Internal Version Research Articles

Strong downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorems for stationary logics, II: reflection down to the continuum

Continuing (Fuchino et al. in Arch Math Log, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00153-020-00730-x), we study the Strong Downward Lowenheim–Skolem Theorems (SDLSs) of the stationary logic and their variations. In Fuchino et al. (2020) it has been shown that the SDLS for the ordinary stationary logic with weak second-order parameters $$\textsf {SDLS}({\mathcal {L}}^{\aleph _0}_{stat},{<}\,\aleph _2)$$ down to $${<}\,\aleph _2$$ is equivalent to the conjunction of CH and Cox’s Diagonal Reflection Principle for internally clubness. We show that the SDLS for the stationary logic without weak second-order parameters $$\textsf {SDLS}^-({\mathcal {L}}^{\aleph _0}_{stat},{<}\,2^{\aleph _0})$$ down to $${<}\,2^{\aleph _0}$$ implies that the size of the continuum is $$\aleph _2$$ . In contrast, an internal interpretation of the stationary logic can satisfy the SDLS down to $${<}\,2^{\aleph _0}$$ under the continuum being of size $$>\aleph _2$$ . This SDLS is shown to be equivalent to an internal version of the Diagonal Reflection Principle down to an internally stationary set of size $${<}\,2^{\aleph _0}$$ . We also consider a version of the stationary logic and show that the SDLS for this logic in internal interpretation $$\textsf {SDLS}^{int}_+({\mathcal {L}}^{PKL}_{stat},{<}\,2^{\aleph _0})$$ for reflection down to $${<}\,2^{\aleph _0}$$ is consistent under the assumption of the consistency of ZFC $$+$$ “the existence of a supercompact cardinal” and this SDLS implies that the continuum is (at least) weakly Mahlo. These three “axioms” in terms of SDLS are consequences of three instances of a strengthening of generic supercompactness which we call Laver-generic supercompactness. Existence of a Laver-generic supercompact cardinal in each of these three instances also fixes the cardinality of the continuum to be $$\aleph _1$$ or $$\aleph _2$$ or very large respectively. We also show that the existence of one of these generic large cardinals implies the “ $$++$$ ” version of the corresponding forcing axiom.

The absorption law

In this paper, we show how to construct for a given consistent theory U a varSigma ^0_1-predicate that both satisfies the Löb Conditions and the Kreisel Condition—even if U is unsound. We do this in such a way that U itself can verify satisfaction of an internal version of the Kreisel Condition.

Discrete and Conservative Factorizations in Fib(B)

We focus on the transfer of some known orthogonal factorization systems from mathsf {Cat} to the 2-category {mathsf {Fib}}(B) of fibrations over a fixed base category B: the internal version of the comprehensive factorization, and the factorization systems given by (sequence of coidentifiers, discrete morphism) and (sequence of coinverters, conservative morphism) respectively. For the class of fibrewise opfibrations in {mathsf {Fib}}(B), the construction of the latter two simplify to a single coidentifier (respectively coinverter) followed by an internal discrete opfibration (resp. fibrewise opfibration in groupoids). We show how these results follow from their analogues in mathsf {Cat}, providing suitable conditions on a 2-category {mathcal {C}}, that allow the transfer of the construction of coinverters and coidentifiers from {mathcal {C}} to {mathsf {Fib}}_{{mathcal {C}}}(B).

Clinical Tips of Cesarean Section in Case of Breech, Transverse Presentation, and Incarcerated Uterus.

Cesarean section in breech or transverse presentation involves more complicated procedures than cesarean section in cephalic presentation because the former requires additional manipulations for guiding the presenting part of the fetus, liberation of the arms, and the after-coming head delivery; therefore, those cesarean sections are likely to be more invasive. Making a rather wide uterine incision to prevent uterine injury during delivery of the fetus facilitates smooth delivery of the fetus. Furthermore, in cases of breech or transverse presentation, it is important to initially identify the presenting part of the fetus and guide it to the incision opening in the lower uterine segment, because delivering the presenting part of the fetus first is a basic rule of delivery of the fetus. Smooth delivery of the fetus by means of breech extraction can prevent excessive stress or injury to the fetus. Therefore, it is important to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to perform these techniques, including the internal version. Smooth delivery of the fetus is also less invasive for the mother because an extension of the uterine excision or injury to arteries and veins in the uterus and parametrium can be avoided. Incarcerated uterus occurring in cases of pregnancy with intrapelvic adhesion, endometriosis, cervical myoma, or extended cervix may result in excessive uterine and cervical injury when a transverse incision of the lower uterine segment is performed without caution. These conditions may result in difficulty in fetal delivery. Therefore, it is important to identify risks in advance and to choose the incision line with great care. Countermeasures for difficult delivery of the fetus need to be mastered by all practitioners of obstetrics. If the transverse incision fails to reach the uterine cavity, an inverted T-shaped or J-shaped incision should be made. Risks of complications such as injury to the cervical canal, the vagina, the bladder or ureter, and massive hemorrhage must be kept in mind.

Moral motivation and the affective appeal

Proponents of “the affective appeal” (e.g. Dancy in Ethics 124(4):787–812, 2014; Zagzebski in Philos Phenomenol Res 66(1):104–124, 2003) argue that we can make progress in the longstanding debate about the nature of moral motivation by appealing to the affective dimension of affective episodes such as emotions, which allegedly play either a causal or constitutive role in moral judgements. Specifically, they claim that appealing to affect vindicates a version of Motivational Internalism—roughly, the view that there is a necessary connection between moral judgment and motivation—that is both more empirically respectable and less theoretically controversial than non-affective versions. We here argue that the affective appeal fails: versions of Internalism which appeal to affect are neither more empirically supported, nor clearly less controversial, than versions of Internalism which make no such appeal. Although affect doubtless has an important role to play in explaining moral motivation, we are sceptical that establishing any such role advances the debate.

Awareness Logic: an Epistemological Defence Correlations between Awareness Logic and Epistemology

Abstractwith this paper, we intend to clarify some of the central notions that are commonly used in contemporary developments of Epistemic Logic, which lack a proper theoretical foundation. We want to follow the steps of some prominent epistemologists and epistemic logicians, who advocate for a correlation between their respective fields of study. We will proceed with a first small step that will consist in adapting one contemporary version of Epistemic Internalism to the framework of Awareness Logic, such that the key concepts in this logic can be sustained by an epistemological view, which, in turn, can work as a theoretical foundation for Awareness Logic.

The Home Visit Rating Scales: Revised, restructured, and revalidated

The Home Visit Rating Scales (HOVRS) were initially developed from field-based descriptions of successful home visits and are supported by home-visiting research in multiple disciplines. Four home-visiting practices scales include indicators of relationship building with families, responsiveness to family strengths, facilitation of parent-child interaction, and collaboration with parents. Three family engagement scales include indicators of parent-child interaction, parent engagement, and child engagement in the visit. The original version, the HOVRS-1, was validated using video and data from two Early Head Start home-visiting programs. Conceptual and structural changes for the HOVRS-3 were designed to improve readability, usability, and clarity. Newly trained observers used the HOVRS-3 to observe archived videos from the original measurement sample. The HOVRS-3 showed good interrater reliability, scale internal consistency, convergent validity, predictive validity, practical significance, and version stability. When the HOVRS-3 home-visit quality scores were higher, it was twice as likely for parenting scores to be average or better and for child language to be at age level or better at age 3 years, over and above parenting and child language at age 1 year. The HOVRS can guide observations of home-visit quality in infant-toddler and early childhood programs to improve home-visiting practices and family engagement.

Curb your enthusiasm: Middle-power liberal internationalism and the future of the United Nations

The future looks post-Western. But will it also be post-liberal? To gauge how and by whom liberal internationalism may be sustained in the coming order, the article provides a critical and historically grounded analysis of the role of the United Nations in the fading US-led order and the ordering potential and role of middle powers. The article suggests that in the current interregnum of global governance the conventional distinction between traditional and emerging middle powers is increasingly unhelpful. What matters is not their past history, but their present proclivity for seeking multilateral, negotiated solutions. It is this pragmatic version of liberal internationalism that may have a future in a post-Western world, and open up a more pluralist, inclusive approach to global governance.

Reasons, rationality, and motivation

According to one of the most influential and popular theories in the contemporary theory of action, an agent S is motivated to perform a certain act A if and only if she endorses some set of reasons R on the basis of which it follows that she should perform A, and given that she does not suffer from some sort of practical irrationality (e.g. depression, weakness of will, psychopathy, mental or physical exhaustion etc.). At least at first glance, this theory - which is known as the rationalist motivational internalism - appears to be uncontroversial and unproblematic. Yet, over the past ten years, this popular position has faced numerous very serious objections. In the course of this work, I intend to present some of these objections, in order to justify the claim that the concept of practical irrationality - i.e. the concept that plays the central role in this particular version of internalism - should be left out from the philosophical explanation of motivation. I will then attempt to defend the conclusion that the rationalist motivational internalism represents a completely inadequate theory of motivation.

387: Neonatal morbidity of cephalic second twins according to the obstetrical strategy adopted at delivery

To assess neonatal mortality and morbidity of cephalic second twins according to the obstetrical strategy adopted after vaginal birth of the first twin, either internal version followed by total breech extraction, as recommended by the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, or pushing efforts. In this planned secondary analysis of the JUMODA cohort, a national prospective population-based study of twin deliveries conducted from 02/2014 to 03/2015 in 176 hospitals performing more than 1,500 annual deliveries in France, we included cephalic second twins after vaginal birth of the first twin at 32 weeks and more. Intrauterine fetal deaths, fetal malformations, twin-to-twin transfusion syndromes, monoamniotic pregnancies, and unknown presentations and managements of second twins were excluded. The primary outcome was a composite of neonatal mortality and morbidity. To control for potential confounders, we used multivariate Poisson regression models. Of 2261 cephalic second twins included in the study, 494 (21.8%) were born in breech presentation after internal version and total breech extraction and 1767 (78.2%) in cephalic presentation after pushing efforts. The mean inter-twin delivery interval was shorter in the internal version group compared to the pushing efforts group (6.6 ± 5.9 versus 10.0 ± 13.0, p<0.01). Neither rates of cesarean for the second twin (10/494 (2.0%) versus 61/1767 (3.2%), p=0.1) nor rates of composite neonatal mortality and morbidity (17/494 (3.4%) versus 36/1767 (2.2%); aRR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.4) differed significantly between the two groups. Compared with pushing efforts after vaginal birth of the first twin, internal version followed by total breech extraction of cephalic second twins is associated with shorter inter-twin delivery intervals but not with improved neonatal outcomes.

Legislative Policy and Effectiveness: A (Small) Contribution from Legal Theory

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to use legal theory to clarify the nature and the components of effectiveness in legislation, in particular when it comes to choosing legislative policy, ie the legislative model used to tackle a certain issue via legislation. Part II is devoted to revealing the true meaning of the idea of effectiveness, ie as a functional link helping legislative drafters to move among three elements (ideals, situation, results) rather than as an absolute value that drafters should pursue in their work. Part III continues by investigating the problems that such confusion has produced within legislative discourse and practice, in particular by focusing upon two types of effectiveness as external and internal to the legislative process. Finally, Part IV proposes how this idea of effectiveness as a functional element of legislative work (and the consequent distinction between an external and an internal version) can (and should) affect the work of legislative drafters. This idea becomes particularly relevant in relation to the optimal location of the non-legal experts in the legislative process as a means of increasing the effectiveness of legislative policy.

Rate of Corticosteroid-Induced Mood Changes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Study.

BackgroundCorticosteroid is an effective therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease flares, but its adverse effects may compromise treatment adherence and reduce patients’ quality of life. There is lack of data on the incidence of corticosteroid-induced mood changes in this patient population, which may be underappreciated by healthcare providers in clinical practice and interfere with optimal care. This study aimed to determine the rate of mood changes in this patient population.MethodsIn this prospective observational study, adult outpatients treated with prednisone for inflammatory bowel disease flares were considered for inclusion. Participants completed validated questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory-II and Activation Subscale of Internal State Scale version two) before starting prednisone, after two weeks of prednisone, and at the end of prednisone taper to assess for mood changes. Harvey-Bradshaw Index and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index were used to monitor clinical disease activity.ResultsFifty-three subjects were included in the analyses. The rate of mood change after two weeks of prednisone was 49.1%, primarily driven by increase in mood towards (hypo)mania. Younger age was an independent risk factor. Mood state returned to pretreatment level at the end of treatment. There was no correlation between clinical disease activity change and mood change.ConclusionsOral prednisone for inflammatory bowel disease flare is associated with high rate of mood change. As prednisone is a critical part of induction therapy, ways to minimize this adverse event must be studied. For now, healthcare providers should inform patients and monitor closely for this adverse event.

On Fibrations Between Internal Groupoids and Their Normalizations

We characterize fibrations and $$*$$ -fibrations in the 2-category of internal groupoids in terms of the comparison functor from certain pullbacks to the corresponding strong homotopy pullbacks. As an application, we deduce the internal version of the Brown exact sequence for $$*$$ -fibrations from the internal version of the Gabriel–Zisman exact sequence. We also analyse fibrations and $$*$$ -fibrations in the category of arrows and study when the normalization functor preserves and reflects them. This analysis allows us to give a characterization of protomodular categories using strong homotopy kernels and a generalization of the Snake Lemma.

Results of the Implementation of the Internal Version and Great Pelvic Extraction for Delivery of the Second Twin in Transverse Position

Results of the Implementation of the Internal Version and Great Pelvic Extraction for Delivery of the Second Twin in Transverse Position

Humean Externalism and the Argument from Depression

Several prominent philosophers have argued that the fact that depressed agents sometimes make moral judgments without being appropriately motivated supports Humean externalism – the view that moral motivation must be explained in terms of desires that are distinct from or “external” to an agent’s motivationally inert moral judgments. This essay argues that such motivational failures do not, in fact, provide evidence for this view. I argue that, if the externalist argument from depression is to undermine a philo-sophically important version of internalism, it must make use of a general assumption about motivational states. However, at a reasonable level of abstraction, the needed assumption also implies that even desires could not be effective sources of motivation. For, just as depressed agents might sometimes lack motivation to act consistently with their moral judgments, they also sometimes lack motivation to pursue their desires. Moreover, the most plausible responses that Humeans can give to this general argument undermine the externalist case against internalism. Thus, there is a deep tension between the argument from depression for externalism and a fundamental Humean commitment.

Weakness of will and motivational internalism

The unconditional version of motivational internalism says that if an agent sincerely judges that to φ in circumstances C is the best option available to her, then, as a matter of conceptual necessity, she will be motivated to φ in C. This position faces a powerful counterargument according to which it is possible for various cases of practical irrationality to completely defeat an agent’s moral motivation while, at the same time, leaving her appreciation of her moral reasons intact. In this paper, I will argue that weakness of will, as the paradigmatic case of practical irrationality, and all other cases of practical irrationality that feature in standard formulations of this argument do not represent genuine counterexamples to this version of motivational internalism. In this sense, the main aim of this paper is to show that proponents of this internalist position are well justified in their denial of the claim that there are people who are completely unmotivated by their judgments about what is the best option available to them.

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status.

Many neurodegenerative diseases arestill lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Oftenpotential new biomarkers do not make itinto the clinicdue to limitationsin their development andhigh costs.However,targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkersfor clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small moleculesin clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4). In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation. The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibratethe MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

ACCESSIBILISM DEFINED

ABSTRACTAccessibilism is a version of epistemic internalism on which justification is determined by what is accessible to the subject. I argue that misunderstandings of accessibilism have hinged on a failure to appreciate an ambiguity in the phrase ‘what is accessible to the subject’. I first show that this phrase may either refer to the very things accessible to the subject, or instead to the facts about which things are accessible to her. I then discuss Ralph Wedgwood's (2002: 350–2) argument that accessibilism absurdly implies that an infinite regress of facts, each more complex than the last, must be accessible to the subject. I show that this regress objection only threatens the ‘very things’ disambiguation of accessibilism, not the ‘facts about’ disambiguation. After this, I discuss the relationships between the motivations for accessibilism and these two disambiguations. We will see that these motivations appear to support each disambiguation. But I will argue this appearance depends on a mistake. Just as only the ‘facts about’ disambiguation escapes the regress objection, it is also the only disambiguation which enjoys genuine support from the motivations for accessibilism. For these reasons, I recommend that future discussions of accessibilism focus on the ‘facts about’ disambiguation.

Extension theory and the calculus of butterflies

This paper provides a unified treatment of two distinct viewpoints concerning the classification of group extensions: the first uses weak monoidal functors, the second classifies extensions by means of suitable H2-actions. We develop our theory formally, by making explicit a connection between (non-abelian) G-torsors and fibrations. Then we apply our general framework to the classification of extensions in a semi-abelian context, by means of butterflies [1] between internal crossed modules. As a main result, we get an internal version of Dedecker's theorem on the classification of extensions of a group by a crossed module. In the semi-abelian context, Bourn's intrinsic Schreier–Mac Lane extension theorem [13] turns out to be an instance of our Theorem 6.3. Actually, even just in the case of groups, our approach reveals a result slightly more general than classical Schreier–Mac Lane theorem.

Spectrometer–telescope calibration by cosmic muons

The results of cosmic-muon calibration of the multichannel lead–scintillation “sandwich”-type spectrometer–telescope intended for operation in high-intensity photon and electron beams, capable of determining the beam energy and forming intrinsic trigger, are presented. It was found that the relative energy resolution at an average energy release by cosmic muons in the spectrometer of ∼26 MeV is from 7.5% to 23% depending on the internal and external trigger version.