Beck Depression Inventory Version Research Articles

Adherence to the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Its Association with Depression Score in A Sample of Iranian Adolescent Girls

Background: Depression in adolescents is one of the major public health concerns that can affect educational attainment and social relationships and impose a high economic burden on society. Previous studies have provided limited information on the relationship between a healthy diet and depression in adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate the association of Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) with depression scores among adolescent girls.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 734 adolescent girls aged 12-18 years. Data on dietary intakes were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and diet quality was assessed based on HEI-2015. The Iranian validated version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to evaluate depression. To explore the association between HEI-2015 and depression, logistic regression was used in crude and adjusted models.
 Results: The prevalence of a high depression score in the study population was 33.8%. After controlling for potential confounders, girls with the highest adherence to HEI-2015 compared to those with the lowest adherence had a 37% lower prevalence of depression (OR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.00, Ptrend=0.03). This finding remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables (age, energy intakes, physical activity, and BMI percentile).
 Conclusions: Greater adherence to HEI-2015 was associated with lower odds of depression in female adolescents. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these results and clarify whether a causal relationship exists.

The association of problematic usage of the internet with burnout, depression, insomnia, and quality of life among Hungarian high school students.

The extensive availability of the internet has led to the recognition of problematic usage of the internet (PUI) or so called internet addiction (IA), probably mostly involving adolescents. Here we present a study focusing on the incidence and consequences (including burnout, which is relatively rarely studied) of internet addiction among high school students using a questionnaire-based non-random sampling cross-sectional survey. Included questionnaires were the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey for Students MBI-GS (S), the 9-item short version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-SF), the Athens Insomnia Questionnaire and the EQ-5D (quality of life) questionnaire. Data were evaluated the exertion of Student's t-test, chi square test and Pearson's rank-order correlation. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the significance of the different parameters as independently associated with PUI. Overall 3,000 paper-based questionnaires were successfully delivered and 2,540 responses received (response rate of 84.6%). 1,309 males (mean age 17.6 ± 1.43 years) (51.5%) and 1,231 females (mean age 17.5 ± 1.4 years) (48.5%) took part in our study. Problematic usage of the internet was detected in 486 (19.1%) students (232 males, mean age 17.6 ± 1.35 years and 254 females, mean age 17.34 ± 1.37 years). In a logistic regression analysis sleep disturbance (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.83-2.03), depression (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.77-2.02) and burnout (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.16-1.94) were significantly associated with PUI. Nearly one fifth of our study population suffered from PUI, which was strongly associated with school burnout, insomnia and depression, which underlines the importance of this phenomenon.

Parental burnout, depression and emotional development of the preschoolers.

Parental burnout is becoming more and more prevalent in the world, mainly incultures with high demands towards parents. Parental burnout is distinctive from depression and might have its unique influence on child development, which isunder current international research. This work contributes to the understanding of parental burnout, maternal depression and child emotional development(specifically emotion comprehension) interrelations. Additionally, we explored whether there are differences in the effects of parental burnout and depressionon boys and girls. To analyse the emotional development of the preschoolers, the Russian version of the Test of Emotional Comprehension (TEC) was used. We used the Russian version of the Parental Burnout Inventory (PBI) to analyse the level of PB and the Russian version of Beck depression Inventory (BDI) to assess participants' depression level. Parental burnout positively correlates with child emotional comprehension skills, specifically understanding of external causes (B = 0.20, CI: 0.03; 0.37) and mental causes of emotions (B = 0.22, CI: 0.05; 0.40). This effect is gender dependent and is significantlyhigher for girls (B = 0.54, CI: 0.09; 0.98). The effect of maternal depression on emotion comprehension skills is also gender dependent: total scores on emotioncomprehension tasks are significantly higher for daughters of mothers with depression (B = 0.59, CI: 0.001; 1.18). Maternal depression and parental burnout might provoke development of extra sensitivity and self-regulation strategies in girls.

The Pathology of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptomatology in a Nonclinical Sample: The Role of Mental Pain, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Self-compassion, and Depression

Objectives: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often develop a certain depression that may be accompanied by “mental pain.” A negative self-concept, aversive chronic emotions, and pervasive helplessness characterize mental pain. This research aims to explore the pathology of BPD symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Also, the role of mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and depression are assessed. Methods: Following a correlational study, 300 university students were selected via the multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The study data were collected by the personality assessment inventory-borderline features scale, Orbach and Mikulincer mental pain questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, self-compassion scale (SCS-SF), and Beck depression inventory version 2. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that components of putting into perspective, rumination, loss of control, refocus on planning, catastrophizing, irreversibility, somatic, and isolation (ΔR2=0.507, P<0.001) significantly predicted BPD symptomatology. Discussion: The results support the biosocial model dimensions in an Iranian context. In addition, it shows a strong association between mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, depression, and BPD symptoms.

Stress and depression in university health students

Objective: to analyze the association between stress and depression in university health students. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 792 university health students. The research instrument consisted of characterization of the students, Beck Depression Inventory version II and the Perceived Stress Scale. Absolute and relative frequency analysis, mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, and analytical statistics were used. Results: an association between depression and stress was observed (p<0.001) as well as a strong correlation between them (r=0.731; p<0.001). In high level of stress 9.5% of the students were found and in moderate to severe intensity of common symptoms of depression, 23.6% of them. Conclusion: a difference was noticed in the averages between the levels of depression and stress, in that the higher the level of depression, the higher the average stress. Contributions to practice: stress is related to depression in university health students, who, after graduation, may enter the labor market already sick, which brings implications for interpersonal relationships, worker health and patient safety. This enables higher education institutions to reflect on the organization of practices and intervention policies for the reduction of stress and depression among students.

The Efficacy of Time Perspective Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Females with Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the biggest risk factor that endangers women's health. It is considered the highest stress-causing disease due to the unpleasant effects of disease on different aspects of patients’ life. Breast cancer is commonly associated with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress and its comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. It appears that time perspective therapy (TPT), as a new psychological treatment, can reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in females with breast cancer. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial conducted from February to September 2019. A total of 30 patients with breast cancer were selected through a convenience sampling technique and were randomly divided into the control and treatment groups. The latter group attended 6-week sessions (each session lasted 90 minutes long) to receive TPT. To conduct pretest and posttest, all participants in the two groups were asked to fill out the following questionnaires: (1) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI); (2) The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL); (3) Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); and (4) the second version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the effects of treatment. A P-value smaller than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Data analysis of 28 patients from the experimental and control groups showed that TPT significantly reduced the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in the treatment group (P < 0.001 for symptoms of post-traumatic stress and anxiety, and P = 0.002 for depression). Such a difference was not seen in the control group. Conclusions: TPT may be an effective approach to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in Iranian women with breast cancer. Further investigations are required to confirm these findings, which may in turn help heath care professionals use TPT to promote the mental health of females with breast cancer.

The relationship between clinical severity and outcome measures in patients with chronic venous insufficiency with or without leg ulcer

PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between clinical severity and functionality, sleep quality, depression, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with CVI with or without leg ulcers. MethodsA total of sixty patients with CVI were enrolled in the study. The patients were C2-6 according to the CEAP classification. All the patients were assessed with Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) for clinical severity, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, right and left lower limb (RLL and LLL) circumference measurements for edema, 6-min-walk test (6-MWT) for functional capacity, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for functionality, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, Beck Depression Inventory version I (BDI-I) for depression, and The Quality of Life Questionnaire for Chronic Venous Diseases-20 (CIVIQ-20) for QoL. ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 45.83 ± 13.25 years, and the mean duration of disease was 8.30 ± 7.42 years. There was a significant association between VCSS and VAS-rest/activity, edema-RLL/LLL, PSQI, BDI-I, LEFS, and CIVIQ-20 in patients without leg ulcers. In addition, a significant association was found between VCSS and VAS-rest/activity and CIVIQ-20 in patients with leg ulcers. ConclusionThe current study showed that an association has been found between clinical severity and pain at rest and during activity, edema, sleep quality, depression, lower extremity function, and QoL in patients without ulcers. However, clinical severity has been correlated with only pain at rest and during activity, and QoL in patients with leg ulcers.

Assessing the effect of a mind-body exercise, qigong Baduanjin, on sleep disturbance among women experiencing intimate partner violence and possible mediating factors: a randomized-controlled trial.

To evaluate the effects of a mind-body exercise, qigong Baduanjin, on sleep disturbances in women experiencing intimate partner violence and explore the mediating role of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and inflammation in producing the effects. A subgroup of a parent randomized controlled trial was randomized for a 22-week Baduanjin intervention (n = 94) or wait-list control (n = 92). Questionnaires, including the General Sleep Disturbance Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory version II, were administered at baseline, posttraining (6 weeks), and postintervention (22 weeks), and blood samples were collected to assess tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 levels at baseline and postintervention only. Of the 186 participants, 170 completed the study. Results indicate that the total sleep disturbance scores for the intervention group were significantly lower than those for the wait-list control group at week 6 (difference = -7.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.63 to -2.30; P = .006) and week 22 (difference = -7.17; 95% CI, -12.58 to -1.76; P = .01). Mediation analysis showed a statistically significant indirect effect of the intervention on sleep improvement through reducing depressive symptoms (β = 2.58, 95% CI, 0.69 to 5.09), while the mediating effects of perceived stress and inflammation were not significant. Qigong Baduanjin can be recommended for women who experience intimate partner violence and report sleep disturbances. More research is needed to understand the clinical significance of the observed sleep improvements. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Qigong Intervention Program for Abused Chinese Women; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02060123; Identifier: NCT02060123.

Questionnaire-based Survey of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health of Young Korean Adults with Early-onset Diabetes.

BackgroundThe incidence of early-onset diabetes is increasing among young adults. However, there are limited data on the characteristics and management of young Korean adults with diabetes. This study assessed the clinical and demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and mental health among young Korean adults with diabetes mellitus.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included young Korean adults with diabetes (n = 225) with an onset age of 20–39 years from four university hospitals. Demographic characteristics, management of diabetes, and mental health were assessed using a questionnaire survey.ResultsType 2 diabetes was the most common type (73.3%), and 13.8% of participants were classified as other types or unknown. Approximately, 64.7% of participants had a strong family history of diabetes, and 76% had treatment within three months of diagnosis. Approximately, 11.1% of participants had diabetic complications; 39.1% of participants received insulin injections, including oral anti-diabetic medications. Additionally, 30.4% were smokers, and only 28% had active physical activity; 26.5% of participants had >3 hours of screen time. One third of participants never had breakfast, and 60.5% went out to eat at least three times a week. Half of the participants showed moderate to severe stress perception, and 21.4% of patients had moderate to severe levels of depression based on the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory score.ConclusionEarly-onset diabetes was associated with a strong family history and early insulin treatment. Young adults with diabetes had poor health behaviors and frequent mental depression. These findings suggest the necessity of health policies for improving health behaviors and mental distress.

Depression Among Infertile Men in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: The Neglected Aspect of Fertility Care.

Background:Infertility is a worldwide public health problem and affects psychological aspects of males’ and females’ life. However, the problem has not been well investigated in Palestine. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and predictors of depression among infertile men in the Gaza strip.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out among three hundred eighty five infertile males from January to December 2019. Participants were selected from three main in-vitro fertilization (IVF) centers following simple random sampling. The Arabic version of Beck Depression Inventory was used. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using the SPSS V22. Binary analysis was done to determine independent variables and t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted afterwards. Logistic regression was performed to determine independent factors associated with depression symptoms. The p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant.Results:Findings showed that 42.6% (164/385) of infertile men had at least one type of depression. Severe depression was presented in 16.6% (64/164) of participants, while 13.2% (51/164) and 12.7% (49/164) showed moderate and mild depression, respectively. Predictors for depression were duration of marriage (>8 years) (CI 95%: 1.099–2.615) and at least one IVF attempt (CI 95%: 0.373–0.873).Conclusion:It has been revealed that depression is prevalent among infertile men. Marriage of long duration and several failures in IVF attempts are predictors for depressions. Psychological counseling besides medical interventions seems to be an optimal strategy to alleviate psychological distress associated with infertility.

The Relationship between Social Comparison, Depression, and Interpersonal Orientation among Normal, Gifted, and Disabled Female Students in Makkah Secondary Schools

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among normal, gifted and disabled female students in Makkah secondary schools. The study tools consisted of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM), the translated version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the Interpersonal Orientation Scale. The study participants comprised 185 secondary female students: 109 normal students, 46 gifted students, and 30 students with special needs. The results showed a non-significant negative correlation between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among gifted students, while there was a significant correlation between depression and social comparison among normal students. No significant correlation was found between social comparison, depression, and interpersonal orientation among students with disabilities. The results found a significant correlation between social comparison and depression among the three groups in favor of gifted students.

Sleep and Nocturia in Under Age 50 Male Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Objectives To investigate the prevalence of nocturia in young patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to find out the risk factors of nocturia in the patients. Methods We enrolled 415 untreated male OSAS patients (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ≥5/h on polysomnography) who were under 50 years old (mean age 37.5±8.0 years). Participants completed Korean version of Beck depression inventory II (K-BDI-II), Pittsburgh sleep quality index-Korean (PSQI-K), insomnia severity index (ISI), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Participants were classified into nocturia and non-nocturia group according to the following question “Do you find yourself waking up to urinate more than twice each night?” All information was compared between two groups. Results 22.7% (94/415) of patients reported to have nocturia. Patients with nocturia had higher score of K-BDI-II, PSQI-K, ISI, and ESS although their age and the proportion of consumption of alcohol or caffeine and metabolic diseases were not different from patients without nocturia. AHI was not significantly higher in nocturia group (38.0±29.2/h) than non-nocturia group (32.8±25.7/h, p=0.118), however, parameters indicating sleep quality were worse in nocturia group, i.e. lesser non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 3 (N3) sleep % and higher arousal index, total apnea index, and 90% oxygen desaturation index (ODI). 90% ODI and N3 sleep % were revealed to be independent factors associated with nocturia. Conclusions Considerable numbers of male OSAS patients who are under 50 years suffer from nocturia and they have worse sleep quality compared to non-nocturia patients. Higher oxygen desaturation and lesser N3 sleep % are highly predictive factors for nocturia rather than AHI in these patients. Keywords: Nocturia; Sleep apnea, obstructive; Sleep; Hypoxia

A multi-method comparison of autobiographical memory impairments amongst younger and older adults

Objectives: Research indicates that, compared to younger adults, older adults have difficulty recalling memories of specific past events (those lasting less than 24 h) and this difficulty is associated with depression. These studies are largely confined to a single measure of specific memory recall and there are conflicting findings when alternative measures are used. This investigation provides the first comparison of memory specificity between younger and older adults using several different measures.Method: Older (n = 105) and younger (n = 88) adults completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and Sentence Completion for Events from the Past Test (SCEPT) and the number of specific memories was quantified for each measure. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory Version II (BDI-II).Results: Compared to younger adults, older adults recalled fewer specific memories in the AMT and more specific memories in the AMI. This latter effect was particularly pronounced for memories related to childhood. There was no group difference in responses in the SCEPT. There was no evidence of an association between memory specificity and depression for any of the measures.Conclusion: Older adults have difficulty retrieving specific memories after cuing by nouns and adjectives, as in the AMT, but they have enhanced recall of specific memories after cuing by life periods, as in the AMI, and this is particularly true of memories related to childhood. Individual differences in memory specificity are not related to depression symptoms in healthy samples.

Prevalence of Depression among Transgender Male to Female in Kuantan, Pahang

Introduction: Transgender is an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression or behaviour does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. Transgender individuals are particularly vulnerable to mental health concerns and psychological distress. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among transgender male to female in Kuantan, Pahang. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 96 transgender male to female in Kuantan, Pahang. A convenient type of sampling was used as a mean of data collection. A selfadministered validated Malay version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) was used to screen for depression. Result: Majority of the respondent were Malay (82.3%), Muslim (99%), unmarried (93.8%) and monthly income <RM2300 (91.7%). Prevalence of depression among transgender male to female in Kuantan is 37.5%. There is no significant association between sociodemographic data of participants and depression. Conclusion: This study shows that almost one third of transgender male to female are at risk of depression. Therefore, screening for mental health assessment is recommended so that important measures can be taken to prevent depression among this high-risk group.

Prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms in low-risk pregnancy

Objective To demonstrate the prevalence and risk factors of antenatal depression among low-risk pregnant women residing in Assiut, Egypt. Patients and methods A total of 100 pregnant women were recruited from primary health centers who met the inclusion criteria, and they were evaluated using the Arabic version of the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Symptoms (EPDS) questionnaire before and after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Women who scored EPDS more than or equal to 13 were subjected to the Arabic version of Beck Depression Inventory to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms. Correlations were made with demographic and obstetric risk factors. Results Overall, 18% scored EDPS more than or equal to 13 at the firstt visit compared with 32% at the second visit. In the firstt visit, two women were classified by Beck Depression Inventory as severe (11%), nine women as moderate (50%), and seven as mild (38.9%). At the second visit, six women were classified as severe (18%), 20 as moderate (62%), and six as mild (18%). Age, presence of husband, socioeconomic state, living at family home proved statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Moreover, parity, unwanted pregnancy, known female fetus, and number of living female offsprings proved statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms. There was a significant relationship between EPDS in firstt visit and EPDS in second visit. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, low socioeconomic level, unwanted pregnancy, and number of living female offsprings were positive predictors of antenatal depression, but the association lacked statistical significance. Conclusion Depressive symptoms are common in second half of the pregnancy. Age, socioeconomic level, absence of husband, parity, unwanted pregnancy, and number of living female offsprings are risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Aggression in Iranian adolescent girls: role of depressive mood, dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome

PurposeAggression is a destructive experience in terms of social and public health. The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of depressive mood, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in adolescent girls’ aggression.Design/methodology/approachIn a cross-sectional study, 510 girl students were selected by multistage cluster sampling from Lahijan and Sangar high schools (Northern Iran) in the 2017–2018 academic year, and each of them responded to the short version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13), Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool and Ahvaz Aggression Inventory. Data were analyzed by point-biserial and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, univariate analysis of covariance in the form of 2 × 3 factorial design and Hochberg’s GT2 post hoc test.FindingsThe questionnaires of 475 students were returned correctly (survey validity=93 percent). The results of ANCOVA after adjustment for confounding variables such as age and physical illness history revealed that the existence of main effect for depressive mood (F=31.50, df=1, p<0.0001) and PMS and PMDD diagnoses (F=11.39, df=2, p<0.0001) were associated with increased aggression. However, there was no significant interaction effect on aggression levels (p>0.05). Additionally, post hoc tests revealed no significant differences between the diagnosis of PMS and PMDD in terms of aggression (p>0.05).Research limitations/implicationsThe present study has some limitations. Depressive mood and diagnoses of PMS and PMDD were defined through relying on the self-report data and cut points suggested by the questionnaires. Obviously, change of measurement tools or even cut points reduces the results reliability and repeatability. Furthermore, the research plan does not allow us to infer causal relations and does not provide information about the direction of the relationship between depression symptoms, PMS and PMDD diagnoses, and aggression. Finally, the present study is relied on high schools’ data, and the results cannot be generalized to other adolescent girls.Originality/valueDespite the limitations of this study, its findings offer new insights into the factors influencing the perpetration of aggression in Iranian adolescent girls. Depressed adolescent girls and those receiving a PMS or PMDD diagnosis are more likely to develop aggression. These findings can be used in high schools to design educational and health-based interventions in order to reduce and prevent anger and resentment in adolescent girls.

Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Psychological Aspects of Patients with Chronic Lower Back Pain

To investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) area on changes in psychological aspects in chronic lower back pain patients. Twenty-one subjects were randomly assigned to control group (n=10, both general physiotherapy and sham rTMS) and experimental group (n=11, both general physiotherapy and rTMS). Each group received treatment (physiotherapy : 20 minutes, 10 Hz rTMS : 10 minutes) five days per week for 4 weeks. Assessment of psychological aspects was measured pre, post, and 2 week follow up after treatment. The comparison results with regard to heart rate variability (HRV), EEG (α wave), Beck Depression Inventory version (K-BDI), Fear of Daily Activities Questionnaire (FDAQ), and Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ) confirmed that experimental group had a greater recovery to positive levels in comparison to control group. As a results, the application of rTMS to the ACC together with physiotherapy can have a positive effect on pain-related psychological aspects.

Prevalence and determinants of depression among caregivers of children with leukaemia in Iraq.

Depression in caregivers of leukaemic children is usually overlooked and hence missed, as doctors mostly focused on patient's evaluation and condition. Early attention to symptoms of depression may help to prevent the development of a more serious depression over time. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, assess severity and identify determinants of depressive disorder among caregivers of children with leukaemia in Baghdad, Iraq, 2014. This cross sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of caregivers of 250 leukaemia children aged <15 years admitted to Child Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Socio-demographic variables were collected and the presence of depressive disorder was assessed using the Arabic Version of Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II); those with a score of >16 were considered depressed. The prevalence of depression was 72% (95% CI: 66-77.5%); classified to 18.9% having borderline clinical depression, 36.7% moderate depression, 27.8% severe depression and 16.7% extreme depression. Presence of depression was significantly higher among younger age caregivers, disease duration of >12 months and frequent hospital admission. The high prevalence of depression among care givers of leukaemia patients urge health care professionals to pay more attention to the psychological aspects of the families of leukaemia patients and ensure referring them for psychiatric support.

Psychometric properties of Persian version of Beck depression inventory in coronary patients

BackgroundObtaining psychometric properties regarding specific populations increases diagnostic accuracy and reduces economic health burdens. Beck depression inventory-second version (BDI-II) is useful for the screening and assessment of depression in clinical and research settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian (Farsi) version of BDI-II in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 patients with CHD admitted to Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah. They were first given a structured clinical interview (SCID-I) and then were asked to complete the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s á, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).ResultsThe internal consistency measured using Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90. The obtained correlation of BDI-II with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was 0.74 and 0.65, respectively (p&lt; 0.001). Factor analysis of the inventory revealed 5 factors, namely cognitive, somatic , impaired performance , negative attitude to self and ,and self punishment respectively. The cut-off point for CHD patients was 11 with sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 0.81 according to the Youden index and 10 with sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.77 according to the two-stage approach. The area under the curve was 0.86 (95% Confidence Interval 0.82-0.90). ConclusionThe Persian version of the BDI-II possesses the acceptable psychometric properties that can be used to screen depression in CHD patients.

Beck Depression Inventory: Establishing the Reliability and Validity of the Kurdish Version Among Earthquake Survivors of Kermanshah, Iran

Background: Because of the dramatic rise in mental disorders after Kermanshah earthquake among earthquake survivors of all age groups, paying attention to the mental health of survivors and identifying their mental disorders such as depression are highly essential. Thus, there is a need for valid screening measures for the common mental conditions among the earthquake survivors. Objectives: This study aimed to validate the Kurdish version of Beck depression inventory (BDI) among the earthquake survivors of Kermanshah. Methods: First, the Kurdish version of BDI was prepared using the forward-backward method. Then, the prepared BDI questionnaire was distributed among 138 earthquake survivors selected through the stratified random sampling method in Javanrud and Salas cities of Iran. The reliability and internal consistency of the Kurdish version of BDI were evaluated using the test-retest correlation coefficient and infraclass correlation coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 18. Results: The Kurdish version of BDI had desirable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.66 to 0.89), test–retest reliability (r = 0.86), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.66) and discriminant validity among earthquake survivors with depression symptoms as the clinical samples and the control group (mean BDI = 14.43 vs. 7.76; P ≥ 0.001). Conclusions: This study indicated that the Kurdish version of the BDI-21 is a valid, reliable and appropriate instrument to be used as a depression screening measure among the Kurdish population of Kermanshah.