Horizontal And Vertical Research Articles

Modelling on How Topcoat/Bond Coat Micro-Rough Interface and Nearby Voids Affect the Stress Distribution in Thermal Barrier Coating Systems in Quenching Process

The distribution of voids in ceramic topcoats (TC) and the micro-roughness of metallic bond coat (BC) interfaces are important for the structure design and coating life of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. In this study, finite elemental (FE) models were built by considering those two structural factors to investigate their influence on the stress distribution in TBCs in quenching processes under thermal shock conditions. According to the simulation analyses, the function of the voids in TCs includes the dilution effect of the stress concentration at the macro-scale, the releasing effect of the tensile stress along the vertical direction above the TC peak, and the “stress trapping” effect bringing higher stress at the horizontal tips of the voids on the micro-scale. The micro-roughness of the TC/BC interface did not have much effect on the stress values in the TC, aside from at the TC peak, but had a significant influence on the stress value along the interface due to the “stress trapping” effect. The TBC samples that were experimentally tested under water-cooling thermal shock conditions were also analyzed in this paper to verify the modelling results.

Excitation of ULF, ELF, and VLF Resonator and Waveguide Oscillations in the Earth–Atmosphere–Ionosphere System by Lightning Current Sources Connected with Hunga Tonga Volcano Eruption

The simulations presented here are based on the observational data of lightning electric currents associated with the eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano in January 2022. The response of the lithosphere (Earth)–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system to unprecedented lightning currents is theoretically investigated at low frequencies, including ultra low frequency (ULF), extremely low frequency (ELF), and very low frequency (VLF) ranges. The electric current source due to lightning near the location of the Hunga Tonga volcano eruption has a wide-band frequency spectrum determined in this paper based on a data-driven approach. The spectrum is monotonous in the VLF range but has many significant details at the lower frequencies (ULF, ELF). The decreasing amplitude tendency is maintained at frequencies exceeding 0.1 Hz. The density of effective lightning current in the ULF range reaches the value of the order of 10−7 A/m2. A combined dynamic/quasi-stationary method has been developed to simulate ULF penetration through the lithosphere (Earth)–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system. This method is suitable for the ULF range down to 10−4 Hz. The electromagnetic field is determined from the dynamics in the ionosphere and from a quasi-stationary approach in the atmosphere, considering not only the electric component but also the magnetic one. An analytical/numerical method has been developed to investigate the excitation of the global Schumann resonator and the eigenmodes of the coupled Schumann and ionospheric Alfvén resonators in the ELF range and the eigenmodes of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide in the VLF range. A complex dispersion equation for the corresponding disturbances is derived. It is shown that oscillations at the first resonance frequency in the Schumann resonator can simultaneously cause noticeable excitation of the local ionospheric Alfvén resonator, whose parameters depend on the angle between the geomagnetic field and the vertical direction. VLF propagation is possible over distances of 3000–10,000 km in the waveguide Earth–ionosphere. The results of simulations are compared with the published experimental data.

The coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks. Scale dependence of dust diffusion

The vertical shear instability and the streaming instability are two robust sources of turbulence in protoplanetary disks. The former has been found to induce anisotropic turbulence that is stronger in the vertical than in the radial dimension and to be overall stronger compared to the largely isotropic turbulence caused by the streaming instability. In this study, we shed light on the dust diffusion by the vertical shear instability and the streaming instability separately and together, and in particular on the direction- and scale-dependence of the diffusion. To this end, we employ two-dimensional global models of the two instabilities either in isolation or in combination. The vertical shear instability in isolation diffuses dust more strongly in the vertical direction than the streaming instability in isolation, resulting in a wave-shaped dust layer in our two-dimensional simulations. Compared with this large-scale diffusion, though, our study highlights that the vertical shear instability causes substantially weaker or even negligible small-scale diffusion. We validate this result using previously published three-dimensional simulations. In particular when simulating centimetre-sized dust, the undulating dust layer becomes internally razor-thin. In contrast, the diffusion owing to the streaming instability exhibits only a marginal scale-dependence, with the dust layer possessing a Gaussian shape. In models including both instabilities, the undulating mid-plane layer is broadened to a width set by the intrinsic diffusion level caused by the streaming instability.

Analysis of Environmental Vibrations in Suburban Railways Affected by Adjacent Bidirectional Tunnels

Train-induced environmental vibrations are a common issue in urban rail transit systems, particularly in suburban railways operating at high speeds, where the impact of these vibrations is more pronounced. This presents significant challenges for urban planners and engineers. Existing research has mainly focused on the impact of single tunnel structures on ground vibrations, with limited understanding of the vibration propagation characteristics of adjacent bidirectional tunnels. To address this gap in knowledge, this study investigates the ground vibration attenuation characteristics induced by train operations in the underground sections of suburban railways, with a focus on the amplification effects of adjacent tunnels on ground vibrations. The results show that the vibrations induced by the trains are concentrated in the 20–50 Hz frequency range and exhibit similar characteristics in all directions. The maximum vertical vibration acceleration and peak acceleration occur directly above the train tunnel. Additionally, adjacent tunnels significantly amplify the maximum peak acceleration at measurement points in directions perpendicular to the track, including both horizontal and vertical directions. Furthermore, the soil within the adjacent tunnels also exhibits amplification of the vertical power spectral amplitude in the 40–100 Hz frequency range. The findings of this study provide new insights into the influence of adjacent bidirectional tunnels on environmental vibrations in suburban railway operations. These results are of significant importance for optimizing railway design and vibration mitigation measures.

Flying a Micro-Drone by Dynamic Charging for Vertical Direction Using Optical Wireless Power Transmission

Micro-drones weighing less than about 200 g have a limited flight time of 5–15 min. Dynamic charging by optical wireless power transmission is a promising solution to this problem. This paper investigated the configuration and conditions required for dynamic charging of micro-drones by optical wireless power transmission and clarified the effect of weight change on the power required for flight and the size of solar cells that can be installed. Furthermore, a micro-drone equipped with a solar cell without a battery was used to demonstrate a vertical flight height of 75 cm at 35 W light output. The results are useful for continuous flight of micro-drones by optical wireless power transmission.

Evaluating Localization Accuracy of Dynamic Binaural Synthesis: Differences Between Individual, Estimated, and Generic HRTFs

In a listening experiment with 24 participants, the localization accuracy of dynamic binaural synthesis employing individual and estimated head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) was compared to the localization accuracy with generic HRTFs in vertical and horizontal direction. The experiment featured five different HRTF estimation methods, high-frequency audiometry, proximal pointing, and individual headphone equalization. While generic Knowles Electronics Mannikin for Acoustic Research (KEMAR) HRTFs served as a baseline, individually measured ones provided a reference. Estimated HRTFs were acquired based on anthropometric data and 3D head models by means of an interaural time difference adaptation, a selection from an HRTF database, a principal component-based synthesis, and a numerical HRTF simulation. Compared to the KEMAR, measured and estimated HRTFs produced significantly smaller vertical errors, while differences in terms of the horizontal error were not significant. The HRTF synthesis qualified as the preferred estimation method by significantly reducing the vertical error for virtual sources on and below the horizontal plane, compared to the generic HRTFs.

Determining Parameters of Metal-Halide Perovskites Using Photoluminescence with Bayesian Inference

In this work, we demonstrate that time-resolved photoluminescence data of metal halide perovskites can be effectively evaluated by combining Bayesian inference with a Markov-chain Monte-Carlo algorithm and a physical model. This approach enables us to infer a high number of parameters that govern the performance of metal halide perovskite-based devices, alongside the probability distributions of those parameters, as well as correlations among all parameters. Via studying a set of halfstacks, comprising electron- and hole-transport materials contacting perovskite thin films, we determine surface recombination velocities at these interfaces with high precision. From the probability distributions of all inferred parameters, we can simulate intensity-dependent photoluminescence quantum efficiency and compare it to experimental data. Finally, we estimate mobility values for vertical charge-carrier transport, which is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, for all samples using our approach. Since this mobility estimation is derived from charge-carrier diffusion over the length scale of the film thickness and in the vertical direction, it is highly relevant for transport in photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Our approach of coupling spectroscopic measurements with advanced computational analysis will help speed up scientific research in the field of optoelectronic materials and devices and exemplifies how carefully constructed computational algorithms can derive valuable plurality of information from simple datasets. We expect that our approach can be expanded to a variety of other analysis techniques and that our method will be applicable to other semiconductors. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Thin structure of diurnal variations of the vertical wind speed and direction gradients from minisodar data

Thin structure of diurnal variations of the vertical wind speed and direction gradients from minisodar data

Mechanical response of elevated bridge piles to adjacent deep excavation

In urban concentrated area, the disturbance caused by construction affects significantly the sustainability of adjacent existing structures. It is essential to capture the mechanical response of existing structures to adjacent deep excavation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the displacement and internal force behavior of elevated bridge piles (BP) subject to influence of deep excavation. A three-dimensional finite element model is established by taking the project of a deep excavation near elevated bridge as an example. The numerically calculated results agree well with the measured data, which verifies the established numerical model. On the basis of this model, the influence of deep excavation on the mechanical characteristics of adjacent piles is captured. The results show that the displacement, bending moment, and shear force of piles are sensitive to the excavation depth. Their magnitudes increase with the increase of excavation depth. When the excavation is completed, the maximum displacements of piles in horizontal direction and vertical direction are 2.3 mm and 10.05 mm, respectively. The maximum bending moment is 1,140.8 kN·m. The maximum and minimum shear forces are 1,206 kN and -2,282 kN, respectively. The piles are mainly under pressure. The maximum pressure is -13,116 kN. The axial force is not sensitive to the depth of excavation. The deformation and internal force of piles exhibit obvious spatial distribution characteristics, and the closer the distance to the middle of the long side of the deep excavation, the greater the value. The research results have a positive effect on the optimization of related engineering structures and the promotion of sustainable development in urban concentrated area.

A robust time synchronization algorithm for GNSS/IMU integrated navigation in urban environments

Abstract Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are often integrated with inertial measurement units (IMU) for navigation in urban environments. The ability of these integrated systems to achieve precise positioning and navigation is highly dependent on accurate time synchronization. While the current time synchronization algorithms are capable of achieving millisecond-level synchronization in open environments, their performance deteriorates significantly in complex urban environments due to the impact on GNSS measurements of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals and multipath effects. Here we propose a loosely coupled GNSS/IMU integration time synchronization error modeling and compensation algorithm to tackle this problem in the context of urban vehicle navigation. In the algorithm, the time synchronization error is augmented as a state variable in the Robust Extended Kalman Filter (REKF), with the robustness factor threshold being dynamically adjusted based on the time synchronization error. Furthermore, we have designed a system time synchronization detection scheme based on two detection factors, with the aim of achieving high-precision GNSS/IMU time synchronization in complex urban environments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm synchronizes data time to the millisecond level in urban positioning environments. This represents an improvement of more than 90% in time synchronization precision compared to the traditional EKF-based time synchronization algorithm, and an improvement of more than 60% compared to the REKF-based time synchronization algorithm. Furthermore, compared to the EKF-based GNSS/IMU fusion algorithm, the proposed algorithm enhances the accuracy of the determination of both position and velocity in the horizontal and 3D directions by more than 50% and heading accuracy by 85%.

Study on the Dynamic Response of the Carbody–Anti-Bending Bars System

Ride comfort is an important requirement that passenger rail vehicles must meet. Carbody–anti-bending system is a relatively new passive method to enhance the ride comfort in passenger rail vehicles with long and light carbody. The resonance frequency of the first bending mode (FBM) of such vehicle is within the most sensitive frequency range that affects ride comfort. Anti-bending bars consist of two bars that are mounted under the longitudinal beams of the carbody chassis using vertical supports. When the carbody bends, the anti-bending bars develop moments in the neutral axis of the carbody opposing the bending of the carbody. In this way, the carbody structure becomes stiffer and the resonance frequency of the FBM can be increased beyond the upper limit of the discomfort range of frequency, improving the ride comfort. The theoretical principle of this method has been demonstrated employing a passenger rail vehicle model that includes the carbody as a free–free Euler–Bernoulli beam and the anti-bending bars as longitudinal springs jointed to the vertical supports. Also, the method feasibility has been verified in the past using an experimental scale demonstrator system. In this paper, a new model of the carbody–anti-bending bar system is proposed by including three-directional elastic elements (vertical and longitudinal direction and rotation in the vertical–longitudinal plane) to model the fastening of the anti-bending bars to the supports and the vertical motion of the anti-bending bars modelled as free–free Euler–Bernoulli beams connected to the elastic elements of the fastening. In the longitudinal direction, the anti-bending bars work as springs connected to the longitudinal elastic elements of the fastening. The modal analysis method is applied to point out the basic properties of the frequency response functions (FRFs) of the carbody–anti-bending bars system, considering the bounce and FBMs of both the carbody and the anti-bending bars. A parametric study of the FRF of the carbody shows that the vertical stiffness of the fastening should be sufficiently high enough to eliminate the influence of the modes of the anti-bending bars upon the carbody response and to reduce the anti-bending bars vibration in the frequency range of interest. Longitudinal stiffness of the elastic elements of the fastening is critical to increase the bending resonance frequency of the carbody out of the sensitive range. Longer anti-bending bars can improve the capability of the anti-bending bars to increase the bending resonance without the risk of interference effects caused by the bounce and bending modes of the anti-bending bars.

Determining the strength of 3D printed concrete with the modified slant shear test

AbstractThis study deals with the assessment of the load‐bearing capacity of layered 3D printed concrete (3DPC) using a modified slant shear test (MSST) to define a Mohr's envelope. To this aim, the established modified Coulomb yield condition of the concrete is complemented by a Coulomb failure criterion of the layer joints (cold or dry joints). Due to the anisotropy inherent to 3DPC elements, caused by the interlayer of printed concrete, the test setups commonly used for conventional concrete are inadequate to assess the load‐bearing capacity of 3DPC. A total of 45 3DPC specimens with different inclinations of the concrete printed layers, including a cold joint with 30 min time gap were tested using the MSST. The results showed a high strength of the interfaces with two different failure modes, depending on the inclination of the layers: (i) concrete matrix failure and (ii) layer interface failure, where the latter governed for layer inclinations of 60° and 75° with respect to the horizontal plane. The test campaign confirms that the proposed MSST is a highly practical test method that enables determining the parameters governing a Mohr's envelope of layered 3DPC and can thus be used to reliably characterize its load‐bearing capacity.

Numerical Investigation into the Stress Evolution and Failure Mechanism of Deep-Buried Hard Rock Under Blasting Loads

With the production activities continue progressing into deeper underground spaces, the rising ground stress poses new challenges in the fracturing of hard rock. Previous research mostly focused on the outer actions of blasting on conventional rock mass, while research on the inner actions of blasting via discrete element method (DEM) is relatively scarce, especially for deep-buried hard rocks under high ground stress. Relying on the pre-cracking project of hard rock protective layer in the thousand-meter deep well of Pingdingshan coal mine, this paper aims to numerically investigate the fracture mechanism of deep-buried hard rock under blasting loads via DEM. To this end, the algorithm of simulating explosion load is improved. The improved algorithm ensures a more reliable correspondence between numerical results and engineering practice, significantly enhancing the accuracy and credibility of calculations. After the calibration of mesoscopic parameters on the basis of laboratory tests, a series of parametric study, including confining pressure, peak blast stress and lateral stress coefficient, have been performed to understand the effects of in-situ stress on the behaviors of rock blasting. The obtained numerical results exhibit that confining pressure inhibits the fracture growth: under low confining pressure, confining pressure mainly inhibits the development of fractures in sparsely fractured zone while the crack growth in densely fractured zone and crushed zone is also inhibited under high confining pressure. According to the stress state, hoop peak stress is more sensitive to confining pressure than radial peak stress. Rock breakage in the vicinity of blasthole is essentially controlled by the radial peak stress, while crack propagation in the far-field is mainly induced by the hoop peak stress. With different lateral stress coefficients, the failure characteristics of rock mass are principally related to the hoop stresses in the vertical direction. The obtained numerical results and mesoscopic analysis are capable of providing new insights into the fracturing mechanism of deep-buried hard rock.

Influence of phase and dominance on ground reaction forces and upper extremity muscle activity during the modified-Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test

BackgroundThe Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) is a physical performance test designed to assess the upper extremity (UE) stability. However, only one outcome measure is provided for both UEs, limiting its application if the UEs are not similarly involved. Moreover, the changes in loads sustained by the support UE throughout the movement may influence the support UE stability. Additional knowledge on the underpinning biomechanical mechanics of the performance is therefore needed to better understand how to use the measure of the CKCUEST to design the athlete’s physical ability development or recovery. This study aimed to investigate the influence of phase and dominance on kinetic and support UE muscular demand during a modified-CKCUEST touch.MethodsTwenty-five male multisport athletes (age: 26.0 ± 11.3 years; mass: 77.8 ± 23.3 kg; height: 179.0 ± 6.5 cm) performed the modified-CKCUEST, i.e. hands at half span apart. The ground reaction forces (GRF) and activity of eight perihumeral and scapulothoracic muscles of support UE were recorded and analyzed according to the UE dominance and phase (takeoff vs. landing). Statistical non-Parametric Mapping analyses were used to assess the effects of dominance and phase on the support UE GRF and the effects of dominance, phase, and muscle on the support UE muscle activity.ResultsThe scapulothoracic and perihumeral muscles of the support UE were activated at low-to-very-high levels during the modified-CKCUEST touch. Variations in muscular activity over a touch were required to sustain variations in loads in medial, vertical, and posterior directions. Lower loads were observed during the takeoff phase than those during the landing phase (p < 0.05). Despite similar muscular activities in both UEs, the dominant UE sustained higher medial loads than the non-dominant UE (p < 0.05), while opposite results were observed for posterior loads (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe modified-CKCUEST involves similar muscle activity of the support UE in response to varying loads sustained in different directions according to dominance. The quantitative assessment provided by the modified-CKCUEST score may be complemented by a qualitative observation of body displacements, allowing coaches and clinicians to identify limitations in the stability of the UEs.

Improvements of microstructure and mechanical properties of wire-arc directed energy deposition 2024 aluminum alloy after adding TiC nanoparticles

ABSTRACT To address issues such as grain coarsening, high porosity, and poor mechanical properties that commonly occur in high-strength 2024 aluminum alloy (AA2024) during directed energy deposition using an electric arc (DED-A), this work proposes a strategy of adding TiC nanoparticles to the AA2024 welding wire for DED-A and reveals the mechanism of TiC nanoparticles modification. AA2024 and TiCP/AA2024 composite were fabricated by DED-A. By adding TiC nanoparticles, the average grain diameter of the as-deposited TiCP/AA2024 composites considerably decreases from 65.4 μm to 16.4 μm. TiC nanoparticles refine the grains by promoting nucleation and inhibiting grain growth. Correspondingly, the mechanical properties of the as-deposited TiCP/AA2024 have been significantly improved: the horizontal tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are 304 , 174 MPa, and 9.5%, respectively, which represent increases of 75%, 70%, and 164% compared to AA2024, and the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation in the vertical direction are 287 MPa, 165 MPa, and 9.9%, respectively, with no significant anisotropy observed.

Cross-Species Characterization of Transcranial Ultrasound Propagation

Cross-Species Characterization of Transcranial Ultrasound Propagation

Changes in lateral standing posture following orthognathic surgery: a cohort study

Altering neuromuscular and musculoskeletal relationships also affects standing body posture, particularly in the head and neck areas. This prospective cohort study assessed the effects of orthognathic surgery on head posture in the lateral standing view. Thirty-one patients who underwent single-jaw orthognathic mandibular surgery were included. The patients underwent lateral cephalometric and photographic evaluations of their natural habitual posture before and 6 months after surgery. The craniovertebral angle and Frankfort angle (Frankfort horizontal line to true horizontal line angle) were determined and measured using MB-Ruler software. Mandibular positional changes were also measured by superimposing lateral cephalograms and recording changes in the menton point in the vertical and horizontal planes. All data were analysed by paired t-test. The craniovertebral angle increased significantly in patients with Class II malocclusion (P = 0.001) and decreased significantly in Class III patients (P = 0.004). Furthermore, the Frankfort angle was significantly increased in both Class II (P = 0.005) and Class III (P = 0.012) patients. The tendency towards forward head posture decreased in patients with Class II malocclusion, and the lateral neck posture improved. Conversely, a slight but significant tendency towards a forward head posture was observed in Class III patients after surgery. Furthermore, the natural head position changed in both study groups, leading to a more upright head posture.

Toward a storage ring coherent light source based on an angular dispersion-induced microbunching scheme.

The combination of reversible angular dispersion-induced microbunching (ADM) and the rapid damping storage ring provides a storage-ring-based light source with the capability to produce longitudinal coherent radiation with a high repetition rate. This paper presents a prototype design for a test facility based on the study by Jiang et al. [Sci. Rep. (2022), 12, 3325]. The modulation-demodulation section is inserted into a long straight section of the storage ring instead of a bypass line, which poses great challenges for the optimization of the nonlinear dynamics of the storage ring. However, this design avoids the challenging injection and extraction system connecting to the bypass line. To utilize mature laser technology and reduce the difficulty of the reversible ADM lattice design, we use a long-wavelength 1030 nm seed laser. In the simulation, we achieved 20th harmonic radiation with a bunching factor of about 7.2%. The growth rate of vertical emittance and energy spread of the electron beam for a single pass are about 11% and 0.02%, respectively. When the energy of the electron beam is 800 MeV and two sets of damping wigglers are employed, the damping time in the vertical plane is reduced to 8.31 ms. This results in a 438 kHz repetition rate of the coherent radiation at the new equilibrium state.

Development and testing of a dual-frequency real-time hardware feedback system for the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline of the SSRF.

A novel dual-frequency real-time feedback system has been developed to simultaneously optimize and stabilize beam position and energy at the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. A user-selected cut-off frequency is used to separate the beam position signal obtained from an X-ray beam position monitor into two parts, i.e. high-frequency and low-frequency components. They can be real-time corrected and optimized by two different optical components, one chromatic and the other achromatic, of very different inertial mass, such as Bragg monochromator dispersive elements and a pre-focusing total external reflection mirror. The experimental results shown in this article demonstrate a significant improvement in position and energy stabilities. The long-term beam angular stability clearly improved from 2.21 to 0.92 µrad RMS in the horizontal direction and from 0.72to 0.10 µrad RMS in the vertical direction.

Precision measurement of magnetic fields using suspended ferromagnetic torsional oscillator and its applications

The ferromagnetic-mechanical system can be employed as a magnetometer by monitoring its mechanical response to magnetic signals. Such a system can surpass the ERL in terms of sensitivity, due to the ultra-high spin density and strong spin-lattice interactions inherent in ferromagnetic materials. A levitated ferromagnetic-mechanical system can further enhance its quality factor by eliminating clamp dissipation, thus achieving higher magnetic sensitivity. This paper proposes a magnetometer based on a magnetically levitated ferromagnetic torsional oscillator (FMTO), which converts magnetic signals into torque to drive the oscillator. An optical method is then used to measure the torsional motion and extract the magnetic signal. The resonance frequency of this FMTO system can be controlled by modifying the bias field, offering enhanced flexibility and control.&lt;br&gt;After analyzing the influence of fundamental noise, including thermal noise and quantum measurement noise (SQL), the magnetic noise floor of the FMTO made from NdFeB versus its radius is illustrated in Fig.3.(b). The quantum measurement noise (SQL) is much lower than both thermal noise and ERL, indicating that thermal noise is the dominant factor affecting the magnetic sensitivity of the FMTO. The magnetic sensitivity of the FMTO system at 4.2 K surpasses the ERL by three orders of magnitude, confirming the significant potential of the FMTO system for high-precision magnetic measurements.&lt;br&gt;One of the most promising applications of ultra-high sensitivity magnetic sensors is the search for exotic interactions, which is typically achieved by measuring pseudo-magnetic fields. The accuracy of detecting exotic interactions depends on two main factors: the magnetometer’s sensitivity and the distance between the sensor and the source. The ERL presents a challenge in satisfying both factors simultaneously. Improving magnetic sensitivity typically increases the radius of the sensor, which in turn increases the distance between the sensor and the source, limiting the accuracy of detecting exotic interactions. Thus, ERL limits the precision of exotic interaction detection, while the FMTO, with its superior sensitivity, is expected to significantly advance the detection of exotic interactions.&lt;br&gt;Fig.4.(a) illustrates the fundamental principle behind exotic interaction detection. If an exotic interaction is present, the BGO nuclei oscillating perpendicular to the paper will generate a pseudo-magnetic field along the vertical direction. This pseudo-magnetic field will induce torsional motion in the FMTO, allowing for the determination of the lower limit of the coupling constant for the new interaction through measurement of the torsional motion. The exotic interaction probe is shown in Fig.4.(b). Existing experiments have approached the ERL at Compton wavelengths on millimeter and micrometer scales. However, the FMTO system, with a bias field of 1 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;T, surpasses the ERL by up to five orders of magnitude in sub-centimeter Compton wavelengths and exceeds existing experimental results by two to nine orders of magnitude. These results highlight the potential advantages of FMTO-based magnetometers in probing exotic interactions.&lt;br&gt;In conclusion, this paper proposes a magnetometer configuration based on a levitated ferromagnetic torsional oscillator (FMTO) and provides a comprehensive analysis of its mechanical response, fundamental noise, magnetic performance, and applications in fundamental research. It is demonstrated that the FMTO-based magnetometer can surpass the ERL by approximately three orders of magnitude in sensitivity at a temperature of 4.2 K. Furthermore, an FMTO with a bias magnetic field of 1 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;T and a temperature of 50 mK significantly outperforms the ERL in probing exotic interactions, exceeding existing experiments by two to nine orders of magnitude.