Vertical Beating Research Articles

Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1986

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center, Beaumont, Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer at the equivalent of 18.9 gal finished spray/acre. Pressure was 22.5 psi and nozzles were LF3, 80 degrees. Plants were in the R5 growth stage at time of treatment (15 Sep), when caterpillar populations were increasing. Samples were made of 9 ft of row/plot with a vertical beat sheet on the days recorded in the table. Captured insects were placed in a plastic bag and frozen for later identification and counting. Defoliation was estimated in certain treatments on all sample dates except 1 day posttreatment. Ten leaflets were randomly selected/plot from the top, middle, and bottom of the canopy (30 leaflets/plot). Leaflets were compared to models of leaflets of known defoliation. At maturity 20 ft of the middle 2 rows of each experimental unit was harvested for yield determination. No phytotoxicity was observed.

Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1985

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the above site. The experimental design was a randomized block with 10 treatments and 4 blocks. Each experimental unit was 40 ft by 6 rows (32 inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at the equivalent of 20 gal finished spray/acre. Plants were in the R6 growth stage. Nine ft of row were sampled in each experimental unit with a vertical beat sheet on those dates recorded in the table. Fourteen ft of the middle 2 rows of each experimental unit were harvested at maturity. No significant differences in yield among the treatments were observed. No phytotoxicity was observed for any treatment.

The Vertical Beat Sheet: A New Device for Sampling Soybean Insects

The vertical beat sheet (VBS) is a method for sampling insect populations in soybean fields. VBS prototypes were constructed from galvanized metal flashing (91.4 cm [36 in.] wide) crimped to provide a vertical beating surface (86.2 cm [34 in.] tall) and a trough 10.15 cm (4 in.) wide. For sampling, the trough is positioned at the base of row-planted soybean plants and arthropods are removed along 91.4 cm (36 in.) of row by shaking and beating the foliage against the vertically positioned surface. Dislodged arthropods slide into the trough where they can be counted in the field or poured into a container to be counted elsewhere. The entire sampling process can be accomplished without kneeling down between the rows. Preliminary data and analytical results comparing collection efficiency of the VBS to the ground cloth in late-season, R3–5 row-planted soybean fields indicate that these methods are comparable for sampling certain arthropods.

Properties of Tropical Cloud Ensembles Estimated Using a Cloud Model and an Observed Updraft Population

Abstract A simple cloud model is developed which is designed for both diagnostic studies and mesoscale cumulus parameterization experiments. The cloud model is combined with an observed population of tropical convective updrafts and used to examine the vertical distributions of convective beating and moistening produced by tropical cloud ensembles. Although the cloud model ensembles are dominated by deep cumulonimbi, their vertical beating and moistening profiles differ significantly from those of individual clouds. These profiles and the total rainfall are sensitive to assumptions that affect the vertical mass flux distributions of the clouds. The ensemble heating and moistening profiles are in general agreement with large-scale budget analyses except for a tendency for the former to concentrate more of the heating above 600 mb. Modeled convective properties are found to be highly sensitive to assumptions concerning the convective environment immediately surrounding the updrafts and downdrafts. This has ...

Insulated Hot Oil-Producing Wells In Permafrost

An analysis is presented for the transient heat flow in and around production wells in which insulated casings may be used to reduce production wells in which insulated casings may be used to reduce permafrost thaw in the Alaskan North Slope. Results show that insulated permafrost thaw in the Alaskan North Slope. Results show that insulated casing systems can greatly restrict potential thawing of permafrost. Introduction A potential problem in the production of hot (180 to 200 degrees F) crude oil in unprotected wells on the Alaskan North Slope is the thawing of permafrost adjacent to the wells. Thawing of permafrost could result in soil consolidation, subsidence, and possible damage to the well. BP Alaska, Inc., and Arthur D. Little, Inc., have collaborated in developing a method to analyze the thermal performance of insulated wells in permafrost and in performing analyses of typical insulated well-casing systems. The ultimate objectives of this work were to understand permafrost thermal behavior under oil production conditions and to assist the design, development, and testing of an insulated well-casing system. The heat flow along and through the well casing and into the surrounding soil is quite complex. Standard, closed-form, or integral solutions available for melting in one or two dimensions are not applicable to the heat flow in the surrounding soil because of the complexity of heat exchange between the flowing hot oil and the ground, and the variation of thermophysical properties with temperature and depth. Previous studies for wellbore heat transmissions have neglected vertical beat flow in the soil and have not taken into account the effects of latent heat of fusion. Couch et al. have developed a mathematical model for thawing the soil surrounding unprotected wells that included the effects of latent heat of fusion of the soil. The effects of the latent heat were shown to be significant. Their analysis treated the well casing as part of the thermal resistance between the hot oil and the soil. Heat flow along the casing was not accounted for. In the present analysis, we have considered the details of the construction of the casing itself, as well as the heat flow in the casing, to evaluate the effects of "thermal shorting" across the insulation where casing joints are coupled. In addition, the model allows an examination of the effects of localized failure of one or several insulation joints. Analysis Problem Definition and Mathematical Models Problem Definition and Mathematical Models Fig. 1, a sketch of a typical configuration oil-producing well in a permafrost region, shows the flowstring for hot crude oil, a surrounding insulation system (extending only over a selected depth of the permafrost region) and casing, and a region of cement surrounding the well casing. Hot crude oil enters the flowstring at a depth significantly below the permafrost level and flows upward, transferring heat to the innermost pipe by convection. Heat is conducted along the pipe by convection. Heat is conducted along the flowstring, through the casing and insulation, through the cement, and into the surrounding permafrost and unfrozen soil. Since the well-casing components provide a thermal short circuit in the vertical direction, heat also may be conducted along the casing from warmer to colder regions. JPT P. 357