make a multi-dimensional structure of the features of medical images, which is in fact the proposed text-based (feature-based) multi-dimensional index structure. Constructing and using such text-based multi-dimensional index structure via its specific required operations, medical image retrieval process would be improved in the underlying medical image search engine. Generally, an indexing technique is to provide a logical representation of documents in order to optimize the retrieval process. The proposed indexing technique is designed such that can improve retrieval of medical images in a medical image search engine in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency. Considering correlation of the features of the image would semantically improve precision (effectiveness) of the retrieval process, while traversing them through the hierarchy in one dimension would try to optimize (i.e., minimize) the resources to have a better efficiency. The proposed text-based multi-dimensional indexing technique is implemented using the open source search engine Lucene, and compared with the built-in indexing technique available in the Lucene search engine, and also with the Terrier platform (available for the benchmarking of information retrieval systems) and other the most related indexing techniques. Evaluation results of memory usage and time complexity analysis, beside the experimental evaluations efficiency and effectiveness measures show that the proposed multi-dimensional indexing technique significantly improves both efficiency and effectiveness for a medical image search engine.Graphical abstract

NAXÇIVAN MUXTAR RESPUBLİKASINDA RELYEF SƏTHİNİN PARÇALANMASI XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİNİN MORFOMETRİK XƏRİTƏLƏR ƏSASINDA ŞƏRHİ

The article discusses the features of surface fragmentation in the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. For this purpose, vertical and horizontal fragmentation maps of the area were compiled using Arg GIS technology. The maps were visually analyzed. At the same time, a table was compiled based on the quantitative indicators obtained during the mapping. In this table, quantitative indicators have been replaced by appropriate quality indicators. Here, five quality indicators were obtained for horizontal fragmentation and four for vertical fragmentation. Quality indicators will help to obtain more detailed information about the area. Key words. Arg GİS, horizontal fragmentation map, vertical fragmentation map

KÜR-ARAZ OVALIĞININ ALLÜVİAL RELYEF FORMALARININ GEOMORFOLOJİ TƏHLİLİ

Based on the analysis of space images, it was determined that accumulative landforms prevail in the Kur-Araz lowland and in the foothills. Analysis of images taken at different times shows that these areas are types and subtypes of accumulative plains belonging to completely different genetic types. Key words: Arg GİS, horizontal fragmentation map, vertical fragmentation map

Reconceptualizing the phenomenon of inbreeding: Labour markets, stratification, and capital

AbstractThis paper illuminates how three distinct but complementary concepts can be used to explain the prevalence of inbreeding in some contexts and the absence or limited frequency of inbreeding in others. The concepts of internal and external labour markets can be useful in understanding the academic labour market conditions that may support or discourage inbreeding. The concepts of vertical fragmentation of the academic labour within universities and the vertical stratification of institutions within systems can be helpful in understanding why inbreeding may be more prevalent for some categories of academic labour, located within specific institutional contexts, than others. Finally, the concepts of social and cultural capital can be useful in understanding inbreeding in terms of academic hiring decision processes.

Firing Costs and the Decoupling of Technological Invention and Post-Invention Investments

We document the decoupling of invention and post-invention investment in the US. Decoupling began in the 1970s as states adopted employment protection laws that increased firing costs and played a significant role in jobless growth, the vertical and geographical fragmentation of firm activities, and underinvestment relative to Tobin’s Q. Technological inventions lead to employment growth, but employment protection laws almost fully moderate this positive effect, especially in fast-changing and high-offshore industries and for radical inventions. Firms responded to the increased firing costs by pursuing less-novel inventions, factor substitution toward capital, and offshoring through international acquisitions and JVs with manufacturing partners. Our findings suggest that decoupling serves as a critical context under which these drivers of jobless growth emerged in the 1990s and that firms aggressively manage complementary in upstream-downstream resources by adjusting geographical and vertical boundaries of the firm.

Diamond: multi-dimensional indexing technique for medical images retrieval using vertical fragmentation approach

Over the last decade, a huge number of medical visual data are widely used for diagnose, treatment, and follow-up. Retrieving needed medical image(s) from a huge number of images is one of the most widely used features in medical information systems, especially in medical image search engines. Indexing as part of search engines (or information retrieval systems), increases the speed (efficiency) of search and the information retrieval process. In this paper, a multidimensional indexing technique for medical images is presented that can improve effectiveness and efficiency of medical image search engines. The structure of the proposed multi-dimensional indexing technique and its main operations (i.e., creation, insertion, deletion and search) is designed and evaluated. In order to create this multidimensional index, the "vertical fragmentation" approach (which is usually applied for distributed database design) is used to determine the each of dimensions; roughly speaking, dimensions are different aspects of the medical images for a/some information need (e.g., image type and format, type of disorder, etc.). Accordingly, data structure of the proposed multidimensional indexing technique (which is named "Diamond") is formed by using the vertical fragmentation of medical image attributes (to differentiate the dimensions), and then using agglomerative hierarchical clustering to build up the hierarchy in each dimension. The proposed multi-dimensional indexing technique is implemented using the open-source search engine Lucene and compared with the built-in indexing technique available in the Lucene search engine, and also with the Terrier Platform (available for the benchmarking of information retrieval systems). In this evaluation, efficiency and effectiveness measures of the proposed multidimensional indexing technique (Diamond) are evaluated experimentally, beside the analysis of the designed data structure and its operations. For the experimental evaluation data set, images from Tabriz Behbood Hospital and a subset of TCIA images were used. Experimental evaluation results show that Diamond, the proposed multidimensional indexing technique improves both efficiency and effectiveness for a medical image search engine.

ПАЛЕСТИНСКОЕ МЕСТНОЕ САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЕ: ПРАВОВАЯ И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ОСНОВЫ

In the public administration field, the legislative, executive and judicial frameworks should be consistent. The institutional framework of the Palestinian local government, however, seems largely impacted by an incoherent legal framework. Against this backdrop, this study describes the current local government institutional framework. Secondly, this study investigates the current issues relating to the legal and institutional frameworks of the Palestinian local government. A qualitative research approach was adopted to collect data in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The present research utilizes a combination of primary and secondary data. Nine interviews were conducted to gather the primary data, while scholarly works and government documents were used for gathering secondary data. The results show that fully governmental institutions are the most active within the institutional framework while non-governmental institutions are less active. The results also show that the primary obstacle for an efficient legal framework is due to previous laws, overlapping powers and weak legal practices. Furthermore, the institutional framework suffers from deformed structure and weak integration. The discussion section revealed that the current local government system can be best described as a “Chaotic Hybrid System”. When comparing the empirical results with the theoretical concepts, it is indicated that the current local government structure reflects the Public Choice Theory perspective, which advocates for horizontal and vertical fragmentation. However, the Israeli occupation and international funds seem to contribute to complicating the fragmentation of the structure. The structure hence could be described as “Altered Fragmented Structure”.