Vernier Caliper Research Articles

Length-weight relationship, relative condition factor and reproductive parameters of Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822) in the river Ganga

Aim: In this study, length-weight relationship, relative condition factor, sex ratio, gonadosomatic index, and size at first maturity of Mystus cavasius were determined in the tropical river Ganga, India. Methodology: Fish sampling was carried out monthly, and 562 specimens were collected from three landing sites of River Ganga. Total length and body weight were measured using a digital Vernier caliper (Insize-0/150) and digital weighing balance (Wensar MAB-220). Results: In the length-weight relationship, the exponent values for male, female, and combined sexes are 2.8547, 2.8166, and 2.8569, respectively. The mean relative condition factor of male and female were 1.00±0.08 and 1.02±0.11, respectively. The overall sex ratio of the species is 1: 1.50, indicating predominance of female (Chi. Square value = 21.53, p<0.05). The species have a prolonged spawning season from June to October, peaking in August. Male reach maturity at 90.42 mm, while female reach at 100.21 mm. Interpretation: In stock assessment studies, length-weight relationships provide useful information for estimating growth parameters, assessing population structure, developing yield equations, and comparing populations over time and space. Size at first maturity will be useful for setup of minimum legal mesh size of fishing gears to protect juvenile and recruitment overfishing for conservation of spawners and spawning biomass. Key words: Catfish, Gonadosomatic index, Growth pattern, Mystus cavasius, River Ganga, Spawning season

Can morphometrics and shell preference behaviour be a tool for hermit crab species identification?

The hermit crabs are 'ecosystem engineers' and are a critical link in the oceanic food web. Six species of genus Coenobita are reported in the group of Andaman and Nicobar Islands namely, Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, C. violascens, C. perlatus, C. cavipes and Birgus latro. In the present study, Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. violascens were chosen and handpicked randomly during low tides at two locations along the Port Blair Coast. During the study, important morphometric parameters viz, shield length (SL), carapace length (CL), cheliped propodus length (ChPL), cheliped dactylus length (ChDL), left third pereopod propodus(L3PL) and left third pereopod dactylus length(L3DL) were measured using a vernier calliper. Among the six parameters, shield length (SL), Cheliped Propodus length (ChPL) and cheliped dactylus length (ChDL) are important for species differentiation. Identification of hermit crabs belonging to the same or different genera becomes easier with the use of morphometric data along with the taxonomic keys in the absence of colour patterns. One-way ANOVA showed that there are significant differences in SL values among the three species. It was found that the mean values of SL varied significantly between males and females for C. rugosus (one-way ANOVA) and C. violascens, but there was no significant variation of SL values between males and females of C. brevimanus. The results showed that C. rugosus occupied variety of gastropod shells belonging to families Turbinidae, Muricidae, Trochidae, Strombidae, Buccinidae, Neritidae, Cerithidae, Cymatidae, Olividae and, plastic debris like discarded bottle caps. Whereas C. violascens preferred shells of Turbinidae and Muricidae but the C. brevimanus chose only the shells of Turbinidae at least during the present study period. The sex ratio was highest (1.58) in C. rugosus followed by C. violascens (1.14) and the lowest (0.39) in C. brevimanus. The individuals of C. brevimanus were significantly larger while C. rugosus were smaller based on the cheliped and carapace length and the body weight.

Terahertz thickness measurement based on atomic superheterodyne detection

Terahertz thickness measurement is of great important in materials research and industrial test. And it’s can be applied in materials measurement including wood, paper, ceramics, plastics, and composite materials. Atomic superheterodyne terahertz detector has extremely high sensitivity. The sensitivity of terahertz electric field strength measurement can reach 5.76 μV cm<sup>-1</sup> Hz<sup>-1/2</sup>. Simultaneously, the linear dynamic range is better than 60 dB. So, it can be applied to realize precise thickness measurement of materials through the terahertz transmission efficiency. The experiments in this paper demonstrated the thickness measurement of sapphire crystal and organic materials PTFE. The terahertz signal is shown in Figure A1(a,b). The thickness can be calculated from the transmittance, which is consistent with the result measured directly with a vernier caliper. Furthermore, single-layer graphene and few-layer graphene can be clearly distinguished from terahertz transmission signals, as shown in Figure A1(c). Even for niobium meta thin films with thickness 1 μm, very weak terahertz signal can be well distinguished due to the high sensitivity of atomic superheterodyne terahertz detector. In summary, the technology developed for terahertz thickness measurement based on atomic superheterodyne detection is very important for defect detection, coating check, and parameter measurement of materials.

Comparative analysis for sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine in two ethnic diverse population with clinical and experimental method

Background: Sex determination is challenging with minimal skeletal remains. It is overcome by odontometric measurement of mandibular canines as it exhibits higher sexual dimorphism in the human dentition. Hence, the study aimed to assess and validate mandibular canine in gender determination using odontometric measurements in two ethnically diverse populations. Methods: A total of 205 subjects, belonging to two ethnically diverse population, i.e., Indian (Himachali) and Nepali, aged 17–25 years was included. Intraoral measurement outcome comprised both-sided lower mandibular canine distance including intercanine distance using Vernier caliper, followed by similar measurements on study models (casts). Garns and Lens formula was utilized to assess the sexual dimorphism. Results: The canine distance of both sides in Nepali males was higher than Indian males, both intraoral and casts. The intercanine distance in Indian males was higher than Nepali males, both intraoral and casts. The canine and intercanine distance of both sides was greater in Indian females than Nepali females, both intraoral and casts. Indian population in the left-sided lower canine had higher sexual dimorphism than the right-sided lower canine both intraorally and casts in contrast to Nepali population that exhibited higher in the right-sided canine. Conclusion: Therefore, mandibular canine measurements were an adjunct and reliable method for gender identification in human.

Preparation and Evaluation for Pulstile Release Capsules of Phenytoin

The core Eighty tablets were evaluated for their drug concentration, hardness weight fluctuation thickness, friability, and disintegration speed. Identify the tablet actual thickness, followed by its diameter, was determined by calipers like vernier calipers, where a sample of 5 to 6 tablets was randomly selected and the average values of thickness and diameter were determined. The standard USP method was used to test the pills' different weights. From the batch, 20 pills were arbitrarily selected, and each one was weighed to ensure for weight. variance. A percentage deviation from the average weight was calculated. Keywords: Phenytoin, polyethylene glycol 4000, sodium chloride, purified talc, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose

Determination of sex by morphometric study of malleus bone in human cadaver

Identification is the process of determining a person's uniqueness, whether they are alive or dead. Skeletal remains contain an abundance of information which is helpful in determination of identity of an individual. This is an Analytical Cross-Sectional Study carried out on 45 adult male and 45 female cases that came for medico-legal autopsy at Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad Garden, and East Delhi with known sex and of any age from January 2021 to Aug 2022.The three measurements were taken for malleus bone i.e. Total length of malleus bone, the length of manubrium (handle) of malleus bone and Index of malleus bone. The bone was then measured by using digital vernier calipers of least count 0.001mm. In this study, we found that length of malleus bone was range from 7.15mm to 8.83mm inMales (Mean±SD, 7.97± 0.433) whereas in females it range from 6.67mm to 8.29mm (Mean±SD, 7.73± 0.296).The Maximum length of Handle (5.41mm) of malleus bone was in Males (Mean±SD, 4.79 ± 0.297) whereas in Females the maximum length of handle of malleus bone observed was 5.29mm (Mean±SD, 4.54± 0.282).The Total length of Malleus bone, Handle of malleus and Malleus index were more is Male as compared to Female and which is found to be statistically significant (p=0.003), (p=0.001) and (p=0.019) respectively. There is a clear-cut demarcation between the values of male and female bone and considered fairly good criteria in sex determination. The sexual dimorphism is most marked in the Total length of Malleus bone, Handle of malleus and Malleus index of Malleus bone, and there is a significant difference was observed.

Morphometric Analysis of the Greater Palatine Foramina in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Population.

The goal of this research was to examine the morphological characteristics and exact anatomical positioning of the greater palatine foramen (GPF), with reference to nearby anatomical landmarks. The research was performed on dry human skulls belonging to the Bosnian and Herzegovina population, using digital vernier calipers. The study began by noting the GPF's position relative to the maxillary molars, then measuring its distance from the median palatine suture (MPS), the incisive fossa (IF), the posterior border of the hard palate (PBHP), and the posterior nasal spine (PNS). Measurements were conducted bilaterally, and afterwards the data were analyzed using Student's t-test and Chi-squared test. A statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The statistical analysis revealed that: the distance of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) from the midline is approximately 15.80±1.28 mm on the right side and 15.86±1.19 mm on the left side. The distance of the GPF from the incisive fossa measures about 40.12±2.19 mm on the right side and 40.34±2.08 mm on the left side. The GPF is positioned around 4.00±1.07 mm on the right side and 4.35±1.34 mm on the left side from the posterior border of the hard palate. Lastly, the distance from the GPF to the posterior nasal spine means 17.55±1.99 mm on the right side and 17.61±1.81 mm on the left side in the entire study population. The highest percentage of skulls (73.05%) showed the GPF positioned at the level of the third molar. The findings of this study further emphasize the variations in the location of the greater palatine foramen and underline the importance of thorough preoperative assessment in patients undergoing maxillofacial surgeries and regional block anesthesia.

Morphometrics of human skulls and mandibles obtained from Southwestern Nigeria: implications in clinical manoeuvres

BackgroundCraniometric data can be useful in the estimation of sex, age, stature, and ethnicity. Despite Nigeria’s diverse and multifaceted demography, there is a dearth of information on detailed morphometry of specific features of the Nigerian cranium. This study sought to provide detailed descriptions of various dimensions on the Nigerian mandibular bone, nose, foramen magnum, and orbit for use in clinico-anatomical studies, dentistry, anthropology, and forensic medicine. Using 33 skulls and 17 mandibles, without gender bias, obtained from the departmental museum, 17 parameters were measured linearly on each mandible and thirty-six parameters on each skull using a digital Vernier calliper. Mean and standard deviation of data sets generated were analysed using t-test at p < 0.05.ResultsThe distance between the cranial and caudal angles of the mandible was 3.48 ± 0.21 mm. The distance from the rostral point of the dental bone to the condylar, coronoid, and angular processes was 4.86 ± 0.25 mm, 2.64 ± 0.52 mm, and 3.72 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left & right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left & right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. Most orbit skull types were megaseme in nearly 61%, and orbital asymmetry was also observed. However, the right orbit (26.07 ± 2.106) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than left orbit (24.80 ± 1.850). The most common shape of the foramen magnum was the oval-like foramen (78%). The common nose types were platyrrhine in 50% and mesorrhine in 26%.ConclusionInsights from this study might provide practical reference information for mandibular and orbital reconstructive surgeries in clinical settings, skull classification in forensic science, and research purposes.

Morphometric Analysis of Vertebral Artery in the Scaleno Vertebral Triangle

Background: The vertebral arteries (VA) play a vital role in supplying blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. Vertebral artery anomalies, including abnormal origins, courses, and structural irregularities, heighten the risk of cerebrovascular events. Typically, the vertebral arteries arise from the posterosuperior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery. The aim of this study is to present the presence of variation in the origin of vertebral artery Material and Methods: Twenty-eight embalmed cadavers allotted for 1st year MBBS dissection in the Department of Anatomy were used for the study. The triangle of vertebral artery was exposed in all the cadavers, and examined the origin of vertebral artery. Dimensions of the Triangle of Vertebral artery (TVA) and vertebral artery were then measured using a digital vernier caliper and the area and height of the TVA were calculated. Result: In the present study, we have evaluated the morphometric parameters of the TVA and vertebral artery. Even though there were no noticeable differences in the boundaries of TVA of both sides, the morphometric parameters showed slight difference in the measurements, but not significant. Among the 28 cadavers the unilateral origin of VA in one cadaver was from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA) . Discussion &amp; Conclusion: The mean height of TVA was 26.3mm (range, 23.7-33.7 mm) on the left and 26.2mm (range, 23.5-32.8 mm) on the right. In the current study it was observed the origin of VA from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA). The current study found that 3.6% of the variations in the origin of VA. This study highlights the variation in the origin of the vertebral artery and accentuates the importance of identifying these variations in clinical practice. KEYWORDS: Vertebral Artery, Subclavian artery, Arch of Aorta, foramen transversarium.

Morphometric Study of the Larynx: A Cadaveric Study in Sri Lanka

Introduction: Morphometric data of the larynx are important for the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal disorders, as they provide crucial information for various medical procedures and for surgeries. These measurements are fundamental in the development of biomechanical models of larynx. Objectives: To describe the detailed morphometry of adult human larynx and its variations. Methods: The study was performed on 11 larynges, from 6 male and 5 female cadavers older than 40 years, with no history of laryngeal pathology, neck trauma, or neck surgery. Specific external and internal measurements of the larynx were recorded using a digital vernier caliper with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Results: The mean values of external and internal dimensions of the larynx were higher in males than of females, except for the length from the lower border of thyroid cartilage to the upper border of cricoid cartilage (L6) and the length of the sinus. The difference was statistically significant only for the length from floor of thyroid notch to lower border of cricoid cartilage (L3), width of thyroid cartilage (L7), length from floor of thyroid notch to projection of anterior commissure (L8) and length of infraglottic cavity. Although, bilateral asymmetry was present in majority of specimens, there was no statistically significant difference between measurements on left and right sides of bilateral structures (vestibular, vocal, and aryepiglottic folds). Conclusion: There was a wide individual variation in both external and internal dimensions of the larynx, with males having generally higher values compared to females. This knowledge can be integrated on laryngeal morphometry into clinical and surgical practices, as well as into the design of advanced biomechanical models to achieve better patient care and innovative treatment solutions.

Morphometric analysis of dry acetabulum and iliac bones from anatomy museums in south eastern Nigeria with relation to clinical practice

Introduction and aim. Good outcomes of total hip replacement and acetabular surgeries have been linked to proper understanding of the morphometry of acetabular and iliac bones. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical morphometry of dry acetabulum and iliac bones in southeastern Nigeria. Material and methods. The measurements were done on human hip bones in anatomy museums using a Vernier caliper. The acetabular and iliac bone parts were measured. Results. A total of 148 dry hip bones were measured during the study. The mean acetabular depth and diameter are 32.10±2.33 mm, and 53.93±2.74 mm respectively. The mean thicknesses of the acetabular walls are 5.88±1.38 mm, 12.64±1.84 mm, 15.79±2.07 mm and 19.74±2.18 mm for the antero-inferior, antero-superior, postero-inferior and postero-superior walls respectively. The distances between landmarks on the iliac bone are: anterior-inferior-iliac-spine – posterior-inferior-iliac-spine = 112.91±8.01 mm, posterior-superior-iliac-spine – anterior-inferior-iliac-spine = 135.29±8.04 mm, anterior-inferior-iliac-spine – anterior-superior-iliac-spine = 34.98±9.55 mm, posterior-superior-iliac-spine – upper-edge-of-acetabulum = 119.14±7.83 mm and anterior-superior-iliac-spine – nearest-edge-of-acetabulum = 55.71±5.60 mm. The regression model for prediction of diameter of the acetabulum using the depth of the acetabulum shows that for every 1 mm increase in the acetabular depth, the acetabular diameter increases by 0.312 times. The regression equation is “Y = bx + a”; Y = acetabular diameter, x = acetabular depth, b = margin of error = 0.312, and a = constant determined to be 43.919. Conclusion. The study established the mean values and the relationship between acetabular depth and diameter.

Neurovascular anatomy of the platysma muscle for blepharoptosis repair: a cadaveric study.

This study aimed to define a new surgical method using a neurotized platysma free flap to provide dynamic reanimation, enhanced functional recovery, and low morbidity for blepharoptosis repair. Ten hemifaces and neck halves of five formalin-fixed cadavers were included in the study. The origin of the neurovascular structures of the pedicle was identified at the submandibular triangle. A 5 × 3cm platysma flap was dissected. For the recipient side, the main donor vascular structures were observed at the frontal part of the temporal region. The diameters of the donor structures were measured with a digital Vernier caliper. The statistical analysis of the study was performed with Jamovi statistical software version 2.3.36. P < 0.05 was accepted as a statistically significant value. At the donor region, the pedicle included branches of the cervical branch of the facial nerve and the facial artery in all specimens. However, the venous graft pedicle origin could be either the facial vein or the lingual vein. At the recipient region, the mean diameters of the most anterior nerves, arteries, and veins were 1, 2.03, and 2.37mm respectively. In a side comparison of pedicle variables, only pedicle artery diameter and lateral palpebral commissure-anterior superior point of auricula distance had statistically significant differences between hemifaces. A 5 × 3cm size platysma flap located in the submandibular trigone would be a good choice for functional blepharoptosis surgery. The thin structure and the appropriate neurovascular pedicle structure should enable performing a successful flap transfer.

Quantitative Evaluation of Post-Tillage Soil Structure Based on Close-Range Photogrammetry

Soil tillage is essential for improving soil structure, enhancing fertility, promoting crop growth, and increasing yield. However, precise and efficient standardized methods for quantitatively evaluating post-tillage soil structure are still absent. This study aims to develop a general quantitative evaluation method for post-tillage soil structure using close-range photogrammetry. Six soil surface sample plots of different scales were selected, and two image acquisition methods and three platforms were chosen for image capture and 3D reconstruction. Geomagic Wrap was used for post-processing the models, with indicators such as clod sizes, surface flatness, and cumulative percentage used for quantitative description. Model accuracy was validated using traditional needle plate and vernier caliper measurements. The most effective combinations of image acquisition methods and 3D reconstruction platforms were identified based on modeling efficiency and quality. The results showed that combining image acquisition, 3D reconstruction platforms, and post-processing software enables high-precision 3D reconstruction and accurate digital information retrieval. Image Acquisition Method One and the AgisoftMetashape platform demonstrated the best combination in terms of model completeness, texture detail, and overall quality. This combination is recommended for the 3D reconstruction and digital information retrieval of soil surfaces. This study provides a method for evaluating post-tillage soil structure, including image acquisition, 3D reconstruction, model post-processing, and quantitative metrics.

Intra-maxillary Tooth Width Ratios and Mesiodistal Crown Dimensions of the Permanent Dentition in a Tanzanian Population

Aim: The present study aimed to establish the mesiodistal crown dimension and intra-maxillary tooth width ratios of permanent teeth in a Tanzanian population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Muhimbili University Dental Clinic involving 204 orthodontic study models with normal intra-arch occlusion. The mesiodistal width of all the permanent teeth, excluding the second and third molars, was measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Tooth width means comparison between sexes and sides was performed using an independent t-test with the significance level set at P&lt;0.05. Intra-arch tooth width ratios, correlation of variance, and mesiodistal tooth width means were calculated and presented in descriptive statistic tables. Results: The widest tooth was the first lower molar (11.55 mm), followed by the upper first molar (10.53 mm) and upper central incisor (9.22 mm). The smallest teeth were the central incisors in the lower jaw (5.67 mm) and the second premolar in the upper jaw (7.12 mm). Males had statistically wider teeth than females in all teeth except the second premolars and upper lateral incisor (P&lt;0.05). The proportions of the upper laterals to upper central incisors were 80.5% and 81.3% in males and females, respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of the upper first premolar to that of the upper canine was 96.3% in females and 93.6% in males. Conclusion: Odontometrics data for the Tanzanian population was determined. The derived measurements were relatively higher compared to those reported in most other populations.

Anatomical research of positional relationship between protective channel and sural nerve during Achilles tendon repair using channel assisted minimally invasive repair technique

To evaluate the positional relationship between protective channel and sural nerve while treating acute Achilles tendon rupture with channel assisted minimally invasive repair (CAMIR) technique based on anatomical observations of cadaver specimens. Twelve adult cadaveric lower limb specimens (6 left, 6 right) were utilized. A CAMIR device was implanted at a distance of 4 cm from the proximal end of the specimen to the Achilles tendon insertion. The skin was incised along the tendon's medial side, the sural nerve was dissected, and the positional relationship with the protective channel was observed. The distance from the sural nerve-Achilles tendon intersection to the calcaneal insertion, the vertical distance between protective channel and the calcaneal insertion, and the horizontal distance between the sural nerve and protective channel were measured by using vernier caliper. Anatomical examination demonstrated a variable positional relationship between the sural nerve and protective channel, with the sural nerve positioned above (8 specimens) or below (4 specimens) the protective channel. The distance from the sural nerve-Achilles tendon intersection to the calcaneal insertion was (105.67±14.94) mm, the vertical distance between protective channel and the calcaneal insertion was (93.20±9.57) mm, and the horizontal distance between the sural nerve and protective channel was (0.31±0.14) mm. The use of CAMIR technique for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture can effectively avoid iatrogenic injury to the sural nerve.

Optimizing Arterial Tissue Thickness Measurement Protocols: Digital Vernier Caliper Versus Digital Thickness Gauge.

The aim of this study is to analyze the reproducibility of sample thickness measurements taken by a non-experienced user by comparing a standard digital vernier caliper, with four different protocols, to a specialized thickness gauge. The current study is a methodological study where we examined the thickness of the porcine arterial wall in the thoracic aorta of six pigs. Two adjacent samples of 10 × 10 mm from each aorta were excised longitudinally from the anterior wall, resulting in twelve specimens. Five protocols were employed to measure the thickness of each sample. In four of these protocols, digital vernier calipers (Multicomp PRO MP012475) were utilized, while the fifth protocol utilized a specialized digital thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 547-500S, Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki, Japan). We observed a higher average thickness of the samples during the initial measurement compared to the second measurement (1.11 ± 0.16 vs. 0.94 ± 0.17, p = 0.0319) with the first protocol and smaller values than those determined at the last measurement (0.93 ± 0.15 vs. 1.10 ± 0.15, p = 0.0135) for the third protocol. Further, with the digital vernier calipers, we recorded lower values for all four protocols than for the digital thickness gauge determinations. In addition, we computed the ratio of the thicknesses measured during the first, second, and third measurements to analyze how consistent the values were across the three consecutive measurements, with no difference regarding the third, fourth, and control protocols. The digital thickness gauge offers dependable measurements, regardless of the user's expertise in assessing tissue thickness, and demonstrates a substantially higher reproducibility when compared to the digital vernier. We also found that taking an average of the thickness measurements from four specific points on each half of the sides or on each diagonal of each corner yielded consistently reliable results over time when using a standard digital vernier caliper instead of a specialized one.

Assessing the Accuracy of Linear Alveolar Bone Measurements for Implant Planning Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography by Comparing Three Competent Three-Dimensional Imaging Software: An In Vitro Study.

This study aims to assess the accuracy of linear alveolar bone measurements for implant planning using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) by comparing three 3D imaging software: CareStream (Carestream Health, Rochester, New York, United States), RadiAnt (Medixant, Poznan, Poland), and iRYS (Cefla s.c., Imola, Italy). Twenty-seven dry goat mandibles were used for this in-vitro study. Gutta-percha markers were placed on the mandibles, which were then scanned using a CBCT machine. Linear measurements of the alveolar bone were taken at the implant sites using CareStream, RadiAnt, and iRYS software, and compared to gold-standard measurements obtained using digital Vernier calipers. Measurements included bone height and width, and the absolute measurement errors were calculated to assess accuracy. iRYS consistently provided the most accurate measurements compared to the control, especially at lower error thresholds. RadiAnt tended to overestimate, while CareStream yielded intermediate values. Across all thresholds, iRYS showed the least deviation, followed by CareStream and RadiAnt. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the three software programs at higher error thresholds, confirming the reliability of each for implant planning. All three software programs (iRYS, CareStream, and RadiAnt) offered reliable and accurate measurements for implant planning using CBCT, with iRYS being the most accurate. Clinicians can confidently use any of the three, although iRYS may be preferred for cases requiring higher precision.

Prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal

Background: Microdontia is a condition where the teeth are smaller than the normal size, which may involve all teeth or be limited to a single tooth or a group of teeth. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 190 orthodontic casts of patients (166 males and 224 females) who came for orthodontic treatment between the age of 14 to 28 years (mean age of 17.43±4.28 years) were randomly selected. The mesiodistal dimension of each tooth was recorded with the help of digital vernier caliper. A tooth was diagnosed as microdontia when it is smaller than the normal size. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 with a confidence level set at 95% (P&lt;0.05). Chi-square test was used to determine the difference in prevalence of microdontia among the genders. Whereas, mesio-distal dimensions of teeth were compared on both sides of the jaws using student’s t-test. Results: The prevalence of overall microdontia was 6.66% (26) whereas prevalence of single tooth microdontia, multiple teeth and generalized microdontia was 2.3% (9), 2.83% (11) and 1.53% (6) respectively. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of microdontia among genders (p=0.987). In addition, there was no statistical difference in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth on both sides of the jaws (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The most common tooth affected by microdontia was maxillary lateral incisor. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of microdontia among genders. Keywords: Microdontia, Nepal, Orthodontic patients, Prevalence

Comparison of anterior and posterior teeth dimensions between artificial teeth and natural dentition - An in vivo study

Background: The aesthetic and functional aspects of artificial tooth selection are pivotal for an individual's quality of life, a skill paramount to every prosthodontist. It gives a pleasing, expressive and confident life to the patient. Aim: This study aimed to juxtapose the dimensions of natural maxillary and mandibular anterior and posterior teeth with those of three commercially available denture teeth brands: Acryrock, Biorock, and Ivoclar Vivadent, taking into account gender variations Materials and Methods: Dentate casts from 23 males and 77 females were scrutinized for length and width of the natural anterior and posterior teeth dimensions. These measurements, collected by a single examiner employing a digital vernier calliper and flexible ruler, were subsequently compared to the specifications provided in the respective denture teeth mold charts. like Acryrock, Biorock, Ivoclar vivadent. The dimensions thus obtained are compared between the three systems of artificial teeth and natural teeth for selecting the best system of artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis. Results : The study revealed that all three artificial teeth systems matched the width of natural maxillary anterior teeth. However, only the Ivoclar Vivadent teeth set closely resembled the dimensions of mandibular anterior and posterior teeth, as well as maxillary posterior teeth, across both genders. Conclusion: The findings confirm the feasibility of employing natural teeth dimensions to determine the size of anterior and posterior artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis fabrication, providing a statistically and mathematically supported approach. keywords: artificial teeth, aesthetics, complete denture, dentulous subjects, mesiodistal width, prosthesis.

Correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion and length of fingers in dentate subjects.

Objective: To determine whether there is a correlation between finger length and the vertical dimension of occlusion in dentate individuals attending the prosthodontics department at Muhammad Dental College, Mirpurkhas.Methodology: During this cross-sectional study 2023-2024, 218 patients with crown &amp; bridge were included. Clinical an-thropometric measures were taken. The subjects received instructions to softly bite on their back teeth, keep their lips in passive contact, and keep their heads well-stabilized in order to retrieve the VDO. A Vernier caliper was then used to measure the distance. Each parameter was measured three times and average value was recorded.Results: Average age of the patients was 25.39±2.58 years. The parameters for index finger length (r=0.669; p=0.0005), little finger length (r=0.666; p=0.0005), and the length of the tip of the thumb and the index finger (r =0.663; p=0.0005) had the highest correlations with VDO.Conclusion: It is concluded that this procedure is simple, cost-effective, and non-invasive, therefore it might be used in routine practice to ascertain the vertical dimension of occlusion. Keywords: Dentistry practice, Vertical dimension of occlusion, Prosthodontic therapy