Vertical Flow Unit Research Articles

Treatment of high-strength wastewater in tropical vertical flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha angustifolia and Cyperus involucratus

The ability of vertical flow (VF) constructed wetland systems to treat high-strength ( ca. 300 mg L −1 of COD and ca. 300 mg L −1 total-nitrogen) wastewater under tropical climatic conditions was studied during a 5-month period. Nine 0.8-m diameter experimental VF units (depth 0.6 m) were used: three units were planted with Typha angustifolia L., another three units were planted with Cyperus involucratus Rottb and three units were unplanted. Each set of units were operated at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 20, 50 and 80 mm d −1. Cyperus produced more shoots and biomass than the Typha, which was probably stressed because of lack of water. The high evapotranspirative water loss from the Cyperus systems resulted in higher effluent concentrations of COD and total-P, but the mass removal of COD did not differ significantly between planted and unplanted systems. Average mass removal rates of COD, TKN and total-P at a HLR of 80 mm d −1 were 17.8, 15.4 and 0.69 g m −2 d −1. The first-order removal rate constants at a HLR of 80 mm d −1 for COD, TKN and total-P were 49.8, 30.1 and 13.5 m year −1, respectively, which is in the higher range of k-values reported in the literature. The oxygen transfer rates were ca. 80 g m −2 d −1 in the planted systems as opposed to ca. 60 g m −2 d −1 in the unplanted systems. The number of Nitrosomonas was two to three orders of magnitude higher in the planted systems compared to the unplanted systems. Planted systems thus had significantly higher removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus, higher oxygen transfer rates, and higher quantities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. None of the systems did, however, fully nitrify the wastewater, even at low loading rates. The vertical filters did not provide sufficient contact time between the wastewater and the biofilm on the gravel medium of the filters probably because of the shallow bed depth (0.6 m) and the coarse texture of the gravel. It is concluded that vertical flow constructed wetland systems have a high capacity to treat high-strength wastewater in tropical climates. The gravel and sand matrix of the vertical filter must, however, be designed in a way so that the pulse-loaded wastewater can pass through the filter medium at a speed that will allow the water to drain before the next dose arrives whilst at the same time holding the water back long enough to allow sufficient contact with the biofilm on the filter medium.

Special considerations in the use of vertical laminar-flow workbenches

The design, operation, and proper use of vertical laminar-flow workbenches are reviewed. Vertical-flow hoods are different from horizontal-flow units in several important ways that must be considered by operators who may have been trained to use the horizontal-flow type. Air in vertical-flow units provides practically no resistance to ingress of air propelled by body motions of the operator or passers-by or from nearby ventilation ducts. The HEPA-filtered air hits the work surface perpendicularly and must travel horizontally to reach the exhaust ducts; thus, manipulations should not be performed close to the work surface. Turbulence patterns around objects in the vertical flow hood will be different from that in horizontal-flow units. Manipulative technique is also different in a vertical-flow hood. Supplies may be arranged to the sides and the back of the area in which manipulations will be performed. Items not sterile, including fingers and hands, must be kept downstream from critical sites. Masks do not have to be worn because of the hood's glass panel. Operators must be cognizant of basic differences between vertical- and horizontal-flow hoods.