Version Of Scale Research Articles

Impact of secondary health conditions on the quality of life and wellbeing of Canadians living with spinal cord injury: A comparison of preference-weighted index scores derived from generic standardized instruments

Context/objectives To compare the assessment of the impact of secondary health conditions (SHCs) on the quality of life and wellbeing of Canadians living with spinal cord injury (SCI) using four preference-based outcome measures. Design Secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional, online survey. Setting Community. Participants Community-dwelling adults (n = 364) living with traumatic or non-traumatic spinal cord injury at least one year post-injury (70% at least 10 years post-injury). Outcome measures A modified version of the Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale (SCI-SCS); three health-related instruments (EQ-5D-5L, Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), and the Assessment of Quality of Life 8-dimension questionnaire (AQoL-8D)) and a capability wellbeing instrument (ICEpop CAPability measure for Adults (ICECAP-A)). Results Across unadjusted and controlled analyses (i.e. controlling for associations between index scores and sociodemographic and impairment characteristics), trends were observed that identified lower levels of quality of life/wellbeing with higher problem ratings for each of the SHCs. Despite the trends, there was considerable variation in mean index scores across instruments, with HUI3 scores the lowest of the health-related instruments and ICECAP-A scores the highest overall. Respiratory problems, depression/mood problems, pressure sores, and autonomic dysreflexia were associated with the lowest levels of quality of life and wellbeing. Conclusions Higher problem ratings for SHCs are negatively associated with scores derived from preference-based quality of life and wellbeing instruments. Variation in index scores across instruments – including across the health-related instruments alone – highlights the critical importance of assessing the relative merits of preference-based instruments when using (or considering using) these instruments/estimates in comparative effectiveness research and economic evaluation.

Effects of high-intensity interval robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and walking ability in chronic stroke survivors: A multicenter single-blind randomized controlled trial.

Chronic stroke can impair cardiopulmonary function, mobility, and daily activities. This study assessed the impact of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) on such impairments. To investigate the effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function, walking ability, lower extremity function and strength, activities of daily living (ADLs), and blood test results among individuals with chronic stroke. A multicenter, prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with 22 chronic stroke participants compared RAGT against a control exercise regimen. RAGT involved three days weekly sessions of high-intensity interval training for 8 weeks (24 sessions) with a Morning Walk® device. The control group also performed home exercises. (24 sessions) Measures included VO2max, Functional Ambulatory Category, 2-minute walk test, 10-meter walk test, Motricity Index-Lower, Korean version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, Modified Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, muscle strength, InBody body composition, and blood tests (cholesterol, lipid, glucose). RAGT significantly improved VO2max, gait, balance, and lower limb strength compared with controls, with significant improvements in 2-minute walk test, 10-meter walk test, Motricity Index-Lower, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment outcomes. No changes were seen in muscle mass or blood markers. RAGT enhances cardiopulmonary function and ambulatory capacity in chronic stroke patients, underscoring its potential in stroke rehabilitation.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Rating Scale of Pain Expression during Childbirth Scale (ESVADOPA-TR).

Evaluation of a specific and dynamic pain, such as labor pain, with a situation-specific measurement tool will increase the quality of care given during childbirth. The Rating Scale of Pain Expression during Childbirth (ESVADOPA) is a situation-specific measurement tool for labor pain. The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the ESVADOPA scale. This study utilized a methodological design. Participants were 158 pregnant women at term and in spontaneous labor. Two measurements were performed during the passive and active phases of labor. To avoid bias between the raters, all the evaluations were performed by a single midwife. Validity analyses of the scale were performed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The scale was composed of a one-factor structure that had an eigenvalue of over 1 and explained 71.79% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale is 0.92. An analysis of the factor structure showed that the item factor loads ranged between 0.729 and 0.897. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the results showed that the data had a good fit with the model. The Turkish version of the ESVADOPA was found to have high reliability and validity for determining the expression of pain during childbirth.

Influence of parental attitudes and coping styles on mental health during online teaching in the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the online delivery model became the primary mode of education. With multiple pressures on society and families, mental health issues for parents have become particularly pronounced. Most of the current research has focused on the psychological state of education practitioners and children, with little attention to parents’ mental health issues. Therefore, this study explored the attitudes and coping styles of parents who experienced the process of their children being taught online over a long period and the factors influencing their mental health. This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and January 2022, using an anonymous online questionnaire to survey 1500 parents with children aged 6–13 years. The Chinese versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9), the Parenting Stress Scale (PSS), the General Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and the Brief Coping Style Scale (SCSQ), and a related factors questionnaire were used to survey the subjects. The normal distribution of the data was examined using the Shapiro–Wilk method. A multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify factors significantly associated with parental mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 30.24% of parents agreed with online classes during the pandemic, and 52.28% used positive coping methods during stressful situations. Multivariate regression models identified significant factors associated with parental mental health: parent’s gender, child’s grade level, perceived stress about online classes, whether the child has ADHD, positive or negative coping styles, and subjective attitudes of support for online classes or not. The results of the study suggest that as online classes become more socially acceptable, it is necessary to be concerned about the risk of mental illness for parents and develop policies and interventions, especially for parents who adopt negative coping styles and endorse online classes. The focus should be on the stress of online classes on parents, improving the acceptance of online classes and psychological well-being, regulating the way parents deal with their children, and targeting subgroups of children with ADHD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Online Counseling Encourages Openness to Help Individuals Dealing with Psychological Disorders

Online counseling can be used to help individuals maintain their mental health. There is a need to test the feasibility and effectiveness of online counseling in treating individuals who experience psychological disorders. The research was carried out through one of the pre-experimental design models, i.e one group pretest-posttest. Participants were twelve individuals consisting of students and communities who were experiencing psychological distress in severe and chronic status who were willing to participate in online counseling programs. Online counseling is administrated through a synchronous and asynchronous format. Feasibility is statistically established based on data on the client’s comfort to express himself and his involvement in the counseling process. The technique used is a percentile with a percentile of 75 (P75) as a minimal condition. Data on convenience is measured quantitatively through scale and engagement data is measured quantitatively based on counseling documents. The effectiveness of counseling is statistically established on the basis of whether or not there is a significant decrease in the status of the client's psychological disorder. The statistical technique used is the t test for correlated samples. Psychological disorders are defined as stress, anxiety, and depression which is being experienced by the client and measured through DASS-21 (depression, anxiety, stress scale version 21 items) in Indonesian version. The study produced two main findings as follows.: (1) online counseling can strongly encourage self-exploration and client engagement; and (2) online counseling is significantly effective in lowering the status of the client's psychological disorders, although the rate of decline in this status is varied between clients.

Validation of the Arabic version of the performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS)

BackgroundDoping is a significant issue among athletes worldwide, not only during competitions but even more so in the preparation phase to boost their performance. Understanding athletes' attitudes toward doping is crucial for designing interventions that support anti-doping efforts. ObjectivesThis study aims at validating an Arabic version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), thereby providing a valuable tool for further doping research in Arabic-speaking countries. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study using a predesigned interview questionnaire to collect general characteristics data from 200 adult athletes of both sexes recruited from different sports clubs in Alexandria, Egypt. The PEAS was translated to Arabic and then back to English to ensure accuracy. The reliability of the PEAS was measured by internal consistency and split-half reliability using Cronbach's α coefficient. Construct validity was determined by factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable fit (X2 = 194.196, X2/df = 4.35, SRMR = 0.068, CFI = 0.92). ResultsThe α coefficient for the Arabic version of the PEAS (17 items) was 0.872, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. The split-half reliability was 0.812. ConclusionsThe study results show that the Arabic version of the PEAS (17 items) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes toward doping among Arabic-speaking athletes.

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Quality of Healthcare Shift Workers in Bangladesh

Shift work is an essential feature of industrialized society. Our present study was aimed at investigating the sleep deprivation and sleep quality of the healthcare shift workers in Bangladesh. In investigating so, we took 462 healthcare shift workers from five districts of Bangladesh. Among them 152 were male and 310 were female. The participants ranged from 19 to 65 years of age. We took the participants on the basis of convenience sampling technique from 30 hospitals and medical centers. To collect data we administered Bangla version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Findings of our study revealed that sleep deprivation and shifts were marginally dependent (χ2 = 11.56, p = 0.07). However, sleep quality had been found independent of shifts (χ2 = 4.31, p = 0.12). Shift-wise analyses yielded that sleep deprivation was high (μ = 7.56) and sleep quality was worse (μ = 3.78) in rotating shift workers in comparison to fixed and regular shift workers. Sleep quality was found better outside of metropolitan city (t = -3.258, p<0.01). Findings have been discussed in terms of previous findings and contemporary theories. Recommendations are proposed in the light of our findings in conclusion. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 33(2): 67-75, 2024 (July)

Effects of Empathy on Loneliness Among Rural Left-Behind Children in China: The Chain-Mediated Roles of Social Anxiety and Psychological Resilience.

Loneliness is a prevalent issue among rural left-behind children in China, adversely affecting their physical and mental well-being, as well as social stability. However, the influencing factors and potential mechanisms of loneliness have not yet been fully clarified. This study aims to validate the mediating roles of social anxiety and psychological resilience by examining the association between affective/cognitive empathy and loneliness among Chinese rural left-behind children. This cross-sectional survey employed a convenience sampling approach among Chinese left-behind children. A total of 540 participants aged 6 to 11 years old (Average age = 8.54, SD = 1.682) from 3 primary schools in Hunan Province completed the Children's Loneliness Scale, Social Anxiety Scale for Children, The Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Basic Empathy Scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0, Origin 2020, and Mplus 8.3. Pearson correlation analyses suggested strong significant correlations among affective/cognitive empathy, loneliness, social anxiety, and psychological resilience. Path analyses indicated that the chain mediation effect size of social anxiety and psychological resilience was 0.016 between affective empathy and loneliness, while the chain mediation effect size between cognitive empathy and loneliness was -0.011. Affective empathy positively correlates with loneliness among Chinese left-behind children through social anxiety and resilience, while cognitive empathy negatively correlates with loneliness. These findings suggest that left-behind children should enhance their cognitive empathy and psychological resilience to reduce their social anxiety, thereby mitigating their loneliness.

Turkish validity and reliability of the screening scale for indirect trauma caused by media exposure to social disasters (SITMES)

AbstractThe present study aimed to address the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Screening Scale for Indirect Trauma Caused by Media Exposure to Social Disasters (SITMES). This study was a methodological research. The data was collected between July 17 and September 18, 2023. The sample consisted of individuals aged 18 and older residing in any province across Turkiye. The data of 530 participants were collected through online (Google Forms) and face‐to‐face (for test–retest purposes) methods (405 through Google Forms and 125 face‐to‐face participants in Burdur province). The data were collected using a demographic information form (six questions), the SITMES (24 items), the 6‐item Brief Resilience Scale, and the 22‐item Impact of Event Scale‐Revised. All analyses were performed on the SPSS 25.0 and LISREL programmes. Cronbach's α values were calculated to be .91 for the “psychological, physical, and behavioural responses to social disasters” subscale, 0.89 for the “moral resentment due to social disasters” subscale, 0.86 for the “a sense of threat to life due to social disasters” subscale, and 0.92 for the SITMES total score. The replicated confirmatory factor analysis with the mentioned modifications yielded the following goodness‐of‐fit indices: p < .05, χ2/df = 4.1, RMSEA = 0.07, RMR = 0.08, SRMR = 0.06, NFI = 0.88, NNFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, IFI = 0.91, and ECVI = 2.13. The findings revealed that the scale consisting of 24 items within three subscales can validly and reliably utilized in the Turkish context.

Validation of supervisor support scale and work-life balance checklist in Malay Language among Malaysian working mothers

Working mothers burdened with work and household responsibilities face challenges with work-life balance, which could be empowered through supervisor support in the workplace. Therefore, it is vital to identify the impact of supervisor support on working mothers’ work-life balance. However, available instruments to measure both constructs for the Malay-speaking Malaysian population are dearth. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the supervisor support scale (SS-Malay) and work-life balance checklist (WLB-Malay) and investigated the relationship between these variables among Malaysian working mothers. Using purposive sampling, 200 working mothers (M=38.80, SD=8.43) for the pilot study and 275 working mothers (M=38.33, SD=7.86) for the actual study completed either an online or printed survey consisting of demographic information, the supervisor support scale, and the work-life balance checklist. Exploratory factor analysis conducted on the pilot study data reported a two-factor structure for WLB-Malay and one factor for SS-Malay. Similarly, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the unidimensional factor of SS-Malay, and two factors of WLB-Malay: concerned about work, and self. Reliability was established with alpha, omega, and composite reliability values of more than .70. Discriminant validity was established with correlation values of less than .90, and concurrent validity was established with significant moderation positive association between constructs. Structural equation modelling reported a satisfactory model fit for both scales and identified a positive impact of supervisor support on work-life balance among Malaysian working mothers. Accordingly, both WLB-Malay and SS-Malay are culturally fit for Malaysian working mothers.

Effect of Motor Interference Therapy on Distress Related to Traumatic Memories: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Feasibility Trial.

Traumatic memories (TM) are a core feature of stress-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment is often difficult, and specific pharmacological interventions are lacking. We present a novel non-pharmacological intervention called motor interference therapy (MIT) as a promising alternative for these symptoms. To determine the feasibility of MIT, a brief, audio-delivered, and non-pharmacological intervention that uses cognitive and motor tasks to treat TM. We designed a randomized, double-blind trial. Twenty-eight participants from an outpatient clinic with at least one TM were included to receive either MIT or progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Spanish versions of the PTSD symptom severity scale (EGS), visual analog scale for TM (TM-VAS), and quality of life (EQ-VAS) were applied prior to intervention, 1 week, and 1 month following intervention. Mean scores on all measures improved from baseline to posttest for both groups. MIT participants showed significantly more positive scores at 1 week and 1 month (TM-VAS baseline: 9.8±0.4; immediate: 6.0±2.0; 1 week: 3.8±3.1 [d=1.57]; 1 month 2.9±2.8 [d=1.93]) than PMR participants on measures of distress due to TM, trauma re-experiencing, anxiety, and a composite measure of PTSD. MIT is a simple, effective, and easy-to-use tool for treating TM and other stress-related symptoms. It requires relatively few resources and could be adapted to many contexts. The results provide proof-of-principle support for conducting future research with larger cohorts and controls to improve clinical effectiveness and research on brief interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03627078.

Factor Analysis for the Newly Adapted Arabic Version of Micheli Function Scale

Factor Analysis for the Newly Adapted Arabic Version of Micheli Function Scale

The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators.

Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.

Parental Stress and Psychological Distress and Their Association With Spousal Support Among Parents of School-Age Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South India: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges to families in the form of social isolation, economic difficulties and inaccessibility of educational and supportive services. To assess the levels of parental stress and psychological distress among parents of school-age children during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyse its correlation with spousal support. A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among the parents of school-age children in south India. One hundred thirty-two completed responses were obtained. Study tools included Parental Stress Scale, Spouse Support Scale and Kessler's psychological distress scale-6 item version. The mean parental stress score was 42.39 ± 9.679. Sixty percent of the participants reported moderate to high levels of psychological distress. Parental stress and psychological distress scores were noted to have a significant negative correlation with spousal support scores (r=-.486, p=.000 and r=-.401, p=.000 respectively). Our study findings show that the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on the psychological well-being of parents of school-age children. Supportive interventions to address parenting difficulties need to be undertaken to prevent long-term adverse mental health outcomes. Lessons learnt from the pandemic are important for clinicians and policymakers to take measures to alleviate parental stress as well as to promote the psychological well-being of parents and children.

The Impact of Family Functioning on Self-Esteem and Resilience Among Young Adults in the Southern Region of Bangladesh

Family functioning, such as family adaptability and family cohesion, is a crucial component of every individual’s life, can influence his/her self-esteem and resilience, acting as protective factors in the environment. The present study examined the impact of family functioning on self-esteem and resilience among university students in the southern region of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 400 students from four different universities situated at Gopalganj, Khulna, Barisal, and Jessore. Bangla version of Resilience Scale for Adults, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale II, and Personal Information Form were used for data collection. Independent sample ‘t’ test revealed significant gender differences in family functioning; Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed significant positive relationship among family functioning, self-esteem and resilience; regression analysis showed both self-esteem and resilience can be predicted by family functioning. The results can inform efforts to strengthen family relationships and enhance communication within families. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 33(2): 87-95, 2024 (July)

Translation and Validation of the Korean Version of the Global Interprofessional Therapeutic Communication Scale: A Study of the Psychometric Properties among Korean Nurses

Purpose: This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Global Interprofessional Therapeutic Communication Scale (K-GITCS), with the ultimate goal of improving therapeutic communication and patient engagement among Korean nurses.Methods: The study rigorously adhered to the original authors’ translation guidelines. A sample of 300 registered nurses from a tertiary hospital in South Korea participated in this research. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the tool’s validity, and Cronbach’s ⍺ coefficients were calculated to evaluate the internal consistency of the K-GITCS.Results: The instrument’s reliability was substantiated by an adequate comparative fit index (0.984) and a high Cronbach’s ⍺ coefficient (0.94). The empirical results supported the three-factor structure of the K-GITCS, which comprised trust and rapport building, power sharing, and empathy.Conclusion: The study confirms that the K-GITCS is a valid, reliable, and culturally sensitive instrument for assessing therapeutic communication skills among nurses in Korea. It also highlights the importance of culturally tailored therapeutic communication training, particularly for promoting empathy in patient care. The study emphasizes the potential of the K-GITCS to significantly enhance nurses’ therapeutic communication practices, thereby improving the quality and safety of patient care. It is recommended to apply this tool among nursing students, academic institutions, and interprofessional healthcare providers to facilitate structured educational interventions that will improve therapeutic communication.

The Polish adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form.

This study aimed to adapt the shortened version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) into Polish and to evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of this new measure. The study included 596 adults (aged 18-50) from the general population (459 women). Of these 596, 47 individuals completed the SCS-SF one month later to assess its stability. The adaptation procedure followed the same procedure of the translation of the original version of the scale. Reliability was evaluated in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Validity was evaluated using correlations between SCS-SF scores and intensity of mindfulness (understood as a trait), life satisfaction, self-esteem, acceptance of experiences, and levels of anxiety and depression. Stability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients between two measurements. The factor structure was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the Polish version of the SCS-SF has good psychometric properties, and scores reflect a single factor - global self-compassion assessment. The SCS-SF measures a global level of self-compassion and should be useful particularly when respondents' time is limited. To obtain measures of sub-scales of self-compassion, we recommend using a full version of the SCS.

The Role of Perceived Stigma and Social Support in Predicting the Quality of Life in Adult Patients living with HIV/AIDS attending ART centre in a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background: HIV/AIDS remains an international public health concern causing enormous morbidity and mortality. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the outlook for patients living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), many still face psychosocial challenges that negatively impact their quality of life (QOL). HIV related perceived stigma and social support have a bearing on their QOL. Aims and Objectives: To assess the QOL of PLWHA attending an ART centre in Jammu, India and to assess the role of perceived stigma and social support in predicting QOL in this population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the ART centre of Government Medical College, Jammu for 8 months. A sample of 300 PLWHA was selected using a convenience sampling strategy. Data was collected using questionnaires assessing socio-demographic profile, QOL (POZQOL), perceived stigma (12-item short version of the HIV stigma scale), and perceived social support (MSPSS). Results: Mean scores for various domains of QOL i.e. Psychological, Social, Health concerns and Functional were 10.79±3.76, 10.18±3.70, 8.81±3.16 and 10.76±3.35 respectively. Perceived Stigma and social support were found to be significantly correlated with all QOL domains. Conclusion: QOL of PLWHA was enormously influenced by various socio-demographic factors, stigma, and perceived social support. Targeted interventions to reduce stigma, strengthen social support systems can improve QOL for PLWHA.

Mediating Effect of State Anxiety and Interpersonal Relationship on the Relationship between Self-forgiveness and Happiness in Nursing Students

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of state anxiety and interpersonal relationship on the relationship between self-forgiveness and happiness of nursing students.Methods: This study used The Korean version of the State Self-forgiveness Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, Relationship Change Scale, and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Baron and Kenny’s method was used to analyze mediating effect between self-forgiveness and happiness.Results: Self-forgiveness, happiness, state anxiety, and interpersonal relationship had correlation with each other. There were the mediating effects of state anxiety and interpersonal relationship on the relationship between self-forgiveness and happiness of respondents.Conclusions: The result showed the mediating effects of state anxiety and interpersonal relationship on the relationship between self-forgiveness and happiness of nursing students. To increase happiness, it is necessary to apply curriculum to reduce state anxiety and improve interpersonal relationship.

Comorbidity of white matter lesions in parkinson's disease: a study on risk factors and phenotypic differences.

Comorbidity of white matter lesions (WMLs) in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is becoming increasingly common. To analyze the risk factors and phenotypic differences for the occurrence and severity of WMLs in patients with PD. A total of 123 PD patients underwent clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations. PD patients with WMLs were found to have a higher association with age, Modified Hoehn & Yahr stage (H-Y stage), and hypertension. There was a certain correlation between the severity of WMLs and PD phenotypes. 89% of PD patients had periventricular hyperintensities (PVH). Additionally, the score of the modified version of the Scheltens visual rating scale of PVH in the postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) phenotype of PD was significantly higher than that in the tremor-dominant (TD) phenotype. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in the PIGD group were significantly lower than those in the TD group. Furthermore, compared with the TD group, the serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in the PIGD group. Age, H-Y stage, and hypertension are independent risk factors for WMLs in PD, and the severity of WMLs is related to the phenotype of PD patients. Our study found that PVH is the most common occurrence of WMLs in Parkinson's disease, and the burden of PVH is significantly higher in the PIGD phenotype compared to the TD phenotype of PD. Additionally, the PIGD phenotype is associated with more severe cognitive decline and elevated homocysteine levels.