Vertebral Region Research Articles

Effect of hay nets on subluxations, pain-pressure thresholds, and cervical range of motion in the axial skeleton of adult horses.

Horses have become more intensively managed, including the use of hay nets to increase intake time and reduce hay waste, but their impact on health is not well known. The objectives were to compare changes in subluxations, range of motion, and the pain-pressure threshold in the axial skeleton of horses fed hay with (NET) or without (CON) hay nets. In September 2021, 13 adult horses were blocked by bodyweight (BW) and randomly assigned to the NET or CON treatments for one year. After one year, horses switched treatments and the trial concluded in September 2023. Horses were housed in dry lots with free choice access to round bales with or without hay nets (4.45 cm openings). Chiropractic adjustments occurred in May and August each year to note axial skeleton subluxations. Evaluations occurred in June, July, and August to measure cervical range of motion and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) of the jaw, poll, and withers. SAS was used and significance was set at P≤0.05. There was an average 1.6-point increase in cervical subluxations observed in NET horses (P<0.05) while no changes were observed for the TMJ and thoracic or lumbar vertebral regions (P>0.05). Average cervical range of motion was 5 degrees greater in NET horses compared to CON horses for chin to chest and chin to fetlock measurements (P≤0.05). No differences were observed in MNTs (P>0.05). These data suggest that netted round bales may only have minor impacts on the axial skeleton of horses over 12-weeks.

Three-dimensional semi-supervised lumbar vertebrae region of interest segmentation based on MAE pre-training

Background: The annotation of the regions of interest (ROI) of lumbar vertebrae by radiologists for bone density assessment is a tedious and time-intensive task. However, deep learning (DL) methods for image segmentation has the potential to substitute manual annotations which can significantly improve the efficiency of clinical diagnostics. Objective: The paper proposes a semi-supervised three-dimensional (3D) segmentation method for the ROI of lumbar vertebrae by integrating the tube masking masked autoencoder (MAE) pre-training. Methods: The paper proposes a method that modifies the masking strategy of the original MAE pre-training network. And the pre-training network is only trained by images without segmentation labels, when the training is finished, the weights will be saved for segmentation tasks. In downstream tasks, a semi-supervised approach utilizing pseudo-label generation is employed for training. This method leverages a small amount of labeled data to achieve the segmentation of ROI of the lumbar vertebrae. Results: The experimental results demonstrate that under the condition of limited annotated data, the proposed network improves the dice coefficient by 5–7% and reduces the hausdorff distance by 0.2∼0.6 mm compared to using the UNetr network alone for segmentation. When compared to the conventional MAE, the tube masking MAE presented in this paper assists effectively in segmentation, resulting in a 2% increase in the dice coefficient and a 0.24 mm reduction in the hausdorff distance. Conclusion: Automatic segmentation of the ROI of the lumbar vertebrae helps to shorten the time for doctors to annotate vertebrae during clinical bone density examinations. The paper employs the tube masking MAE pre-trained model to effectively extract contextual information of the 3D lumbar vertebrae, combining it with a semi-supervised network leveraging pseudo-label generation for fine-tuning, which leads to effective 3D segmentation of the lumbar vertebrae.

Chronic diseases and spondylodiscitis.

Our research was focused to find a relation between the occurrence of spondylodiscitis and occurrence of chronic diseases. We were trying to discover some new risk factors and relations between chronic disorders in our research group. This analysis was also focused to detect factors that prolong the hospitalization of patients and worsen their prognosis. A study was carried out involving patients with spondylodiscitis treated between 2013 and 2022. A statistical analysis expressed by several coefficients was calculated in software IBM SPSS 21. The study group comprised 32 (53.3%) females and 28 (46.7%) males. During the period the overall incidence of spondylodiscitis was increasing (except the year 2020 where only 2 patients were treated) with a peak in 2019. The average age of patients was 69.3 (±12.3) years, and the highest incidence was in the age group 60-69 years (n = 19, 31.7%). The most impacted vertebral region was lumbar (n = 29, 48.3%). The most prevalent associated comorbidity was some cardiovascular disorder (n = 39, 65%) followed by diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 23, 38.3%). Genitourinary system was the most common source of primary infection (n = 22, 36.7%). Average length of stay was 34.3 (±14.5) days and surgery prolonged hospitalization period. Mortality rate was 1.7%. The results of our study are confirmed by the data of other European and non-European studies. We confirmed diabetes mellitus and hypertension as the most common non-infectious risk factors of spondylodiscitis and the presence of pathogens in genitourinary system as the most frequent source of primary infection.

CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FISIOTERAPIA AQUÁTICA: REABILITAÇÃO EM PACIENTES COM LESÃO MEDULAR ESPINHAL TRAUMÁTICA

Aquatic Physical Therapy (APT) has been reported as applicable in various specialties within the physiotherapy field, culminating in rehabilitation procedures, especially after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), with beneficial results for individuals with this condition. It tends to be more effective in restoring some or all movement, initially with plegia, presenting a decrease and even absence of strength and balance post-trauma in the vertebral column region, leading to spinal cord injury. The aquatic environment provides the patient with a bombardment of sensory-motor stimuli, further activating neuroplasticity in rehabilitation, as well as reducing pain, providing relaxation of all muscles, and increasing blood supply to the muscles. In addition to being a therapy in a safe environment, an important factor is the reduction of joint impact and improvement in venous return, making it possible to recover movements. Objective: To understand the contributions of aquatic physiotherapy in functional rehabilitation in (SCI). Methodology: Based on bibliographic research, using the electronic databases Bireme, PubMed, and Scielo, with articles published from 2000 onwards. Conclusion: Aquatic physiotherapy and its benefits in health recovery, achieved through the physical properties of water, have been studied since the time of Hippocrates, which, combined with physiotherapy treatment protocols, promote better functional rehabilitation for patients with (SCI).

A novel personalized homogenous finite element model to predict the pull-out strength of cancellous bone screws

BackgroundOrthopedic surgeries often involve the insertion of bone screws for various fixation systems. The risk of postoperative screw loosening is usually assessed through experimental or finite element (FE) evaluations of the screw pull-out strength. FE simulations are based on either personalized complex but accurate heterogeneous modeling or non-personalized simple but relatively less accurate homogeneous modeling. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel personalized computed tomography (CT)-based homogeneous FE simulation approach to predict the pull-out force of cancellous bone screws.MethodsTwenty FE simulations of L1-L5 vertebral screw pull-out tests were conducted, i.e., 10 heterogeneous and 10 homogenous models. Screws were inserted into the lower-middle region of vertebrae. In our novel homogeneous model, the region around approximately twice the diameter of the screw was used as a bone material reference volume. Subsequently, the overall material property of this region was homogeneously attributed to the entire vertebra, and pull-out simulations were conducted.ResultsThe mean error of the predicted pull-out forces by our novel homogenous simulations was ~ 7.9% with respect to our heterogeneous model. When solely the cancellous bone was involved during the pull-out process (i.e., for L1, L2, and L3 vertebral bodies whose cortical bone in the inferior region is thin), the novel homogenous model yielded small mean error of < 6.0%. This error, however, increased to ~ 11% when the screw got involved to the cortical bone (for L4 and L5 vertebrae whose cortical bone in the inferior region is thick).ConclusionThe proposed personalized CT-based homogenous model was highly accurate in estimating the pull-out force especially when only the cancellous bone was involved with the screw.

Nervous Discrepancy of Spinal Cord Schwannoma Causing Posterior Neck Swelling

A 20-year-old man with chronic cervical pain has been diagnosed with cervical spinal schwannomas, a benign tumor in the posterior neck. Objective: To analyze the spinal cord schwannomas causing posterior neck swelling. Methods: In the first step, the vertebral canal portion of the tumor at C4 was removed entirely with a midline approach to the posterior spinal column. The patient underwent a laminectomy procedure in the second surgical session to remove tumors at C2 and C3, resulting in no neurological issues upon discharge from the hospital. Results: Schwannomas was diagnosed histopathologically. In patients with cervical intra-spinal schwannomas that have spread to the extra vertebral paravertebral neck region, the first goal of surgery is to treat the neurological deficits. Conclusions: It was concluded that the posterior midline and laminectomy approach approaches are combined in the same session or at different times in the surgical strategy.

Vertebral deformities in cultured big size Rainbow Trout: Radiological analysis from juvenile to harvest size

Vertebral deformities in cultured big size Rainbow Trout: Radiological analysis from juvenile to harvest size

Diagnostic Utility of Squash Smear Cytology in Chordoma: A Tertiary Care Center Experience.

Chordomas are rare notochordal tumors. They are suitable candidates for squash smear cytology (SSC) owing to their gelatinous consistency and destructive nature. SSC is an important tool for making a quick intra-operative preliminary diagnosis and taking real-time surgical and further management decisions. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SSC for chordoma cases. This retrospective study conducted in a North Indian tertiary care center enrolled chordoma cases histopathologically diagnosed between 01.01.2013 and 31.07.2023, for which SSC was also performed. SSC smears and their corresponding histopathology slides (±immunohistochemistry [IHC] slides) were retrieved. Histo-cytological correlation was performed. In total, 13 such cases were retrieved. The mean age was 34.4 + 5.6 years. The male-female ratio was 1:1.6. The most common location was the spheno-occipital region (10 cases), followed by sacro-coccygeal (two cases) and vertebral regions (1 case). The SSC was positive for chordoma in 10/13 cases. Thus, the calculated accuracy of SSC in chordoma diagnosis was 76.9%. A total of 3/13 (23.1%) cases where SSC was inconclusive for chordoma were difficult to diagnose cases, requiring IHC for ultimate diagnosis. Cytological features such as abundant myxoid matrix and physaliphorous cells help in correct diagnosis of chordoma on SSC. We found the diagnostic accuracy of SSC in chordoma diagnosis to be 76.9%. Features such as abundant myxoid matrix and physaliphorous cells are helpful in correct diagnosis on SSC. Thus, even though chordomas are rare, one should consider them among the differential diagnoses in cases presenting with appropriate clinico-radiological features and characteristic cytological findings.

Clinical application of a modified wiltse approach in middle and lower thoracic vertebrae: a case-control study of thoracic fracture patients

BackgroundThe Wiltse approach has been extensively employed in thoracolumbar surgeries due to its minimal muscle damage. However, in the middle and lower thoracic spine, the conventional Wiltse approach necessitates the severance of the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles, potentially leading to muscular injury. Consequently, we propose a modified Wiltse approach for the middle and lower thoracic vertebrae, which may further mitigate muscular damage.MethodsFrom May 2018 to April 2022, 60 patients with spinal fractures in the middle and lower thoracic vertebrae (T5-12) were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients underwent surgery using the modified Wiltse approach (Group A), while the remaining 30 patients received traditional posterior surgery (Group B). The observation indices included operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, number of C-arm exposures, postoperative drainage, postoperative ambulation time, discharge time, as well as preoperative and postoperative Cobb’s angle, percentage of anterior vertebral body height (PAVBH), visual analog scale (VAS) Score, and Oswestry disability index (ODI).ResultsCompared to the traditional posterior approach, the modified Wiltse approach demonstrated significant advantages in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, length of incision, postoperative ambulation time, postoperative drainage, and discharge time, as well as postoperative VAS and ODI scores. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of number of C-arm exposures, postoperative Cobb’s angle, or postoperative PAVBH.ConclusionWe propose a modification of the Wiltse approach for the middle and lower thoracic vertebral regions, which may further minimize muscular damage and facilitate the recovery of patients who have undergone surgery in the middle and lower thoracic vertebrae.

Repatterning of mammalian backbone regionalization in cetaceans

Cetacean reinvasion of the aquatic realm is an iconic ecological transition that led to drastic modifications of the mammalian body plan, especially in the axial skeleton. Relative to the vertebral column of other mammals that is subdivided into numerous anatomical regions, regional boundaries of the cetacean backbone appear obscured. Whether the traditional mammalian regions are present in cetaceans but hard to detect due to anatomical homogenization or if regions have been entirely repatterned remains unresolved. Here we combine a segmented linear regression approach with spectral clustering to quantitatively investigate the number, position, and homology of vertebral regions across 62 species from all major cetacean clades. We propose the Nested Regions hypothesis under which the cetacean backbone is composed of six homologous modules subdivided into six to nine post-cervical regions, with the degree of regionalization dependent on vertebral count and ecology. Compared to terrestrial mammals, the cetacean backbone is less regionalized in the precaudal segment but more regionalized in the caudal segment, indicating repatterning of the vertebral column associated with the transition from limb-powered to axial-driven locomotion.

Effect of the cone-beam CT acquisition trajectory on image quality in spine surgery: experimental cadaver study

Intraoperative 3D imaging with cone-beam CT (CBCT) improves assessment of implant position and reduces complications in spine surgery. It is also used for image-guided surgical techniques, resulting in improved quality of care. However, in some cases, metal artifacts can reduce image quality and make it difficult to assess pedicle screw position and reduction. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a change in CBCT acquisition trajectory in relation to pedicle screw position during dorsal instrumentation can reduce metal artifacts and consequently improve image quality and clinical assessability. Experimental cadaver study. A human cadaver was instrumented with pedicle screws in the thoracic and lumbar spine region (Th11 to L5). Then, the acquisition trajectory of the CBCT (Cios Spin, Siemens, Germany) to the pedicle screws was systematically changed in 5° steps in angulation (-30° to +30°) and swivel (-25° to +25°). Subsequently, radiological evaluation was performed by 3 blinded, qualified raters on image quality using 9 questions (including anatomical structures, implant position, appearance of artifacts) with a score (1-5 points). For statistical evaluation, the image quality of the different acquisition trajectories was compared to the standard acquisition trajectory and checked for significant differences. The angulated acquisition trajectory significantly increased the score for subjective image quality (p<.001) as well as the clinical assessability of pedicle screw position (p<.001) with particularly strong effects on subjective image quality in the vertebral pedicle region (d=1.61). Swivel of the acquisition trajectory significantly improved all queried domains of subjective image quality (p<.001) as well as clinical assessability of pedicle screw position (p<.001). In this cadaver study, the angulation as well as the swivel of the acquisition trajectory led to a significantly improved image quality in intraoperative 3D imaging (CBCT) with a constant isocenter. The data show that maximizing the angulation/swivel angle towards 30°/25° provides the best tested subjective image quality and enhances clinical assessability. Therefore, a correct adjustment of the acquisition trajectory can help to make intraoperative revision decisions more reliably. The knowledge of enhanced image quality by changing the acquisition trajectory in intraoperative 3D imaging can be used for the assessment of critical screw positions in spine surgery. The implementation of this knowledge requires only a minor change of the current intraoperative imaging workflow without additional technical equipment and could further reduce the need for revision surgery.

57. Introducing the preoperative landing zone concept: Implications of listhesis and spinopelvic inclination of the upper instrumented vertebral region on proximal junctional kyphosis

57. Introducing the preoperative landing zone concept: Implications of listhesis and spinopelvic inclination of the upper instrumented vertebral region on proximal junctional kyphosis

Automated 3D Cobb Angle Measurement Using U-Net in CT Images of Preoperative Scoliosis Patients.

To propose a deep learning framework "SpineCurve-net" for automated measuring the 3D Cobb angles from computed tomography (CT) images of presurgical scoliosis patients.A total of 116 scoliosis patients were analyzed, divided into a training set of 89 patients (average age 32.4 ± 24.5 years) and a validation set of 27 patients (average age 17.3 ± 5.8 years). Vertebral identification and curve fitting were achieved through U-net and NURBS-net and resulted in a Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve of the spine. The 3D Cobb angles were measured in two ways: the predicted 3D Cobb angle (PRED-3D-CA), which is the maximum value in the smoothed angle map derived from the NURBS curve, and the 2D mapping Cobb angle (MAP-2D-CA), which is the maximal angle formed by the tangent vectors along the projected 2D spinal curve.The model segmented spinal masks effectively, capturing easily missed vertebral bodies. Spoke kernel filtering distinguished vertebral regions, centralizing spinal curves. The SpineCurve Network method's Cobb angle (PRED-3D-CA and MAP-2D-CA) measurements correlated strongly with the surgeons' annotated Cobb angle (ground truth, GT) based on 2D radiographs, revealing high Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.983 and 0.934, respectively.This paper proposed an automated technique for calculating the 3D Cobb angle in preoperative scoliosis patients, yielding results that are highly correlated with traditional 2D Cobb angle measurements. Given its capacity to accurately represent the three-dimensional nature of spinal deformities, this method shows potential in aiding physicians to develop more precise surgical strategies in upcoming cases.

Effects of the dietary supplementation of manganese on growth, skeletal development, oxidative stress and bone metabolism related genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

Effects of the dietary supplementation of manganese on growth, skeletal development, oxidative stress and bone metabolism related genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

A new method for regionalization of the vertebral column in salmonids based on radiographic hallmarks.

Current procedures to establish vertebral column regionalization (e.g., histology) in fish are time consuming and difficult to apply. The aim of this study was to develop a more rapid and accurate radiology-based method for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A detailed analysis of 90 animals (4 kg) led to the establishment of region-specific radiographic hallmarks. To elucidate its transferability to other salmonid species, radiography was carried out in brown trout (Salmo trutta), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This method was also evaluated for whole ungutted fish. The vertebral column of Atlantic salmon can be subdivided into five regions (R1-R5) based on anatomy: postcranial (R1, V1, and V2), abdominal (R2, V3-V26), transitional (R3, V27-V36), caudal (R4, V37-V53), and ural (R5, V54-V59). The following specific radiographic hallmarks allow the identification of regions: (i) lack of ribs in R1, (ii) modified parapophysis of the first vertebra of R3, (iii) prominent hemal spine of the first vertebra of R4, and (iv) the separated hemal spine of the most cranial pre-ural vertebra of R5. These hallmarks were all transferable to the other salmonid species assessed. The results include a further description of various region-specific characteristics in Atlantic salmon. The method was found applicable for sedated/whole ungutted fish, verifying it as quick and easy compared to other regionalization methods. The regions defined by radiology in this study agree with the vertebral column regions recently defined for Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Thus, and considering the results of this study on various salmonid species, the currently developed regionalization protocol can be generally used for salmonids.

Targeting pericentric non-consecutive motifs for heterochromatin initiation.

Pericentric heterochromatin is a critical component of chromosomes marked by histone H3 K9 (H3K9) methylation1-3. However, what recruits H3K9-specific histone methyltransferases to pericentric regions in vertebrates remains unclear4, as does why pericentric regions in different species share the same H3K9 methylation mark despite lacking highly conserved DNA sequences2,5. Here we show that zinc-finger proteins ZNF512 and ZNF512B specifically localize at pericentric regions through direct DNA binding. Notably, both ZNF512 and ZNF512B are sufficient to initiate de novo heterochromatin formation at ectopically targeted repetitive regions and pericentric regions, as they directly recruit SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 (SUV39H) to catalyse H3K9 methylation. SUV39H2 makes a greater contribution to H3K9 trimethylation, whereas SUV39H1 seems to contribute more to silencing, probably owing to its preferential association with HP1 proteins. ZNF512 and ZNF512B from different species can specifically target pericentric regions of other vertebrates, because the atypical long linker residues between the zinc-fingers of ZNF512 and ZNF512B offer flexibility in recognition of non-consecutively organized three-nucleotide triplets targeted by each zinc-finger. This study addresses two long-standing questions: how constitutive heterochromatin is initiated and how seemingly variable pericentric sequences are targeted by the same set of conserved machinery in vertebrates.

Associations among MHC genes, latitude, and avian malaria infections in the rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis).

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a genetic region in jawed vertebrates that contains key genes involved in the immune response. Associations between the MHC and avian malaria infections in wild birds have been observed and mainly explored in the Northern Hemisphere, while a general lack of information remains in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we investigated the associations between the MHC genes and infections with Plasmodium and Haemoproteus blood parasites along a latitudinal gradient in South America. We sampled 93 rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) individuals from four countries, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, and estimated MHC-I and MHC-II allele diversity. We detected between 1-4 (MHC-I) and 1-6 (MHC-II) amino acidic alleles per individual, with signs of positive selection. We obtained generalized additive mixed models to explore the associations between MHC-I and MHC-II diversity and latitude. We also explored the relationship between infection status and latitude/biome. We found a non-linear association between the MHC-II amino acidic allele diversity and latitude. Individuals from north Chile presented a lower MHC genetic diversity than those from other locations. We also found an association between deserts and xeric shrublands and a lower prevalence of Haemoproteus parasites. Our results support a lower MHC genetic in arid or semi-arid habitats in the region with the lower prevalence of Haemoproteus parasites.

Osteological features of some clupeid fishes (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) of Iran.

This paper presents the conclusions of a comparative analysis of six osteological features: the Structure of the vertebral column, the morphology of the predorsal bones, the vertebral column regionalization, the pterygiophore interdigitation with neural spines of dorsal fin, the pterygiophores interdigitation of with the haemal spines of the anal fin, and the intermuscular bones (IMB) and hypomerals (HM) of 12 clupeid species of the families Alosidae, Dorosomatidae, Dussumieridae and Ehiravidae. Conceivable taxonomically beneficial osteological features are nominated and utilized to discrete the clupeid species explored. Formulae for the structure of the vertebral column, the dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores' interdigitation with the neural and haemal spines of the vertebrae are established. These morphological descriptive traits disclose a morphotype that may be related to the mode of swimming of the species searched. The morphological study of the vertebral column of the species in question permits the division of this bony structure into six morphologically different regions. This regionalization is more intricate than the classical division in abdominal and caudal parts only.

Tc-99m-MDP Uptake in Extraosseous Metastases from Ovarian Papillary Serous Adenocarcinoma.

The uptake of Tc-99m-uptake of Tc-99m-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) on bone scintigraphy can be seen at sites other than bone in a varying number of benign and malignant conditions. Extraosseous metastatic calcifications can occur in ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma (PSAC). These extraosseous calcifications show Tc-99m-MDP uptake. We report a case of a female in her sixties who had a previous history of PSAC of the ovary. The patient had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She also received adjuvant chemotherapy. Tc-99m-MDP bone scan was performed post chemotherapy because the patient complained of lower backache. The scan showed increased uptake in the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions. However, single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT) localizes the uptake to metastatic calcified peritoneal deposits. Further 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT confirmed widespread peritoneal and omental metastatic disease with increased uptake.

Vertebral Bone Density Variations in Scoliotic vs. Non-Scoliotic Juveniles, and Its Implications for Schmorl’s Node Development: A CT-Based Analysis Using the New Mexico Decedent Image Database

Scoliosis, characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, is predominantly idiopathic, underscoring the need to delve into its underlying causes for effective treatment and preventive strategies. This study investigates a potential correlation between scoliosis and Schmorl’s nodes (intervertebral disc herniations) influenced by Wolff’s law, which posits that bones adapt to external pressures. We analyzed CT scans from 108 juvenile decedents, including 56 with scoliosis and 52 without. After running multiple statistical tests, there was no significance between the mean bone density when compared to having scoliosis. An independent t-test provided a t-value of 0.041, which, when compared to the original significance level of 0.05, is statistically significant, although weak. When compared to the Bonferroni correction level of 0.008, it throws out the significance to give a result of not being statistically significant. It was the same in the cases of L3 (t = 0.103), L2 (t = 0.084), and L1 (t = 0.053). If compared to the regular significance level of 0.05, T12 (t = 0.012) and T11 (t = 0.042) had weak significance, but that was then excluded when the Bonferroni correction was applied. When looking at any significance of densities in different vertebral regions, the results from a one-way ANOVA (p-value = 0.213) suggest that it is likely that the results are due to random variability or chance, and that there is no statistical significance. With a value of 0.273 from a Chi-squared (χ2)/Fisher’s exact test, it suggests that there is no statistically significant correlation or difference between the variables of scoliosis and Schmorl’s nodes. The general pattern seems to follow that as the spine ascends, the density increases, and this is true in both scoliotic and non-scoliotic individuals. As a whole, it is evident that those with scoliosis have a lower vertebral density than those without, in all of the vertebral regions. There is, however, a weak negative linear relationship between bone density and age in both scoliotic and non-scoliotic individuals. A p-value of −0.229 obtained from a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis in non-scoliotic individuals, as well as a p-value of −0.069 in scoliotic individuals, was obtained. Overall, the findings of this study are comparable to some existing studies on similar topics, but there are few results that hold statistical significance and so this would be interesting to research further, potentially using a different dataset or a larger sample size that is more representative.