Vertical Block Research Articles

Horizontal versus vertical block resection for early floor of mouth carcinoma

Although the literature affirms the superiority of block resection over local excision for the surgical treatment of early squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior floor of the mouth, the best method of block resection is not certain. Two methods are in widespread use; a horizontal procedure (HB) and a vertical procedure (VB). This retrospective study compares these two procedures according to outcome in separate series of patients treated between 1970 and 1984. Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years with an average follow-up of 6 years. Twenty-five patients underwent HB while 27 underwent VB. Control at the primary site was 100% for HB and 74% for VB. Neck metastasis and distant metastasis occurred with equal frequency. Determinate survivals at 3 and 5 years were 96% and 91% for the HB group and 93% and 65% for the VB group. Local recurrence correlated with tumor growth posteriorally toward the ventrum of the tongue, suggesting an explanation for the difference in outcome between the two procedures. We conclude that the HB procedure is the preferable surgical procedure for stage I and II disease.

Gyrotropic propagation of vertical Bloch lines

Vertical Block line (BL) gyrotropic propagation was studied experimentally. Single BLs nucleated in an as-grown (YSmBi)/sub 3/(FeGa)/sub 5/O/sub 12/ garnet film were viewed directly using the PADO (polarized anisotropic dark-field observation) technique. Gyrotropic force was provided by an asymmetrical triangular-shaped bias field pulse. A short-risetime pulse moved the line of a straight wall in one direction, whereas a large-risetime pulse moved it backward. This gyrotropic propagation phenomenon is reproducible for varying bias field; however, some scatter is observed in BL displacement. Block wall response to the bias field pulses is also considered. The range of effective drive field inducing good gyrotropic propagation is discussed. >

An improved method of embedding data into pictures by modulo masking

An improved scheme using vertical block allocation to embed data in industrial-quality monochrome analog pictures by modulo masking is investigated. The video signal on each scan line is sampled, and a data bit is inserted into a block of three pels by a scrambling of the luminance level of only one pel in the block. The performance of the system is compared to that of a conventional system. The number of data bits embedded in an image for the proposed system is about 1.3 times as large as that of the conventional system. In addition, the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the recovered image in the proposed system is increased by about 3-4 dB. >

Similarity of displacement—time relationships between laboratory and field measurements of progressive slope failures

Excavation of an open pit in rock has long been known to alter the state of stress in the rock mass and consequently create new discontinuities which add to the existing joint systems. Behaviour patterns for movement of these blocks within a rock slope, prior to the eventual failure, were studied using rigid physical models and employing a specially designed base-friction table with an inclinable base. Results indicate that a power law exists between elapsed time and the resultant cumulative horizontal displacement of the slope blocks, in the form of log U = mlog(t/t 1)orU = (t/t 1) m,whereU =cumulative horizontal displacement of the slope blocks, t =elapsed time since measurement commenced, t 1 =time intercept value andm =time exponent (i.e. slope of the straight line obtained). Additional results from the laboratory model studies show the existence of: (1) a relationship between horizontal block displacement and the normalized block distance from the slope face, with respect to elapsed time and the vertical block position in a given slope; and (2) a curvilinear relationship between maximum vertical block displacement and normalized block distances from the slope face, for various block layers in a given rock slope. The influence of different slope block configurations on the behaviour patterns for progressive movements of slope blocks is also discussed with respect to their resultant failure modes. The behaviour patterns observed in the laboratory model tests are compared with the results of some field measurements.

Auxiliary functions of the Hilbert transform in the study of gravity anomalies

The auxiliary functions, namely amplitude, phase, envelope and instantaneous frequency of Hilbert transform over gravity anomalies of 2-D sphere, vertical fault block and horizontal circular cylinder are studied. The characteristics of these functions are established in locating and identifying the sources. The method is illustrated with a theoretical example in each case and supported by field data of gravity anomaly over Humble dome and spherical model of the Satak-Mansar area, Nagpur District, India.

Genetic relationship between faults and folds and determination of laramide and neotectonic paleostress, Western Colorado Plateau‐Transition Zone, central Utah

Faults in the western part of the Colorado Plateaus and the adjacent eastern part of the structural transition zone to the Basin and Range in central Utah represent two stages of deformation: Laramide compressional faults on the plateau (eastern) side and late Cenozoic extensional faults on the transition‐zone (western) side. The faults range in displacement from a few centimeters to several hundred meters. This study of minor structures provides strong evidence for regional NE‐SW horizontal maximum compressive stress as a dynamic component of monoclinal flexure; the results further suggest that it is inaccurate to interpret the monoclines simply as passive drape folds formed during vertical block up‐lift. The Laramide faults on the plateau side cut two types of large‐scale folds: (1) a broad warp called the Teasdale anticline, and (2) two monoclines that flank the Teasdale anticline, called the Waterpocket and Cocks Comb monoclines. The faults that cut the monoclines dip steeply and have mostly strike‐slip displacements. Strike azimuths of dextral and sinistral faults tend to occupy separate sectors, suggesting that they are conjugate shears activated in a stress field with a subhorizontal maximum compressive stress (σ1) oriented northeast‐southwest. This orientation is confirmed by computations of mean paleostress characteristics by inversion of fault‐slip data. The monoclines differ from one another in trend by 30°, so it is possible to compare these trends with the results of separate paleostress computations for faults from each monocline. Four separate computed σ1 axes (three from the Cocks Comb monocline) are approximately horizontal and cluster within 10° of the N. 65° E. normal to the axial trace of the Waterpocket monocline, suggesting that the Waterpocket at the latitude of our study formed approximately perpendicular to the local Laramide compressive‐stress direction. The maximum compressive stress (σ1) is located clockwise about 30° from the normal to the Cocks Comb monocline. We interpret this discordance as evidence that the Cocks Comb trend was influenced by, and in large part inherited from, the trend of an ancient buried fault rooted in the basement, whereas the exposed faults from which σ1 was computed are structures that formed in, and are probably restricted to, the sedimentary cover rocks. The exposed faults probably formed fresh in the cover rocks during Laramide compression and are generally more reliable indicators of compressional kinematics than fold orientations. Part of the Cocks Comb monocline shows a 13° distortion of its axial trace by cumulative dextral slip on hundreds of small‐displacement transverse faults. We interpret this distortion as a late‐stage, brittle compressional strain (20%) related to the buttressing by mechanically resistant rocks in the most structurally elevated part of the adjacent Teasdale anticline. Fault‐slip data were gathered from the Thousand Lake fault, the easternmost main fault zone of the transition zone. Faults that parallel the main fault show mainly dip slip, but many faults in the zone strike oblique to it and show strike slip or dip slip. Analysis of the predominantly dip‐slip faults indicates a west‐northwest/east‐southeast (285°) least principal stress/strain axis that we interpret as the neotectonic extension direction for the area.

Evolution of the Boothia Uplift, arctic Canada

The Boothia Uplift extends 1000 km northward from the northern Canadian Shield into the Arctic Archipelago. Consisting of a core of Archean(?) to Aphebian gneissic units and a cover of Proterozoic to Devonian strata of the Arctic Platform and Franklinian Miogeocline, it formed during several minor pulses of uplift in the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic and a major episode of tectonism during the Siluro-Devonian. Although it has long been regarded as a "horst" or vertical block uplift, compilation of new and previous data suggests that the uplift can be interpreted as a major, west-directed, imbricate mass of crystalline basement mantled by faulted and drape-folded cover. Details of the vertical component of movement have been provided by sedimentological and stratrigraphic studies. Uplift increases northward from the craton to a maximum of 5 km. Estimates of horizontal movement, predicated on assumed fault dips, could be as much as 30 km.Major tectonism of the Boothia Uplift was approximately coeval with uplift on southeastern Ellesmere Island and on northern Axel Heiberg Island, folding and low-grade metamorphism on northernmost Ellesmere Island, and west-directed thrusting and folding on Greenland. The plate tectonic interactions responsible for these events remain obscure; a general regime of west-directed compressive stresses associated with late stages of the Caledonian Orogeny may have been present.

Sedimentologic evidence for repeated pre-Cenozoic vertical movements along the northeast margin of the Nubian Craton

The northeast margin of the Nubian Craton, comprising the Eastern Desert, the Gulf of Suez and Southwest Sinai, contains sedimentary units ranging in age from early Palaeozoic to Tertiary. Below the extensive Late Cretaceous marine transgressive units, older rocks, especially those of the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic, have limited spatial distribution. The entire sequence is present, however, with major breaks, along the northeastern flank of the Red Sea basement high, in the subsurface Gulf of Suez and in southwest Sinai. The Eastern Desert Platform, on the other hand, is mantled by Cretaceous and younger sediments suggesting that the area was a topographic high until about the end of Jurassic, or that the area suffered post-Palaeozoic uplifting. The Palaeo-Mesozoic sequences in the Gulf of Suez lowlands and adjoining areas attest at least four episodes of marine incursions during (1) Early Palaeozoic (Cambro-Silurian?), (2) Early Carboniferous, (3) Middle Jurassic and (4) Late Cretaceous. Except for the Jurassic transgression, each episode was interrupted by a brief but rapid fluvial progradation. Such brief and rapid progradational interruptions of the major transgressive episodes were probably caused by vertical block movements. The early Palaeozoic and Late Cretaceous progradations show northerly to northwesterly dispersal suggesting northeast to easterly trending vertical movements, whereas the Early Carboniferous progradation was in a general easterly direction indicating approximately N-S trending block movements. Sporadic occurrence of Middle Jurassic sediments in isolated fault blocks below extensive Cretaceous units in the northern Gulf of Suez outcrops, their abrupt thickness change in the subsurface of north central gulf and the occurrence of fault controlled basic dikes and sills within these rocks point to a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extensional episode and resultant block movements in the area. A minor episode of Early Cretaceous local block movement in the Gulf of Suez area is indicated by the occurrence of an unique polymictic conglomerate containing angular pebbles of chert, banded iron formation, jasper and metavolcanic rocks at the base of the lower Cretaceous Malha Formation in the southwest Sinai and northern Gulf of Suez outcrops. Source rocks for this conglomerate occur in the Precambrian basement southwest of Quseir and in western Saudi Arabia. Recurrent pre-Tertiary block movements parallel to the Miocene Suez-Aqaba rifts and associated fault blocks suggest control of the pre-Miocene structural elements in the development of the latest rift system in the area. Careful lineament analyses of the Precambrian basement and fringing sedimentary cover may be helpful in locating and dating some of the pre-Miocene crustal fracture zones in the area.

A numerical study on the determination of the 3-D structure of the lithosphere by linear and non-linear inversion of teleseismic travel times

This paper gives the essential results of numerical simulations on the stability, uniqueness and reliability of the solution for the 3-D seismic inverse problem for the determination of lateral velocity heterogeneities in the lithosphere. The starting point of the investigations is the well known and widely used 3-D inverse method of Aki, Christoffersson & Husebye (ACH method) for the inversion of teleseismic travel times. There are several approximations inherent in the construction of the method which may bias considerably the inverse solution obtained. These approximations are essentially: (1) the simplified block sampling which deteriorates the spatial resolution, and (2) the neglect of the lateral refraction at the vertical block boundaries. For the examination of the inherent approximations in the ACH method an exact 3-D ray tracing program has been developed which allows the calculation of theoretical travel times in an arbitrary laterally inhomogeneous media parameterized by rectangular blocks. The numerical computations show that approximation (1) in the ACH method does not cause a significant degradation of the quality of the model reconstructed. Nevertheless for lateral heterogeneities of about 5–6 per cent contrast a systematic underestimation of the original perturbations of about 25 per cent is encountered. For remedy a non-linear inverse method has been developed which is based on the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The computations with the LM method show that the systematic underestimate in the linear ACH method can be removed substantially. For investigating the statistical errors a non-linear F-test has been used which proves to give more conservative and reliable confidence regions than the formulae generally used for the calculation of the covariance of the inverse solution. On the other hand the confidence regions demonstrate also that non-linear inversion gives only a significant improvement with 95 per cent certainty if the statistical errors in the arrival-time data do not exceed 0.1–0.2 s.

Vertifoam — Continuous Vertical Block Foam Process

Over the last 20 years there have been considerable developments of machinery for polyurethane block foam production, from the very early machines which produced low-height blocks with rounded tops, to the latest flat-top machines producing more economical blocks. For various reasons, which will be discussed later, this development of large-block continuous foam machines has required that the machines be of such high output that they are totally uneconomical for the small- or medium-sized manufacturer. Even for the larger producer this high output restricts production of some low-demand grades. The need for a lower output has, so far, been met by the single-block moulding machine. This is able to make blocks in the smaller production quantities required but sacrifices both quality and efficiency of operation. The Vertifoam process is able to achieve the versatility of the single-block machine and at the same time compete in terms of quality and block size with the best of the existing continuous slabstock machines. (Patents covering the Vertifoam process are held by Hyman International Ltd.)

The ending of the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland

The geological evolution of the metamorphic Caledonides during the 100-million-year period from the phase of crustal thickening initiated by the Grampian orogeny to the emplacement of late granites at c. 400 Ma is reviewed. Shortening and westward transport associated with the Grampian orogeny were diachronous; deformation began in the weak Dalradian basin and extended north-westward into the area of crystalline Moine rocks. An important change in tectonic regime, coinciding roughly with the closing of the Iapetus Ocean, was recorded at c. 425 Ma by the onset of sinistral transcurrent motions on NE–SW lines parallel to the Caledonian belt. Regional uplift of the thickened crustal welt, accompanied by deep erosion, led to the removal of 20–30 km of overburden from the Highlands, mainly in Ordovician and Silurian times. Known Lower Palaeozoic deposits of Scotland cannot account for the volume of sediment so produced and it is suggested that other basins were located in a major transform zone beneath the northern North Sea. The onset of late Caledonian magmatism coincided with the start of the post-collisional regime of strike-slip motion. The distribution of granites and appinites was influenced by transverse (NW–SE) dislocations in the lower crust and the emplacement of individual intrusions was often fault-controlled. The deep transverse lineaments acted as conduits for both sub-crustal and crustal melts over periods of up to 25 million years. It is suggested that mantle rocks metasomatized by fluids generated at an underlying subduction zone were the main source of the sub-crustal melts, and that magmatism was triggered from above by vertical and horizontal block movements. This paper is a contribution to IGCP Project 27.

Subsurface Geology of Tertiary Rocks of Northeastern District of Western Desert, Egypt: ABSTRACT

The lithofacies analysis of the Tertiary rocks reveals two ancient subbasins at the north and southeast of the northeastern district, Western Desert. The southeastern subbasin seems deeper than the northern one as it received relatively thicker Paleocene and early and middle Eocene rocks. The lithofacies of the Paleocene and early and middle Eocene sections are mainly calcareous. The clastic ratio ranges from 0.05 to 1. Shale predominates in the late Eocene rocks. The clastic ratio is more than one everywhere. The Paleocene rocks seem to have accumulated in a lagoonal environment of epineritic depths. Semi-restriction of water circulation at the southeastern subbasin was caused by an elongated ridge, separating the two subbasins. The Paleocene rocks of the northern subbas n indicate accumulation on an unstable shelf, i.e., slow deposition in a rapidly subsiding basin or at least slow deposition in an overall carbonate aerobic environment. Widening of the northern subbasin occurred during the early Eocene. The Paleocene environmental conditions seem to have prevailed during the early and middle Eocene. During the late Eocene, rocks of shallow-water and current-agitated environments accumulated. The lower clastic layers of the Oligocene, having a sand/shale ratio less than one, indicate a clastic shoreline environment-lagoonal subenvironment. The sediments of such an environment are brought down by rivers and reworked by waves and currents. The Oligocene clastics are overlain by a basaltic sheet at the eastern part of the district. The depocenter of the nor hern middle Miocene subbasin lies farther north. The sand/shale ratio increases to the south, being more than one. The middle Miocene lithofacies indicate rock accumulation in a contemporaneously subsiding basin under lagoonal or delta-front conditions at the southern part of the district. Marine stagnant-bottom-water conditions prevailed during the accumulation of the middle Miocene rocks at the northern parts. The Pliocene shoreline shifted farther northward. The Pliocene rocks seem to have accumulated in lagoons, where the inflow exceeded evaporation and alternating periods of exposure and flooding by either fresh or saline water of poor circulation prevailed. The tectonic instability of the district was initiated by volcancity during the late Oligocene. This volcanic activity was acc mpanied by uplifting, folding, and faulting of Oligocene and older rocks. The uplifting of the southern part was accompanied with subsidence of the northern one. The subsidence was associated with vertical block movements of the basement rocks. Basaltic magma climbed along faults. The folds are of the brachyanticlinal type, affected by faulting forming a median horst block. This block remained high for a great period of time. The axes of folding are parallel to the fault trends due to their association with the vertical block movements of the basement. The northern flanks of the folds are relatively steeply dipping. The middle Miocene and Pliocene rocks are not affected by faulting. The source lands of those sediments are deduced as nearby low elevated lands affected by the same tectonic events that affected the depositional basin itself during different epochs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 456------------

Tectonic Control on Deposition of Frontier Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Northeastern Uinta Basin: ABSTRACT

Vertical block tectonics significantly affected the deposition of the Frontier Formation of Late Cretaceous age. This syntectonic relationship was identified by detailed facies mapping which recognized seven major lithofacies on the basis of lithology, sedimentary structures, sandstone geometries, fossils, and trace fossils. Each lithofacies is a process-controlled genetic unit and can be related to a depositional environment within a wave-dominated deltaic system. The ascending sequence of environments and lithofacies is: (1) prodelta shales and siltstones; (2) hummocky-stratified, distal delta-front sandstones; (3) low-angle trough to tabular-stratified, delta-front and mouth-bar sandstones; (4) lenticular, medium to coarse-grained, distributary-channel sandstones; (5) agoonal and delta-plain carbonaceous shales and coals; (6) medium-grained fluvial sandstones; and (7) bioturbated, offshore and shelf sandstones and shales. These lithofacies change laterally across two east-west-trending basement faults. Delta-front and distributary-channel deposits thicken between the faults, indicating a topographic low or graben at the time of deposition. Within the graben, sandstone End_Page 623------------------------------ Figure beds have scoured bases and become finer grained upward, suggesting traction-load deposition. Sand-transport directions are normal to the paleoshoreline. Outside the graben, chenier plain and interdistributary sequences were deposited. Likewise, hummocky stratification is more common and sand transport parallels the paleoshoreline, suggesting wave and longshore transport of sand material. End_of_Article - Last_Page 624------------

An interpretation of paleomagnetic results from Cretaceous granites in South Korea.

The mean virtual pole position for the Cretaceous granites in South Korea is close to the present geographic pole and is consistent with that for Cretaceous, Pliocene and Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the same region. It also accords with pole positions obtained from Chinese, Siberian and European Cretaceous rocks. From the paleomagnetic data for the granites and volcanic rocks of the Cretaceous, it is concluded that the South Korean land mass has not been subjected to sufficient local tectonic movements to generate a change in the direction of primary magnetic vectors of the granites or of the volcanic rocks since the Cretaceous. This means that although some tectonic movement has taken place in South Korea since the Cretaceous, the movement brought about only vertical block displacements with no significant tilting or rotational movements. It also suggests that the virtual geomagnetic pole for the Cretaceous rocks in South Korea provides a valid Cretaceous virtual pole position for the Eurasian land mass.

Major Structural and Stratigraphic Features of Anadarko Basin: ABSTRACT

Abstract The Anadarko basin of western Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle continues to be one of the most active and prolific petroliferous provinces of the continental United States. More than 150 companies and an equal number of independent geologists are actively engaged at the present time in the exploration for additional oil and gas reserves in this Mid-Continent basin. The sedimentary sequence in the Anadarko basin is represented by a wide variety of lithologic units ranging in age from Cambro-Ordovician through Permian. Important reservoir rocks are present and proven in each of these major systems. Regional facies changes from dense limestones to porous dolomltes, from porous sandstones to tight limestones, and regional pinchouts of sandstones in sand-shale sequences all provide the necessary trapping mechansims for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. In addition, three major unconformities truncate downdip reservoir rocks to create long regional trends of oil and gas production. The possibility of discoveries of additional trends of this nature is considered excellent as demonstrated by current industry activity. The southern boundary of the Anadarko basin is formed by the Amarillo-Wichita Mountain Front fault system. This fault system is characterized by substantial vertical block uplift and regional left-lateral strike-slip movement. The combination of these two Pennsylvanian-age tectonic movements creates a complex zone of tensional block faulting, compressional overthrusting, step faulting, and vertical dipping formations.

Vertical Control for Independent Models Blocks

In simultaneous block adjustments vertical control points need to be located in dense cross chains if no auxiliary information is available. One additional perimeter control point each between them strengthens the solution, and a further reduction of the vertical block deformation is achieved by normalizing the x-residuals in the projection centers. The use of auxiliary data leads to substantial saving of vertical control points. The interaction between vertical control point distribution statoscope-, APR-, lake data, and combinations of these is studied with several well-controlled independent model production blocks adjusted with PAT-M-43. The tests indicate that the bridging distance can be increased to the extent that there is virtually no need for control points within the block for small and medium-scale mapping purposes. /ASCE/

Electrophoretic investigation of blood and parotoid venom proteins in Bufo americanus americanus and Bufo woodhousei fowleri

1. 1. Blood and parotoid venom proteins of Bufo americanus americanus and Bufo woodhousei fowleri were studied using vertical block polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Plasma and venom contained no components of identical electrophoretic mobility in either species. 3. 3. Venom of both soecies contained esterases; certain esterase components appeared to be species specific. 4. 4. No lipoprotein component was found in the venom of either species. 5. 5. Venom of both species contained glycoproteins. 6. 6. Use of a non-ionic detergent improved the handling of the venom. 7. 7. Wart and parotoid venom proteins were qualitatively identical. 8. 8. Plasma transferrin and albumin components of both species were polymorphic. Single and double banded transferrin and albumin phenotypes were found in both species. 9. 9. Hemoglobin of both species was found to be single banded and to have identical electrophoretic mobility. 10. 10. No seasonal or sexual variation was apparent in venom or plasma proteins of either species.

Bacteriostatic inhibition ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeby three human transferrins

Three human transferrin variants verified by rivanol precipitation were separated using vertical block polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution convection. A bacteriostatic inhibition measurement in vitro of the three transferrins was made. The data indicate that human transferrin variants exhibit different degrees of inhibition on Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Vertical crustal movements of the Andes in Peru

Although the Peruvian Andes provide no evidence of the widespread, strong deformation which might be expected in a tectonic belt widely held to overlie a zone of oceanic subduction, consideration of the tectonic and magmatic history shows that the occurrence of large scale, vertical block faulting in that region is not incompatible with a plate tectonic model.

“Fundy Cataclastic Zone,” New Brunswick: Evidence for Post-Acadian Penetrative Deformation

Research Article| September 01, 1973 “Fundy Cataclastic Zone,” New Brunswick: Evidence for Post-Acadian Penetrative Deformation A. A. RUITENBERG; A. A. RUITENBERG 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar D. V. VENUGOPAL; D. V. VENUGOPAL 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. S. GILES P. S. GILES 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information A. A. RUITENBERG 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. D. V. VENUGOPAL 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. P. S. GILES 1Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Development Branch, New Brunswick, Canada2Present address: Mineral Development Branch, P. O. Box 1519, Sussex, New Brunswick, Canada. Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1973) 84 (9): 3029–3044. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3029:FCZNBE>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation A. A. RUITENBERG, D. V. VENUGOPAL, P. S. GILES; “Fundy Cataclastic Zone,” New Brunswick: Evidence for Post-Acadian Penetrative Deformation. GSA Bulletin 1973;; 84 (9): 3029–3044. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3029:FCZNBE>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Rocks ranging in age from late Precambrian to early Carboniferous, and (or) Late Devonian, have been deformed by intense cataclasis in a broad upwarped belt which extends for a distance of 140 km along the Bay of Fundy in southern New Brunswick. This upwarped belt is denned by a penetrative cleavage (S1), which is generally roughly parallel to bedding (S0) in sedimentary rocks, although cross-cutting relationships have been observed. Most rock and mineral fragments in these deformed rocks have been crushed, flattened, stretched, and (or) pulled apart in several directions parallel to S1. In a few localities, S1 is roughly parallel to axial surfaces of mesoscopic folds (F1), but there is no evidence for regional F1 folds. S1 surfaces have been folded, throughout almost the entire area, by a second group of folds (F2) and a third group of folds (F3) mainly in the northeastern part of the belt. These structures have, in numerous localities, been truncated by high-angle reverse or normal dip-slip faults and locally by low-angle thrusts.The S1 fabric probably resulted from up-warping or bending (under a lithostatic load) which was produced by vertical movements of basement blocks underlying deformed layers. Mesoscopic F1 folds are believed to have formed along the margins of uplifted blocks. F2 folds appear to have resulted mainly from gravity sliding along slopes produced by continued upwarping. F3 folds were produced by slip roughly parallel to S1.The structure of the “Fundy cataclastic zone” differs greatly from the Acadian (Middle Devonian) deformed belt, which is characterized by upright, close to isoclinal folds produced by northwest-to-southeast shortening. The vertical block movements, to which we attribute the cataclastic deformation, probably occurred during a period of readjustment following the Acadian orogeny. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.