Vertical Dimensions Research Articles

Concept of Double-eyelid Segments Ratio: Practical Application in Asian Blepharoplasty.

There have been few articles on the vertical dimension of the Asian upper eyelid, the eyelid crease segment, and the upper palpebral segment. The eyelid crease height manifests differently depending on whether it is closed (on extreme downgaze), open, or on upward gaze. This study will investigate a ratio practical for use in Asian blepharoplasty (external incisional method). The central vertical dimensions of Asian upper eyelids were measured, together with the upper palpebral segment and eyelid crease height when present. These parameters were recorded preoperatively and following double-eyelid surgery, and remeasured at 1 week and 2 months postoperative with eyelids closed and with eyes open looking straight ahead. The ratios of anatomic upper/lower segments and apparent (eyes opened) upper/lower ratio were tabulated for each case. The mean vertical height of upper eyelid skin among Asian women 30 years of age and younger was 23.4 mm, and between 31 and 50 years of age was 25.4 mm. The design of Asian upper eyelid crease and determination of skin tissues that can be safely removed include designing crease height to be 7 mm or slightly less and leaving an upper eyelid segment of at least a length 2 times or more of the crease height, to yield an aesthetically desirable double-eyelid segments ratio. The study confirms the practical application of the upper/lower segments ratio at surgery and at full recovery (2 mo) using such technique and shows its progression to a desirable range of double-eyelid segments ratio. It has proven effective and useful for patients seeking Asian blepharoplasty.

Product Differentiation in Food-Product Markets: Evidence from the Asian Instant Noodles Industry

This study investigates product differentiation, both in vertical and horizontal dimensions, in the instant noodles industry. It first presents theoretical models that predict firms' product differentiation behaviour before testing the theories using the case of instant noodles industries in three Asian countries: Indonesia, India, and Japan. The vertical differentiation behaviour is examined using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni correction to investigate which brands exhibit the most evident vertical differentiation behaviour. The horizontal differentiation strategy is explored using a descriptive analysis method. Using information on the selling prices and product variants of instant noodles leading brands in each country, the empirical findings confirm the models' predictions. The study claims that companies apply the principles of 'minimum differentiation' as their vertical differentiation strategy and 'maximum differentiation' when differentiating horizontally. These strategies are implemented by choosing prices close to each other and producing distinguishable variants from competitors. These findings bring the theories of product differentiation into a real-life application and provide insights into how firms in the food products industry behave in differentiating their products.

Multi-objective optimization of office egg shadings using NSGA-II to save energy consumption and enhance thermal and visual comfort

The construction industry's excessive energy usage necessitates practical solutions to address this pressing issue. Windows are crucial architectural elements as they allow the majority of natural light to enter a structure. The poorly designed window and related components cause the space to overheat, consuming more energy. However, it negatively impacts the building's thermal and visual comfort. The paper introduces a novel approach for optimizing control parameters for egg shadings through multi-objective methods. The recommended approach significantly reduces the building's energy consumption and enhances its thermal and visual comfort. EnergyPlus is a software utilized for conducting energy-related simulations. The JEPLUS software has therefore considered seven design variables, such as differences in the vertical and horizontal angles of the shade, length and horizontal dimensions, depth and vertical dimensions, and window positioning. These year-round simulations are performed in four different orientations for four different Iranian towns with various climates. The data is improved by using the program JEPLUS + EA. To find the best locations on the Pareto front, the data is optimized using the NSGA-II approach. The optimization results indicate that a lower angle improves visual comfort but takes more electricity for lighting. The findings of multi-objective optimization of controlled blind characteristics improved thermal and visual comfort with ranges of 5–45% and 55–100%, respectively, and lowered overall building energy consumption by 1–19% yearly, depending on the building's geographic orientation.

Comparison of angle-to-angle distance and corneal diameter in pediatric eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy.

To investigate the relationship between corneal diameter and internal corneal span determined from angle-to-angle distance using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in an observational cross-sectional patient population comprised of 54 eyes (28 healthy control eyes, ages 0.1 to 11.3 years; 26 eyes with primary congenital glaucoma, ages 0.1 to 3.5 years) from 41 pediatric participants ages 0.1 to 11.3 years (mean age: 3±3 years, median age: 2 years). Forty cornea photographs with reference ruler and 110 UBM images were obtained. Three observers measured horizontal and vertical corneal diameter and angle-to-angle distance in each cornea photo and UBM image using ImageJ and the average values were used. Main outcome measures were Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, mean difference between corneal diameter and angle-to-angle distance, and intra-class correlation coefficients among measurements from all three observers for each parameter. Corneal diameter and angle-to-angle distance had a strong positive correlation horizontally (Pearson r = 0.89, p<0.001) and vertically (r = 0.93, p<0.001). Correlation was consistent regardless of presence of primary congenital glaucoma and participant age. Regression analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between the parameters for horizontal (CD = 0.99*AA+0.28, R2 = 0.81, p<0.001) and vertical (CD = 0.91 *AA+1.32, R2 = 0.85, p<0.001) dimensions. Overall, reliability was good-excellent, ranging from an ICC of 0.76 for vertical corneal diameter to 0.90 for horizontal angle-to-angle distance. Based on the strong positive correlation found between corneal diameter and angle-to-angle distance in our study population, UBM image analysis can be used to accurately estimate corneal diameter from angle-to-angle distance in children with healthy eyes and primary congenital glaucoma. UBM may provide a useful intraocular alternative for estimating corneal diameter and monitoring diseases that affect the cornea in infants and children, such as congenital glaucoma.

Effect of alveolar ridge preservation at periodontally compromised molar extraction sockets: A retrospective cohort study.

To date, the clinical evidence regarding the effectiveness of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in restricting alveolar bone height and width change after extraction at periodontally compromised molar extraction sockets still remains controversial. This retrospective cohort study aims to evaluate the effect of ARP in molars extracted for periodontal reasons. Retrospective data were collected from patient electronic records from January 2019 to December 2023. Patients with Stage III/IV periodontitis who underwent extraction of molars for periodontal reasons were screened for eligibility. The outcomes included the horizontal and vertical dimensions of alveolar bone. The need for additional augmentation procedure during implantation was also evaluated. A linear regression model was used to adjust for known confounders. A total of 80 sockets were included in this study, of which 27 sockets received ARP therapy after extraction while 53 sockets experienced natural healing (NH). ARP resulted in significantly less bone height change in the periodontally compromised molar sites compared to the NH group (p<0.001). In sockets displaying a height disparity of >2mm between the buccal and palatal/lingual walls, the ARP group exhibited advantageous outcomes in terms of ridge width change, surpassing the NH group (p=0.004). Moreover, the percentage for additional augmentation was significantly reduced in the ARP compared to the NH group (p=0.006). Age, sex, smoking, jaw, location, and buccal wall thickness did not show any significant effect on bone height change. ARP had benefits on limiting ridge resorption subsequent to molar extraction for periodontal reasons.

Constructing a Multivariate Linear Model to Investigate the Wind Propagation Dynamics of Dandelion with Analytic Hierarchy Process

The dandelion, a plant native to Eurasia, has successfully dispersed to regions across the globe. This dispersal is facilitated by the wind, which carries dandelion seeds attached to the pappus or petals of the pappus over considerable distances. Nevertheless, the extensive distribution of the dandelion has garnered significant attention. While this plant currently poses no immediate harm, the issue of species invasion resulting from its presence has become a matter of concern. Consequently, it is imperative to conduct research on the dissemination of the dandelion and its potential ramifications on other species. In addressing the first problem, this article commences by progressing from a rudimentary to a more intricate examination. The study dissects the wind propagation dynamics of dandelion, scrutinizing both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. It is deduced that the dandelion rapidly attains a threshold velocity during the early stages of propagation, prompting the construction of a comprehensive kinematic model for dandelion seed dispersal by integrating the analyses of both directions. Subsequently, a logarithmic distribution-based seed wind propagation model is formulated, drawing upon the aforementioned kinematic model. Lastly, the article deliberates upon the consequential ramifications. For the second problem, a multivariate linear model is developed to consider various factors including plant characteristics, environmental hazards, and ecosystem resistance. The analytic hierarchy process is employed to discuss the weight of each influencing factor and quantitatively assess the invasion ability of Taraxacum mongolicin. Ultimately, the model is tested and the collected data is utilized to verify the validity of the model.

Correction of cloud optical thickness retrievals from nadir reflectances in the presence of 3D radiative effects. Part I: concept and tests on 3D RT simulations

3D effects cause substantial underestimation of cloud optical thickness (COT) in airborne and satellite retrievals based on 1D radiative transfer computations (such as in the case of widely used bispectral technique). For a single-layer isolated cloud we propose a simple linear correction of the retrieved COT with the renormalization factor dependent on the cloud’s aspect ratio (the ratio between vertical and horizontal dimensions of the cloud). This is an empirical assumption which we successfully test using synthetic 3D RT data. We introduce a heuristic “block model” of 3D radiative effects and show that the functional form of the renormalization factor is consistent with the process of radiation escape from cloud sides in an essentially 3D geometry. We also extend the block model to the case of single-layer broken cloud field with radiative interaction between the neighboring clouds. In this case the renormalization factor depends also on the distance between clouds.

Healing of Extraction Sites after Alveolar Ridge Preservation Using Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin: A Retrospective Study.

Over time, numerous surgical procedures and biomaterials have been proposed for the reconstruction of post-extraction bone defects, each with their advantages and disadvantages. The main objective of this study was to evaluate dimensional changes in the alveolar bone 3 months after tooth extraction, before implant planning, comparing alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) with spontaneous healing. A total of 84 patients with non-restorable molars were included in the study. Forty-two patients received ARP with advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) and spontaneous healing was evaluated in these patients. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis performed before and after surgical intervention was used to determine the changes in vertical and horizontal bone dimensions produced after tooth extraction. CBCT measurements showed reduction in both vertical and horizontal alveolar bone size in both groups. For the study group, the alveolar parameters (height, width) were higher compared to the control group. The percentage variations between dimensional differences from the two groups were 38.58% for height, and for width were 36.88% at 0 mm, 35.56% at 3 mm, 36.61% at 5 mm, and 38.73% at 7 mm. The differences were statistically significant (p ˂ 0.0005). The results obtained after ARP with A-PRF showed a reduced loss of bone volume compared to spontaneous healing.

Identifying Domain-specific Opinion Leaders in Twitter (X): An Optimized Approach

The role of opinion leaders on Twitter to analyze and understand the diffusion of information cannot be overlooked. The coming of the information age and the advent of social networking platforms have not eliminated opinion leadership but rather led to the emergence of its new forms. In this line, this paper deals with organically identifying opinion leaders on Twitter, based on the list feature. The method relies on the meta-data of Twitter lists, containing semantic cues to infer the topical expertise of its members. Based on the studies that have already shown the effectiveness of this method, this paper further illustrates in detail how the method can be employed flexibly to identify highly influential Twitter users in any specific domain. In this regard, the method can be adapted to different research questions, allowing researchers to apply it to suit their specific objectives and data. This paper also presents a novel approach as to how influential Twitter users identified through Twitter lists can be ranked. The ranking index proposed is attentive to both vertical (public perception and engagement) and horizontal (peer perception) dimensions of information diffusion.

Measurement and prediction of road traffic noise at different floor levels of buildings in a mid-sized Indian city

It is widely accepted that residents of high-rise buildings located beside roads are inevitably exposed to significant levels of noise pollution due to traffic operation. This study aims to unveil crucial insights into the dynamic fluctuations of noise levels within the vertical dimensions of high-rise buildings nestled amidst the bustling streets of mid-sized Indian cities where heterogeneous traffic is under operation. Two cycles of data were collected on all floors for hourly duration on the façade line for two high-rise buildings. Traffic volume, speed, distance of the building from centre of the carriageway and honking were used to develop models for Leq and L10 using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The R2 values obtained for Leq and L10 were 0.93 and 0.90, respectively indicating the efficacy of the models in predicting noise level at all floors. Results show that the sound level rises to a certain height of the building and then begins to decrease. Floor level 3, 4, 5 and 6 (height approx. 8.4–21 m) had the maximum noise level compared to the other floors, while the 1st and floor level above 10 were quieter floors. Frequency analysis reveals that buildings closer to roadways experience dominant honking noise, particularly at 3.15 kHz, whereas traffic noise prevails at frequencies up to 200 Hz. This work has the novelty of addressing the impact of heterogeneous traffic noise at various floor levels of Varanasi mid-sized city which has narrow carriageway. Such a traffic has prominence of honking which is modelled perhaps for the first time. The outcome of this research has importance in urban planning and formulating legislations.

Comparative Analysis of Two Different Techniques for Ridge Preservation Following Tooth Extraction: A Clinical and Radiographic Study.

Ridge preservation following tooth extraction is essential for maintaining the alveolar bone structure and facilitating successful dental implant placement. Various techniques have been proposed for this purpose, but there remains a need for comparative analysis to determine their efficacy. This clinical and radiographic study compared two different techniques for ridge preservation: Technique A and Technique B. Fifty patients requiring tooth extraction were randomly assigned to either Technique A or Technique B group. Clinical parameters including pain, swelling, and soft tissue healing were evaluated postoperatively. Radiographic assessments were conducted to measure the dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge at baseline and after 3 months using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In the Technique A group, postoperative pain scores averaged 2.3 (±0.5) on a visual analog scale (VAS), while in the Technique B group, the average pain score was 2.5 (±0.6). The swelling was minimal in both groups with no significant difference. Soft tissue healing was satisfactory in both groups. Radiographically, the mean vertical bone loss was 1.2 mm (±0.3) in the Technique A group and 0.9 mm (±0.4) in the Technique B group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Both Technique A and Technique B demonstrated favorable outcomes in terms of postoperative discomfort and soft tissue healing. However, Technique B showed superior preservation of vertical ridge dimensions compared to Technique A. Therefore, Technique B may be considered more effective for ridge preservation following tooth extraction.

Designed 3D Dumpling‐Shaped Femtosecond Laser Structured Light Field for Nanoscale Sensing

AbstractNanoscale optical sensing plays a crucial role in achieving high‐precision non‐contact distance and displacement measurements. As one of the promising alternatives, structured light can greatly simplify optical sensing systems. In this study, a novel optical phenomenon of a structured beam called the “Dumpling‐shaped Structured Light Field” (DSLF) is revealed, which forms during the focusing of cylindrical lens beams. The 3D DSLF comprises two mutually perpendicular primary and secondary foci, offering unique possibilities in micro/nano processing and sensing applications. A thorough investigation of the DSLF is conducted, revealing a correlation between the secondary foci and the phase status at the objective lens's entrance pupil. The propagation of DSLF under tight focus conditions has been verified and discussed through methods of femtosecond laser two‐photon polymerization and light field analysis. Finally, thanks to the unique 3D intensity distribution of 3D DSLF, the applicability of DSLF in high‐precision position and vibration sensing has been demonstrated. By detecting the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the reflected DSLF, position and vibration sensing is achieved with a Z‐direction accuracy of 10 nm (λ/80). This research contributes to understanding structured light, and offers practical applications in various fields, including micro/nano laser processing, optical imaging, sensing, etc.

Evaluation of a Fully Digital, In-House Virtual Surgical Planning Workflow for Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery

The advantages of virtual surgical planning (VSP) for orthognathic surgery are clear. Previous studies have evaluated in-house VSP; however, few fully digital, in-house protocols for orthognathic surgery have been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference between the virtual surgical plan and actual surgical outcome for orthognathic surgery using a fully digital, in-house VSP workflow. This is a prospective cohort study from September 2020 to November 2022 of patients at the Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, NS, Canada who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Patients were excluded if they had previously undergone orthognathic surgery or were diagnosed with a craniofacial syndrome. The primary outcome variables were the mean 3-dimensional (3D) (Euclidean) distance error, as well as mean error and mean absolute error in the transverse (x axis), vertical (y axis), and anterior-posterior (z axis) dimensions. Covariates included age, sex, and surgical sequence (mandible-first or maxilla-first). The primary outcome was tested using Z and t critical value confidence intervals. The P value was set at .05. The 3D distance error for mandible-first and maxilla-first groups was compared using a 2-sample t-test as well as analysis of variance. The study sample included 52 subjects (24 males and 28 females) with a mean age of 27.7 (± 12.1) years. Forty three subjects underwent mandible-first surgery and 9 maxilla-first surgery. The mean absolute distance error was largest in the anterior-posterior dimension for all landmarks (except posterior nasal spine, left condyle, and gonion) and exceeded the threshold for clinical acceptability (2mm) in 16 of 23 landmarks. Additionally, mean distance error in the anterior-posterior dimension was negative for all landmarks, indicating deficient movement in that direction. The effect of surgical sequence on 3D distance error was not statistically significant (P=.37). In general, the largest contributor to mean 3D distance error was deficient movement in the anterior-posterior direction. Otherwise, mean absolute distance error in the vertical and transverse dimensions was clinically acceptable (< 2mm). These findings were felt to be valuable for treatment planning purposes when using a fully digital, in-house VSP workflow.

Vertical and transverse treatment effects of Invisalign First system compared to Hyrax maxillary expanders with fixed appliances in mixed dentition patients.

To compare vertical and transverse changes in mixed dentition patients treated with the Invisalign First System (IFS) to those treated with a banded hyrax expander with fixed appliances (Hyrax) and control groups, and to assess the efficiency rate of dental arch expansion with IFS. The study included 80 mixed dentition patients, with 40 in each group (IFS and Hyrax) and 40 controls from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection. Skeletal and dental vertical dimension changes and arch width changes between pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) were evaluated. Age at T1, time interval (T1-T2), sex, and Angle class did not significantly differ among the groups. Mandibular plane angle changes showed a similar reduction for the control and IFS groups, with no changes in the Hyrax group. However, the differences among the three groups did not reach statistical significance (P = .06). The Hyrax group showed significantly greater expansion in maxillary intermolar width compared to the IFS group, 4.4 vs 2.5 mm, respectively. The efficiency of maxillary expansion using IFS ranged from 52.3% to 76.87%. During the mixed dentition stage, no significant changes occurred in vertical dimensions among the control, Hyrax, and IFS groups. Although there was a trend suggesting a greater reduction in mandibular plane angle in the IFS group compared to the Hyrax group, this may not be clinically significant given the less than 1° difference. IFS can be a viable option for addressing mild arch width deficiencies, with a predictable increase in intermolar width of approximately 2.5 mm.

Analysis of prefabricated myofunctional appliances with different overjet and bumper designs: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

BackgroundPrefabricated myofunctional appliance can guide tooth eruption, improve dentition alignment, correct myofunctional disorders and harmful oral habits. However, its application to skeletal discrepancy may result in unsatisfactory tooth inclination. This study aimed to construct a novel appliance with overjet design to avoid this side effect and investigated its shape and mechanical changes under occlusion using three-dimensional finite element method.MethodsWe established three samples of prefabricated myofunctional appliances. The first one was edge to edge without overjet, and the outer shield of both jaws were flattened. The second one was 3 mm overjet with stepped the outer shield. The last one was 3 mm overjet, and the outer shield of both jaws were flatted, which meant the front wall of lower jaw was strengthened with bumper, termed as lower bumper. A complete dentition model was applied to the study. 150 N occlusal force was applied to each type of appliance and the deformation displacement and the changes in stress was recorded.ResultsThe deformation was significant in the incisors regions, especially in the vertical and lateral dimensions. The maximum displacements of 3 mm overjet with step shield group were 7.08 mm (vertical), 3.99 mm (lateral), and 2.90 mm (sagittal), while it decreased to 3.92 mm(vertical), 1.94 mm (lateral), and 1.55 mm (sagittal) in overjet with bumper group. Moreover, the upper molar regions exhibited higher vertical and sagittal displacement in 3 mm overjet with step shield group, which were 3.03 mm (vertical) and 1.99 mm (sagittal), and the bumper design could decrease the maximum displacement to 1.72 mm (vertical) and 0.72 mm (sagittal). In addition, the Von Mises stress of appliances was analyzed, and results indicated that 3 mm overjet with step shield generated higher stress than other groups, with the maximum Von Mises stress was 0.9387 MP, which were 0.5858 and 0.5657 MP in edge to edge group and 3 mm overjet with lower bumper group, respectively.ConclusionThe prefabricated myofunctional appliances may cause deformation during occlusion. Compared to step shield group, the application of lower bumper exhibited better resistance to occlusal force.

InSAR Digital Surface Model Refinement by Block Adjustment with Horizontal Constraints

Abstract. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology is an important method to generate digital surface model (DSM). The past studies on space-borne derived DSM most focused on the elevation correction, due to the relative low resolution of DSM product. As a large number of high-resolution satellite data emerge, the horizontal discrepancies are needed to be considered. This paper proposes a DSM block adjustment method with horizontal constraints, aimed at eliminating the horizontal errors that exist between multiple DSM scenes with overlaps, achieving high precision and consistency in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Using ICESat-2 ATL08 point clouds as absolute elevation control and a reference DSM for horizontal control, the adjustment equations are constructed based on the constraint of tie points and controls. The experiment selects 7 image pairs of China TH2-01 SAR satellite, corresponding ICESat-2 ATL08 point and AW3D30 as reference DEM. The block adjustment results show that the proposed method improves the absolute vertical accuracy from 3.78 m to 2.56 m and reduces the average horizontal standard deviation between the InSAR derived DSMs and the reference AW3D30 from 15.31 m to 9.08 m.

Exploring movement reproduction in three-dimensional space: A comparative pilot study among people with visual impairment

Teaching physiotherapy in a higher education institution for visually impaired students requires adjustments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of vision on the quality of upper limb movement reproduction. We analysed the replication of a simple movement along three spatial axes: X, Y, and Z, corresponding to movements in horizontal, vertical, and depth dimensions, respectively. The findings reveal that all three groups (blind, visual impairment, and sighted) exhibited significantly larger errors when reproducing movements along the Z-axis compared to the X and Y axes. Both blind and sighted participants obtained similar results, while visually impaired participants significantly differed from the sighted participants. Specifically, visually impaired participants demonstrated overproduction, compared to sighted participants. These results indicate that individuals in the visually impaired group, who still retain some visual ability, face greater challenges in reproducing movements across all three spatial dimensions compared to both the blind and sighted groups. Therefore, when teaching the practice of physiotherapy, it appears essential to take into account the degree of vision (visual impairment and blindness) and particular attention must be paid to visually impaired students.

Determination of Mouth Width for Facial Reconstruction Based on Statistical Regression Model.

It is important to generate predictable statistical models by increasing the number of variables on the human skeletal and soft tissue structures on the face to increase the accuracy of human facial reconstructions. The purpose of this study was to determine mouth width 3-dimensionally based on statistical regression model. Cone-beam computed tomography scan data from 130 individuals were used to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of orbital and nasal structures and intercanine width. The correlation between these hard tissue variables and the mouth width was evaluated using the statistical regression model. Orbital width, nasal width, and intercanine width were found to be strong predictors of the mouth width determination and were used to generate the regression formulae to find the most approximate position of the mouth. These specific variables may contribute to improving the accuracy of mouth width determination for oral and maxillofacial reconstructions.

How does technological value drive 6G development? Explanation from a systematic framework

As a novel form of infrastructure, 6G is poised to become an indispensable component of the future digital economy and serves as a solid guarantee for the development of human society. Given that technological innovation inherently possesses purpose and direction, its progress cannot be divorced from the correct value orientation. However, scholarly attention towards investigating the value proposition of 6G remains limited. Establishing a scientific and rational value system assumes paramount importance in shaping future investments and deployments of 6G and fostering advancements in associated technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the value proposition of 6G, examining it from multiple perspectives including economic, social, ecological, cultural, and strategic dimensions. In addition, we explore the four vertical value dimensions of nation, industry, firm and individual. By integrating the technology life cycle framework into our consideration, we elucidate how value is realized and evolves across different stages. The primary objective of this paper is to enhance comprehension regarding the value of 6G and forthcoming technologies while extensively expounding on the potential contributions of 6G towards future economic and social development.

Socket Preservation Following Tooth Extraction Using Polylactide-Polyglycolide Acid Scaffold: Radiologic and Histologic Evaluation.

To assess the healing process of the extraction socket and the dimensional changes that occur after alveolar ridge preservation utilizing a polylactide-co-glycolide scaffold (PLGA). The present study involved the extraction of 28 teeth from 14 patients. The total number of sockets was 28, which were divided into two groups consisting of 14 test sockets and 14 control sockets. The study group (SG) was subjected to socket preservation with a PLGA scaffold while the control group (CG) was left for spontaneous healing. The dimensions were measured before and after operation at 1, 3, and 5 mm below the alveolar crest horizontally and the height of buccolingual bone vertically. According to the histologic analyses, the PLGA scaffold was resorbed within 4 months. CBCT imaging revealed a decrease in the horizontal crest dimension at three distinct coronoapical levels in SG, measuring 2.05 ± 1.05 mm at -1 mm, 1.51 ± 0.89 mm at -3mm, and 0.92 ± 0.7 mm at-5mm.CG showed readings of 1.22 ± 1 at-1mm, 0.92 ± 0.67at-3mm, and 0.73 ± 0.69 at -5 mm. In comparison to CG, SG showed a significant reduction in horizontal losses at -1 mm. Vertical crest dimensions decreased by 1.64 ± 1.11 mm for the buccal bone height and by 1.56 ± 1.08 mm for lingual bone height in SG; in CG, the buccal and lingual bone height had mean values of 2.08 ± 1.44 mm and 1.73 ± 1.27 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the vertical losses between the groups. Following a period of 4 months, the PLGA scaffold was completely resorbed. Based on CBCT measurements, horizontal resorption was lower than CG at -1 mm coronally.