Number Of Versions Research Articles

The role of population size in folk tune complexity

Demography, particularly population size, plays a key role in cultural complexity. However, the relationship between population size and complexity appears to vary across domains: while studies of technology typically find a positive correlation, the opposite is true for language, and the role of population size in complexity in the arts remains to be established. Here, we investigate the relationship between population size and complexity in music using Irish folk session tunes as a case study. Using analyses of a large online folk tune dataset, we show that popular tunes played by larger communities of musicians have diversified into a greater number of different versions which encompass more variation in melodic complexity compared with less popular tunes. However, popular tunes also tend to be intermediate in melodic complexity and variation in complexity for popular tunes is lower than expected given the increased number of tune versions. We also find that user preferences for individual tune versions are more skewed in popular tunes. Taken together, these results suggest that while larger populations create more frequent opportunities for musical innovation, they encourage convergence upon intermediate levels of melodic complexity due to a widespread inverse U-shaped relationship between complexity and aesthetic preference. We explore the assumptions underlying our empirical analyses further using simple simulations of tune diffusion through populations of different sizes, finding that a combination of biased copying and structured populations appears most consistent with our results. Our study demonstrates a unique relationship between population size and cultural complexity in the arts, confirming that the relationship between population size and cultural complexity is domain-dependent, rather than universal.

MIDORI2: A collection of quality controlled, preformatted, and regularly updated reference databases for taxonomic assignment of eukaryotic mitochondrial sequences

AbstractAnalysis of environmental DNA is increasingly used to characterize ecological communities, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on the accuracy of taxonomic reference databases. The MIDORI databases, first released in 2017, were built to improve accuracy for mitochondrial metazoan (animal) sequences. MIDORI has now been significantly improved and renamed MIDORI2 (available at http://www.reference‐midori.info). Like MIDORI, MIDORI2 is built from GenBank and contains curated sequences of thirteen protein‐coding and two ribosomal RNA mitochondrial genes. Coverage has been substantially expanded to cover all eukaryotes, including fungi, green algae and land plants, other multicellular algal groups, and diverse protist lineages. MIDORI2 also now includes not only species with full binomials, but also taxa referred to by genus with species left unspecified (“sp.”). Another new feature is the updating of the databases approximately every two months with version numbers corresponding to each new GenBank release. Additional potentially erroneously annotated sequences have also been removed. Finally, the ability to export data files to BLAST+ has been added to the original ability to export preformatted data to five taxonomic assignment programs, and databases of amino acid sequences are also made available for protein‐coding genes. As a technical validation, we conducted a preliminary comparison of the performance of MIDORI2 with five taxonomic assignment programs. Results suggest that BLAST+ top hits performed better for assigning CO1 sequences than alignment‐free methods based on compositional features. Comparing MIDORI2 with two other commonly used curated databases of mitochondrial sequences, CO‐ARBitrator and BOLD, we show that MIDORI2 includes sequences from a broader range of metazoan and non‐metazoan taxa. Overall, in many contexts, MIDORI2 offers clear advantages: a higher diversity of taxa than other databases, a variety of user‐friendly features, and regular updates. MIDORI2 is particularly well‐suited for environmental DNA studies that target mitochondrial genes with broad primers.

Development of an information system and mobile application for the care of type 2 diabetes patients at the primary care level for the health sector in Mexico: study protocol for a randomized controlled, open-label trial

BackgroundProviding optimal care for type 2 diabetes (DM2) patients remains a challenge for all healthcare systems. Patients often encounter various barriers in adhering to self-management programs due to lack of knowledge and understanding of self-care activities, lack of individualized and coordinated care, inconvenient and costly education sessions, and poor patient-provider communication. Mobile technologies such as cell phones/smartphones, handheld tablets, and other wireless devices offer new and exciting opportunities for addressing some of these challenges. The purpose of this study is to compare a diabetes management strategy using an information board and a mobile application versus standard care in patients with uncontrolled DM2.MethodThe SANENT (Sistema de Análisis de Enfermedades No Transmisibles) trial is a primary care-based, prospective, two-arm, randomized controlled, open-label, blinded-endpoint study. We aim to recruit 1440 DM2 patients during a period of 6 months until the requested number of participants has been achieved. The total length of the intervention will be 1 year. Both men and women treated for DM2 with an HbA1c > 8.5% and ≥ 20 years of age are eligible to participate in the study. The primary outcome of the study is improved diabetes control measured by changes in HbA1c in the study participants. HbA1c will be measured at baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month follow-up visits in all participants. The main analysis will be based on the intention-to-treat principle. The primary endpoint of the study will be the change in HbA1C within the groups and the differences between the groups. This will be assessed by a repeated measurement approach based on mixed models which contain both fixed effects and random effects.DiscussionThe overall goal of this project is to contribute to the evidence for the use of mobile technology to improve the treatment and regulation of poorly controlled DM2 patients living in Mexico. Our proposed project will show how mobile health technology tools can be used in the treatment of patients with uncontrolled DM2 in primary health care in a Latin American population, and particularly how they could help diabetes patients take better care of themselves.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, US National Institutes of Health NCT04974333. Prospectively registered on July 13, 2021. Protocol version number 1, dated August 15th, 2021.

Analysis of the functional dependability of underground gas storage compressor stations in cases when actual performance indicators deviate from the design values

Aim. The paper examined the matter of assessment of the functional dependability of compressor stations (CS) of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. A definition of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment were proposed. Methods. Design calculation of compressor stations, scenario analysis. Results. The paper presents: a) a definition, indicators of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment; b) an example of the guidelines application for UGS CS; c) a comparative analysis of UGS CS functional dependability in a number of various versions: use of single-unit and two-unit centrifugal compressors as part of gas turbine gas pumping units for two-stage compression with intercooling. Conclusion. The paper shows the requirement to analyse the functional dependability of various versions of UGS CS for the purpose of identifying the most rational option that ensures unconditional performance of the key UGS CS function under uncertain initial design data.

«Qyz korelik», «Aina-taraq» and «Totynama»: Commonality with Indian plots

The current research is devoted to study how the plots of the world-wide collection of stories «Totynama» are reflected in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz fairy tales, as well as in our written literature. The author focuses on the origin of the story about three husbands of one girl that is very popular among Indian literary monuments. A number of works of Kazakh poets and writers are based on this story. Among them «Qyz korelik» by T. Zhomartbayev and «Aina-taraq» by Bazar zhyrau Ondasuly, as well as a number of variants of Kazakh fairy tales are considered. In the current paper the author pays special attention to the issue of usage of a well-known Oriental plot as the core of the story or as an element of the work. The idea of the process of transformation of a short story into an artistic creation or the appearance of several parts of the same story in different works is considered. The main thing is that the article contains a lot of information about the origin, sources and ways of development of the Oriental plot. The masterpieces of world literature in which these plots are used as «Totynama» by Ziya ad-Din Nahshabi, «Totynyn angimeleri» (Tota Kakhani) by Saiyd Haidar Bakhsh Haidari, «Tungi zhaukharlar» (Pearls of conversations) (Dzhavakhir al-asmar), «Vetalanyn zhiyrma bes angimesi» by Imad ibn Muhammad an-Naari, «Sindabad-name» by Muhammad az-Zahiri al-Samarkandi as well as a number of versions of «Totynama» that spread in our country and among Chinese Kazakhs are analyzed. In addition, new ideas are expressed about the nature and character of the eastern plot, its spread to the world population, its transformation, and adaptation to the mentality of the nation, its assimilation into a new work, its integration into oral and written literature. The author does not neglect a single difference in the process of changing plots. The specific features of the plot, which are embodied in each work are emphasized as well. It is worth paying attention to such complex details as the emergence of several literary plots from the one plot, the occurrence of often-repeated traditional details, the presence of common patterns in the origin and sequence of the story.

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on patients with post-stroke fatigue: a study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial

IntroductionPost-stroke fatigue (PSF) is an abnormal, persistent, and unexplained physical and psychological tiredness in patients after stroke. It is a common symptom of stroke patients with poor quality of life and bleak prognosis, and the incidence rate is up to 39% to 72%. It has been widely reported that medicine treatments achieved a lot of progress, there still needs to develop more powerful new strategies to more powerful effect. The transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) shows great potential for the treatment of PSF. This study proposes to apply a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial to explore the effect and safety of tDCS combined with routine rehabilitation for PSF.Methods and analysisOne hundred patients with PSF will be randomly divided into two groups. One of the groups will receive conventional rehabilitation therapy and active tDCS, whereas another group will receive conventional rehabilitation treatment and sham tDCS. Both groups will receive the intervention for 4 weeks, during which time they will undergo either active or sham tDCS 20 min a day, 6 days a week. Primary outcome: Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) will be measured at baseline every weekend during the intervention period. Secondary results: Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), Functional Assessment Chronic Illness Therapy (Fatigue) (FACIT-F), and Specialized Quality of Life Scale in Stroke (SS-QOL) will be measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention time of 4 weeks. Throughout the study, adverse events and adverse reactions will be measured during every treatment. The research study “Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on patients with post-stroke fatigue” has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University: Clinical Medicine Ethics Review [2015]043 in Nov 2015.DiscussionThis study will provide insight into the efficacy of transcranial direct-current stimulation for post-stroke fatigue. This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial whose aim is to assess the effects of tDCS on PSF. This study can provide more information about the treatment of PSF. This study has a period of follow-up, which allows for greater accuracy. It is a single-center trial, and this may be a limitation. The other limitation of this study is the relatively small number of participants; thus, the influence of chance on experimental results cannot be completely ruled out.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000031120. Registered on March 22, 2020. This protocol version number is V1.1.

MPD: Introduction of a single player prisoner's dilemma application for medical experiments

BackgroundPrisoner's dilemma is one of the most popular concepts among scientific literature. In medical literature the majority of prisoner's dilemma experiments with human participants implement computerized means. Despite this, there is no shared validated tool for prisoner's dilemma tasks. MethodsThe application is developed in Javascript programming language and makes use of the pixijs library for WebGL rendering. To create a custom trial, a set of variables have to be set. These refer to the linguistics, user controls, available choices, computer strategy, interaction flow (simultaneous or sequential), opponent's choice prediction requirement, noise induction, human opponent behavior simulation, the way resulted data will be handled and more. Results are in JSON format and include time interval data. ResultsWe have developed an application which, given the various parameters experimenter can modify, is able to simulate a large number of single player prisoner's dilemma versions. It is open source with no installation requirement, executable by any modern internet browser remotely or locally with the ability to post data results either locally or remotely. Experimenter only has to modify certain starting values in order to create his design of choice. Two examples are included, with initial settings and results, to demonstrate the use and validity of the application. ConclusionsOur aim is to assist future researchers in their methodological designs. In this scope, our application, has the minimum requirements, can be served either locally or remotely, has a wide range of modifiable parameters and takes care of the resulted data. In the long term, a shared and validated tool would contribute to increasing methodologies’ credibility and mitigating cross-validation discrepancies.

FEATURES OF THE VERSIONAL PROCESS IN THE USE OF METHODS OF FORENSIC COGNITION

The article presents some theoretical questions about the content and structure of the theory as scientific knowledge. Methods of forensic cognition are used in obtaining reliable knowledge about the objects of research (traces). The movement of the process of cognition is carried out from the effect to the alleged cause, which forces to put forward a certain number of versions. And the aggregation of traces, as a process of their systematic selection for the holistic perception of past events, consists, from the point of view of the situational approach, in eliminating the problem situation (lack of reliable information) and transforming it into a simple one.
 Attention is drawn to the nature of the validity of the version, which seems to be the insufficiency and incompleteness of contradictory and probabilistic information. Overcoming problem situations in the search, study, and use of traces of crime events is associated with a complex structure of the process of putting forward leads (stages). The beginning of such dynamics is characterized by the total collection of the entire non-systemic array of information. As a result of the heuristic thought process, the incoming information is analyzed and gives grounds for putting forward some already sufficiently substantiated assumptions in the form of versions. Versions are checked, filtered, and transformed into reliable information.
 Strategic uncertainty, which forms a conflict situation, has a completely different character. Retro scient and predictive versions are useful in our research. Commenting on the complexity of the relationship between versions, it should be noted that more often different assumptions can be incompatible (inversions, disjunctions) and compatible (conjunctions and). At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish incompatible versions from counter versions, as a special kind of them.
 The versional process of searching for and studying traces of certain events has a pronounced heuristic character. The application of versions is particularly successful in circumstances where the content is limited as much as possible. These propositions manifest a new paradigm based on the constant change of one scientific direction from another. This is how the essence of version theory is expressed, based on an effective heuristic scientific concept.

Sustained software development, not number of citations or journal choice, is indicative of accurate bioinformatic software

BackgroundComputational biology provides software tools for testing and making inferences about biological data. In the face of increasing volumes of data, heuristic methods that trade software speed for accuracy may be employed. We have studied these trade-offs using the results of a large number of independent software benchmarks, and evaluated whether external factors, including speed, author reputation, journal impact, recency and developer efforts, are indicative of accurate software.ResultsWe find that software speed, author reputation, journal impact, number of citations and age are unreliable predictors of software accuracy. This is unfortunate because these are frequently cited reasons for selecting software tools. However, GitHub-derived statistics and high version numbers show that accurate bioinformatic software tools are generally the product of many improvements over time. We also find an excess of slow and inaccurate bioinformatic software tools, and this is consistent across many sub-disciplines. There are few tools that are middle-of-road in terms of accuracy and speed trade-offs.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that accurate bioinformatic software is primarily the product of long-term commitments to software development. In addition, we hypothesise that bioinformatics software suffers from publication bias. Software that is intermediate in terms of both speed and accuracy may be difficult to publish—possibly due to author, editor and reviewer practises. This leaves an unfortunate hole in the literature, as ideal tools may fall into this gap. High accuracy tools are not always useful if they are slow, while high speed is not useful if the results are also inaccurate.

Lightweight Payload Encryption-Based Authentication Scheme for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Sensor Networks.

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects billions of sensors to share and collect data at any time and place. The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the most important IoT applications. IoT supports AMI to collect data from smart sensors, analyse and measure abnormalities in the energy consumption pattern of sensors. However, two-way communication in distributed sensors is sensitive and tends towards security and privacy issues. Before deploying distributed sensors, data confidentiality and privacy and message authentication for sensor devices and control messages are the major security requirements. Several authentications and encryption protocols have been developed to provide confidentiality and integrity. However, many sensors in distributed systems, resource constraint smart sensors, and adaptability of IoT communication protocols in sensors necessitate designing an efficient and lightweight security authentication scheme. This paper proposes a Payload Encryption-based Optimisation Scheme for lightweight authentication (PEOS) on distributed sensors. The PEOS integrates and optimises important features of Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) in Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) architecture instead of implementing the DTLS in a separate channel. The proposed work designs a payload encryption scheme and an Optimised Advanced Encryption Standard (OP-AES). The PEOS modifies the DTLS handshaking and retransmission processes in PEOS using payload encryption and NACK messages, respectively. It also removes the duplicate features of the protocol version and sequence number without impacting the performance of CoAP. Moreover, the PEOS attempts to improve the CoAP over distributed sensors in the aspect of optimised AES operations, such as parallel execution of S-boxes in SubBytes and delayed Mixcolumns. The efficiency of PEOS authentication is evaluated on Conitki OS using the Cooja simulator for lightweight security and authentication. The proposed scheme attains better throughput while minimising the message size overhead by 9% and 23% than the existing payload-based mutual authentication PbMA and basic DTLS/CoAP scheme in random network topologies with less than 50 nodes.

Achieving starvation-freedom in multi-version transactional memory systems

Software Transactional Memory systems (STMs) have garnered significant interest as an elegant alternative for addressing synchronization and concurrency issues with multi-threaded programming in multi-core systems. Client programs use STMs by issuing transactions. STM ensures that transaction either commits or aborts. A transaction aborted due to conflicts is typically re-issued with the expectation that it will complete successfully in a subsequent incarnation. However, many existing STMs fail to provide starvation freedom, i.e., in these systems, it is possible that concurrency conflicts may prevent an incarnated transaction from committing. To overcome this limitation, we systematically derive a novel starvation free algorithm for multi-version STM. Our algorithm can be used either with the case where the number of versions is unbounded and garbage collection is used or where only the latest K versions are maintained, KSFTM. We have demonstrated that our proposed algorithm performs better than existing state-of-the-art STMs.

Efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine Jiangniaosuan formula for treatment of hyperuricemia: study protocol for a double-blinded non-inferiority randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundJiangniaosuan formula (JNSF) is commonly used in China for treating hyperuricemia, but there is little research-based evidence to support its use. This randomized controlled trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of JNSF.MethodsA total of 72 patients with hyperuricemia will be selected and randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:2 to receive either Western medicine, i.e., febuxostat 40 mg (WG group; n = 24), or Chinese herbal medicine, i.e., Jiangniaosuan formula + febuxostat 20 mg (WJNSG group; n = 48). After 12 weeks, the WJNSG will be randomly divided into two groups of 24 patients each; one group (WJNSG; n = 24) still will receive febuxostat 20 mg + Jiangniaosuan formula, and the other group (JNSG; n = 24) will continue to receive Jiangniaosuan formula + placebo. Participants will be followed up at 4-week intervals. The primary outcome will be the change in serum uric acid level, and the secondary outcome will be the change in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores. Serum creatinine, blood glucose, and insulin levels will also be measured.DiscussionWe hypothesize that patients with hyperuricemia will benefit from JNSF. This study will provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians.DisseminationThe results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated by academic conferences. The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trials Register ChiCTR2000041083. Registered on 3 May 2021. The protocol version number is V3.0, 20210301.

A Lightweight Scheme for Mitigating RPL Version Number Attacks in IoT Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) systems incorporate a multitude of resource-limited devices typically interconnected over Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). Robust IP-based network routing among such constrained IoT devices can be effectively realized using the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLN (RPL) which is an IETF-standardized protocol. The RPL design features a topology maintenance mechanism based on a version numbering system. However, such a design property makes it easy to initiate Version Number (VN) attacks targeting the stability, lifetime, and performance of RPL networks. Thus the wide deployment of RPL-based IoT networks would be hindered significantly unless internal routing attacks such as the VN attacks are efficiently addressed. In this research work, a lightweight and effective detection and mitigation solution against RPL VN attacks is introduced. With simple modifications to the RPL functionality, a collaborative and distributed security scheme is incorporated into the protocol design (referred to as CDRPL). As the experimental results indicated, it provides a secure and scalable solution enhancing the resilience of the protocol against simple and composite VN attacks in different experimental setups. CDRPL guaranteed fast and accurate attack detection as well as quick topology convergence upon any attack attempt. It also efficiently maintained network stability, control traffic overhead, QoS performance, and energy consumption during different scenarios of the VN attack. Compared to other similar approaches, CDRPL yields better performance results with lightweight node-local processing, no additional entities, and less communication overhead.

Образ представителя раннего аскетизма в «Кисса-и Ибрахим ибн Адхам»

The article examines the life activity of Ibrahim ibn Adham, one of the representatives of early Sufism. Data about the second half of his life was included in "Tadhkiratu-l-awliya' " by Farid ad-din 'Attar Nishapuri, "Nasa'im al-mahabbat min shama'im al-futuvvat" by Nizam ad-din "Ali Shir Nava'i, "Qissa-i Ibrahim ibn Adham". A translation into the Uyghur language of the work of "Tadhkiratu-l-awliya' " in the 16th century was revealed. In contrast with "Tadhkira", the narrative also covers the first half of Ibrahim ibn Adham's life. The author of this article chose a more complete list of the manuscript of "Qissa-i Ibrahim ibn Adham". On the basis from these sources, reveal the lifestyle of Ibrahim ibn Adham as a representative of early asceticism. Lithographic publications carried out in the 19th — early 20th centuries were also involved in the study process. It was established that Ibrahim ibn Adham adhered to all three types of zuhd (abstinence), to which Sufis followed. He led an isolate lifestyle from society, devoting himself entirely to serving the Creator. His life became an example for his followers. Ibrahim ibn Adham served as a prototype for the creation of a pious Sufi. In the Muslim world, he was revered as a Saint. Narratives were created about him. The number of versions and lists of the manuscript of "Qissa" are an indicator of his popularity.

Скрещивались ли неандертальцы массово с кроманьонцами? (С палеодилетантской точки зрения, но с учетом данных полногеномного секвенирования образцов современной и древней ДНК, а также на основе знаний используемых для этого технологий)

Neanderthals lived on the territory of present-day Western Europe for about 300 thousand years before the arrival of people of modern anatomical type, also called Cro-Magnons, about 50 thousand years ago. After that Neanderthal soon disappeared and what happened to them occupies the minds of many generations of paleoanthropologists, and over the years a large number of different versions have been put forward, according to one of which there was assimilation of Neanderthals by Cro-Magnons, which in fact does not correspond to reality. To the question whether interbreeding of these ancient hominins took place, one can confidently say only one thing – Neanderthal women did not contribute to the populations of modern humans, as can be seen from the differences in the nucleotide DNA sequences of inherited matrilineal mitochondrial genomes in Neanderthals and modern humans. The presence of some allelic variants of individual Neanderthal genes in the form of a number of single-nucleotide substitutions in the genomes of modern humans, detected by full-genome sequencing of nuclear DNA is still necessary an additional verification, which requires sequencing a larger number of complete genomes of ancient hominins with a large coverage. At the same time, the samples of modern genomes for such an analysis should be thoroughly increased, since only now about 8 billion very different modern unique "genomes" “live” on the Planet, and at least 100 million Neanderthals lived for all the years, also carrying unique genomes, although their polymorphism was somewhat lower. The article focuses on the fact that only diploid variant of genome, which can be designated as 6.0, should be considered a complete genome for human, whereas all currently sequenced genomes of ancient people are essentially quasi-haploid and can be designated as 3.0, based on the numbers of billions of pairs of nitrogenous bases in both double and single a set of chromosomes, respectively. Accordingly, the coverage during genome sequencing should be recalculated for their diploid status but not only for ancient organisms. It is also noted that the sequencing of ancient DNA urgently requires the development of new monomolecular sequencing methods, albeit characterized by lower productivity (speed), but independent of any stage of amplification and any enzymatic treatments, which will allow to establish the sequence of nucleotides as it is, including the recognition of uracils and other modifications of nitrogenous bases, as well as the absence of these in the DNA chains, which will certainly increase the accuracy of this process.

Дихотомия Зенона и парадокс логической причинности

A number of versions of Zeno’s ‘Dichotomy’ is being discussed in literature. Some of them are versions of a paradox that can be called ‘the paradox of logical causality’. It can be traced back to Benardete; in recent decades it has been discussed by Priest, Yablo, Hawthorne, Uzquiano, Shackel, Caie, and others. Unlike the original ‘Dichotomy’, the paradox of logical causality is an open problem for it has no generally accepted solution. In the paper, I examine the solution to the paradox proposed by Hawthorne and argue that it has an essential flaw caused by Hawthorne’s rejection of what he calls ‘the Change Principle’. I also compare the paradox and Zeno’s ‘Dichotomy’ and specify features shared by them, and features distinguishing the paradox. Their shared features are using infinite open series and reasoning from logical premises to physical conclusions. What distinguishes the new paradox is presupposing motion, and applying Zeno’s series to phenomena of physical interaction.

Decoding the Impact of the Srirama Panchali on Baranagar Temples Facades: The Driving Force behind Terracotta Artisans’ Narrativization of Ramayana Events

Valmiki Ramayana is one of the most popular, universally read, and widely circulated literary works. The poets of different languages in India ornamented Valmiki’s Sanskrit Ramayana with the vibrancy of their own indigenous languages and cultures. A significant number of such versions trace their roots to Bengal. The epic was first translated into the Bengali language by the great poet Krittibas Ojha. Its influences and popularity have been such as to justify it being called the Bible of the people of Bengal. Its intense undiminished popularity among the populace has also left an indelible impression on the artisans of Bengal and their creations in different eras. The study primarily aims to investigate the Ramayana narratives that have been found on the facades of the temples of Baranagar in Murshidabad, West Bengal, India. The intention is to trace the impact of Krittibas’s Srirama Panchali on the portrayals of the Ramayana episodes. The formal method of Art History has been employed to provide an in-depth description of the formal elements that have been incorporated by the artisans. Besides, a detailed critical inspection of the concerned portrayals has been complemented with literary references to get a lucid understanding of the intended issues.

Education as Loosely Coupled System of Technology and Pedagogy

The recent development of education seems to be driven mainly by technology; assigning version numbers is an attempt to tame this development. But education is more complex than buzzwords like “Learning 4.0” may suggest. In this article, we argue for viewing education as a loosely coupled system of two interacting layers, technology and pedagogy: closely connected, but not glued together. Using several examples, we show that sometimes technological innovations trigger pedagogical innovations and sometimes pedagogical needs initiate the development of technological solutions. We intend the model of loosely coupled layers of technology and pedagogy as a starting point for opening an overdue discussion on how to make the best use of technology for teaching and learning. We argue that complementing technology with established and proven principles of situated contextualized pedagogy is a key element for the future development of education.

Extended Graph of the Fuzzy Topographic Topological Mapping Model

Fuzzy topological topographic mapping (FTTM) is a mathematical model which consists of a set of homeomorphic topological spaces designed to solve the neuro magnetic inverse problem. A sequence of FTTM, FTTMn, is an extension of FTTM that is arranged in a symmetrical form. The special characteristic of FTTM, namely the homeomorphisms between its components, allows the generation of new FTTM. The generated FTTMs can be represented as pseudo graphs. A graph of pseudo degree zero is a special type of graph where each of the FTTM components differs from the one adjacent to it. Previous researchers have investigated and conjectured the number of generated FTTM pseudo degree zero with respect to n number of components and k number of versions. In this paper, the conjecture is proven analytically for the first time using a newly developed grid-based method. Some definitions and properties of the novel grid-based method are introduced and developed along the way. The developed definitions and properties of the method are then assembled to prove the conjecture. The grid-based technique is simple yet offers some visualization features of the conjecture.

Developing Specific Reporting Standards in Artificial Intelligence Centred Research.

Developing Specific Reporting Standards in Artificial Intelligence Centred Research.