Verminous Pneumonia Research Articles

PNEUMONIA VERMINOSA OF WILD BOARS

In our country a certain number of wild boars is controlled and reared on enclosed hunting ground, while a number of free-ranging population is mainly unknown. The control of health status of wild boar population is quite demanding and it is not easy to achieve. Also, often is not possible entirely to perform a complete diagnostic examination in wild boars in each evaluated case. The aim of this research was to evaluate the clinical signs and pathomorphological changes in the suspicious cases on the occurrence of the verminous pneumonia in wild boars. The material for this research included three hunting grounds in Vojvodina, where clinical signs of health disorders and dead of young categories of wild hoags were recorded. The following research methods were applied: epidemiological, clinical and pathological examination of dead wild boars, hystological examination of the lung tissue samples and parasitologial examination. In all examined cases, macropathogical examination revealed changes dominantly in the respiratory tract. By pathohystological and parasitological examination the presence of lung worms in the trachea, bronchi and in posteroventral parts of the diaphragmatic lung lobes were detected (Pneumonia verminosa). In conslusion, the achieved results strongly suggest that Metastrongylus sp. represent economically important helmintosis of wild boars in our climatic conditions. Discovered parasitic infestations in the evaluated wild boars are economically significant because of retardation in the growth and weigh gain, and may be the cause of dead or discarding the meat in the case of cachexia, hydremia.

Diversity and prevalence of metastrongyloid nematodes infecting the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in European zoos

Metastrongyloid induced pneumonia has been described sporadically in the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens). Early descriptions in pandas recently imported to the USA from China involved parasites morphologically similar to Angiostrongylus spp. and Crenosomatidae. More recently, four cases of severe verminous pneumonia associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum have been reported from European zoos. A coprological survey of the red panda population within European zoos was conducted in 2008. Faecal samples from 115 pandas originating from 54 zoos were collected on 3 consecutive days. Using Baermann technique, 40 animals (35%) from 20 zoos (37%) were found to shed metastrongyloid first stage larvae (L 1). Based on their morphology and size, the L 1 observed could be divided into three morphologically distinct types: (1) a Crenosoma sp. type ( n = 5, overall prevalence: 4.3%), (2) an A. vasorum type ( n = 3, 2.6%), and (3) an unidentified metastrongyloid species, similar to, but morphologically distinct from A. vasorum ( n = 32, 27.8%). Further confirmation of species identification was provided by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene, which confirmed three different species. The novel Crenosoma species was most genetically analogous to Crenosoma mephitidis and the unidentified metastrongyloid species was most similar to Stenurus minor and Torynurus convulutus. Routine and quarantine health care of red pandas in captivity should take account of the risk of Angiostrongylus and Crenosoma infection in endemic areas, but should also be cognisant of the widespread presence of an apparently less pathogenic species of lungworm. The identity of the two potentially novel species is subject to further work.

Prevalence and pathology of lungworm infection in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from southwest Florida

Parasitism of the respiratory system is a relatively common finding in stranded cetaceans; however, no systematic investigations regarding the severity, distribution, and clinical consequences of these infections in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus have been conducted previously. The present study determined the prevalence of lungworm infections in dead stranded (n=22) and live bottlenose dolphins (n=44) from southwestern Florida, USA, during the period from 2003 to 2005. Dead stranded bottlenose dolphins were necropsied and lungs were examined visually, by palpation, and histologically for lesions consistent with verminous pneumonia. When present, nematodes were counted, measured, and identified to species based upon their morphology. Dolphin feces and blowhole swabs were collected and examined for nematode larvae. Lungworm prevalence was 77% in dead animals (n=22). The lesions in most cases were mild, chronic, and not the primary cause of death. Only 13% of dead animals examined had patent infections, with larvae present in blowhole and fecal cytology, and only 18% of animals had intact worms present at necropsy, with a geometric mean intensity of infection of 22.6 worms animal(-1). Intact worms were identified as either Halocercus lagenorhynchi or Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus. The highest prevalence of active infections was found in neonates and calves, including 1 stillborn calf. For free-ranging animals, all blowhole swabs (n=44) were negative, and fecal cytology (n=22) showed a 3% prevalence of patent infection. Findings from the present study support the theory that bottlenose dolphins can be infected transplacentally by lungworms. The impact that such infections may have on neonatal survival is unknown; however, these infections could increase neonatal mortality.

Pulmonary adenomatosis and maedi-visna in Ethiopian central highland sheep: a microscopic study

Microscopic examination of pneumonic lungs of the Ethiopian highland sheep (n = 35) was made and compared with the pneumonic lungs from ten sheep and 66 goats from the lowlands. Lesions compatible with sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA; 8/35, 22.8%), and maedi-visna (MV; 9/35, 25.7%) were recorded only in sheep from the central highlands. Interstitial pneumonia (43.2%), bronchopneumonia (35.1%), and verminous pneumonia (6.3%) were recorded in both sheep and goats from the high- and the lowlands. SPA was documented for the first time in sheep from Ethiopia in this report. We believe that MV and SPA were introduced into Ethiopia through importation of exotic sheep. These infections should be considered in dealing with the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in all the sheep breeds in the central highlands and in the exotic and the crossbred sheep in the other parts of the country.

Immunohistochemical detection of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica antigens in goats with natural pneumonia

Pneumonia is a leading cause of loss to ruminants throughout the world. Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica is one of the most important etiological agent of pneumonia in cattle, sheep, and goats. This study was carried out to determine the incidence of M.haemolytica antigens using immunohistochemistry labelling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in pneumonic lungs of goats slaughtered at abattoir, and then to compare these immunohistochemistry results with the results of bacterial isolation. For these objectives, a total of 1505 goat lungs slaughtered in slaughterhouse were grossly examined and pneumonia was detected in 74 cases (4.91%). Of these, with the exception of verminous pneumonia observed in 32 cases, on 42 pneumonic lungs immunohistochemical examinations were performed. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) procedure using polyclonal antibodies to detect M.haemolytica antigens. Pneumonic lesions were more frequently encountered in cranioventral lobes than caudal lobes, and characterized by irregular lobular foci of atelectasis or lobar pneumonia. The presence of M.haemolytica antigens was detected in 19 (45%) out of 42 pneumonic lungs. Bacterial antigens were found most frequently in the cytoplasm of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, in the swirling degenerating leukocytes in the alveoli, and in the degenerating leukocytes in the area of coagulation necrosis, less frequently in the epithelial cells of bronchial glands, and lymphoid cells. Conclusionly, immunohistochemical detection of M.haemolytica antigens in pneumonic lungs appear to be more reliable compared to bacterial isolation.

SUPPURATIVE POLYARTHRITIS IN STRIPED SKUNKS (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS) FROM CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS: DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA DNA

Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. were necropsied (n=34; 1995-1997) or clinically evaluated (n=25, 2002-2003) to characterize a lameness and polyarthritis, reported by wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators, and unsuccessfully treated with antibiotics. Overall, 22 affected skunks had one or multiple swollen joints, swollen paws, and subcutaneous abscesses. Purulent exudate was located in joint spaces, in periarticular connective tissue between muscle fascicles and tendons, and between and along flexor and extensor tendons of the paws. Histologic examination revealed suppurative arthritis, with necrosis and erosion of articular cartilage, and suppurative osteomyelitis. Special stains failed to reveal a causative microorganism within affected joints, and routine bacteriologic cultures failed to isolate a pathogen with any significant frequency or consistency. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments were performed using DNA extracted from archived, formalin-fixed joint samples of 11 affected skunks, and DNA from joints of 7 of 11 affected skunks yielded amplicons with sequences highly similar to sequences of Mycoplasma fermentans within the Mycoplasma bovis cluster, whereas DNA samples from joints of four unaffected skunks were negative by PCR. Skunks from Connecticut, U.S.A. (n=21; 1995-2003) were similarly examined and were found not to have suppurative polyarthritis, suggesting a unique geographic distribution of this condition. Concurrent pathologic conditions in adult skunks from both Cape Cod and Connecticut included verminous pneumonia, gastric nematodiasis, arthropod ectoparasitism, and canine distemper. Amyloidosis was present in skunks with and without suppurative polyarthritis, and the amyloid was immunohistochemically identified as AA-amyloid. This is the first report of suppurative polyarthritis in wild skunks with evidence of a mycoplasmal etiology.

PROTOSTRONGYLID PARASITES AND PNEUMONIA IN CAPTIVE AND WILD THINHORN SHEEP (OVIS DALLI)

We describe health significance of protostrongylid parasites (Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi) and other respiratory pathogens in more than 50 naturally infected Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories (1998-2002) as well as in three Stone's sheep (O. d. stonei) experimentally infected with P. odocoilei (2000-2002). Histological lesions in the brain and distribution of P. odocoilei in the muscles of experimentally and naturally infected sheep were consistent with a previously hypothesized "central nervous system to muscle" pattern of migration for P. odocoilei. Dimensions of granulomas associated with eggs of P. odocoilei and density of protostrongylid eggs and larvae in the cranial lung correlated with intensity of larvae in feces, and all varied with season of collection. Prevalence of P. stilesi based on the presence of larvae in feces underestimated true prevalence (based on examination of lungs) in wild Dall's sheep collected in summer and fall. Similarly, counts of both types of protostrongylid larvae in feces were unreliable indicators of parasitic infection in wild Dall's sheep with concomitant bacterial pneumonia associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Pasteurella sp., and Mannheimia sp. Diffuse, interstitial pneumonia due to P. odocoilei led to fatal pulmonary hemorrhage and edema after exertion in one experimentally infected Stone's sheep and one naturally infected Dall's sheep. Bacterial and verminous pneumonia associated with pathogens endemic in wild Dall's sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains caused sporadic mortalities. There was no evidence of respiratory viruses or bacterial strains associated with domestic ruminants, from which this population of wild sheep has been historically isolated.

Diseases of goats in Zaria, Nigeria

A study was conducted at the Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (ABUVTH), Zaria to document the diseases of goats that occurred in Zaria between January, 1986 and December, 2002. A total of 1247 goats aged between day old to 4 years and reared on free range were treated during the period. The breeds of goats presented include: Kano brown (48%), Sokoto red (30%), West African dwarf (WAD) (11%), mixed breeds or crosses (3%) and unidentified (8%), respectively. The diseases diagnosed were salmonellosis, piroplasmosis, contagious ecthyma, cowdriosis, brucellosis, lameness, tick infestation, colibacillosis, helminthosis, pregnancy toxemia, tetanus, piroplasmosis, retained placenta, paraphimosis, Oestus ovis infection, mange, verminous pneumonia, coccidiosis, goiter, neonatal hypoglycemia, goat pox and mastitis. Most (54.51%) of the diseases encountered were parasitic and farmers intending to establish goat farms in Zaria should be advised to plan for their control. The public health significance of those diseases that are zoonotic is discussed. The need to encourage traditional remedies in the treatment of these diseases was recognised. Keywords : diseases, goats, Zaria Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 23(2) 2005: 47-55

P.134 Seroepidemiology of HBV and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in nursing and obstetrics students, Bonab City, Iran, 2004

This survey was carried out to find the aetiologic agents of subacute to chronic ovine pneumonia which is ranked amongst the most prevalent disease syndromes of sheep in Iran. Mycoplasma arginini was isolated from 79% (49 out of 62) of pneumonic lungs. The higher frequency of M. arginini in pneumonic lungs (79%), compared with its low prevalence in apparently normal ones (6.5%), and the type of histopathologic reactions observed in affected tissues, indicate that this agent might have an important role in producing ovine pneumonia. In some cases, other bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Streptococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated. Cultures for viruses were negative and, according to histopathologic examinations, there was no evidence of chlamydial infection. Dictyocaulus filaria and Protostrongylus rufescens were isolated from lungs with verminous pneumonia.

Verminous pneumonia due to Filaroides hirthi in a Scottish terrier in Spain

A previously healthy Scottish terrier developed verminous pneumonia due to Filaroides hirthi. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of cytology of a transtracheal wash, which contained 17 per cent...

Distribution of Crenosoma Vulpis and Eucoleus Aerophilus in the Lung of Free-Ranging Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes)

Crenosoma vulpis and Eucoleus aerophilus are nematode parasites that can cause verminous pneumonia in wild carnivores. There is a paucity of information regarding the distribution of parasites in the lungs and the relationship between histopathological and parasitological diagnoses in naturally infected foxes. The objectives of this study were: first, to study the lobar and airway distribution of C. vulpis and E. aerophilus in wild red foxes and second, to investigate the relationship between fecal and histopathological diagnoses. Samples from 6 sites of the lung and fecal contents were obtained from 51 wild foxes in Prince Edward Island. By fecal examination, 78.4% of wild foxes tested positive for C. vulpis and 68.6% for E. aerophilus. In contrast, 66.6% and 49% of foxes had histopathological evidence of C. vulpis and E. aerophilus in the lungs, respectively. Anatomically, C. vulpis was observed in the small bronchi and bronchioles of all pulmonary lobes whereas E. aerophilus was restricted to the large bronchi and the caudal lobes. Affected airways exhibited severe epithelial glandular hyperplasia and bronchiolar mucous metaplasia. It was concluded that C. vulpis is widely distributed in airways of all pulmonary lobes, whereas E. aerophilus is mainly restricted to the bronchi of caudal lobes. Also, this study showed that histological examination of lung underestimates the infection with E. aerophilus.

Immunohistochemical Detection of Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Antigens in Paraffin Sections of Pneumonic Caprine Lungs

Pneumonia is a leading cause of loss to ruminants throughout the world. Parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI-3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of bovine and ovine. In this study, prevalence of PI-3 virus infection as causative agent of pneumonia in goats was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 1505 goat lungs slaughtered in Bitlis and Van slaughterhouses were grossly examined and pneumonia was detected in 74 cases (4.91%). Lesions were more frequently encountered in anteroventral lobes than caudal lobes. With the exception of verminous pneumonia observed in 32 cases, immunohistochemical examinations were performed on 42 pneumonic lungs. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex procedure using polyclonal antibodies to detect PI-3 viral antigens. The presence of PI-3 viral antigens was detected in 28 (66.6%) of 42 pneumonic lungs. Viral antigens were found most frequently in the cytoplasm of bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, and less frequently in the epithelial cells of bronchial glands, syncytial cells, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes and plasma cells. In conclusion, it was found that there was a close relationship between the pneumonia in goats and the presence of PI-3 viral antigens. Incidence of PI-3 virus in pneumonic lungs of goats was detected to be very high in the present study performed in the region of Bitlis and Van, Turkey.

Congenital Hemicerebral Anomaly in a Stranded Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi)

A stranded 5-month-old female Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) was presented displaying tachypnea and diminished lung sounds. No neurological abnormalities were noted. The animal was treated for verminous pneumonia, but died 2 wk later. Gross necropsy examination revealed a severe obstructive verminous pneumonia associated with large numbers of Otostrongylus circumlitus. In addition, the majority of the right cerebral hemisphere was absent, with hypoplasia of the left cerebellar hemisphere, absence of the right pyramid, and malformation of the right occipital bone. Histopathologic findings included multifocal thrombosis and inflammation of pulmonary arteries, verminous pneumonia, and mild vacuolation of the subependymal white matter in the third ventricle representing swelling of myelin sheaths and edema. This is the first report of a hemicerebral anomaly in a marine mammal.

Immunohistochemical detection of peste des petits ruminants viral antigens in tissues from cases of naturally occurring pneumonia in goats

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by erosive stomatitis, enteritis, and pneumonia. But the pneumonia is the most frequently recorded lesion in PPR infections. In this study, the presence of PPR viral antigens in goat’s pneumonia was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 1505 goat’s lungs slaughtered in Bitlis and Van slaughterhouses were grossly examined and pneumonia was detected in 74 cases (4.91%). Lesions were more frequently encountered in anteroventral lobes than caudal lobes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations were performed on 42 pneumonic lungs (except the verminous pneumonia). IHC staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were carried out by the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex (ABC) procedure. The presence of PPR viral antigens were detected in 17 (40%) out of 42 pneumonic lungs. Viral antigens were found most frequently in the cytoplasm and rarely in the nucleus, including bronchial glands, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, syncytial cells, and alveolar macrophages.In conclusion, it was found that there was a close relationship between the pneumonia in goats and the presence of PPR viral antigens. The PPR incidence in pneumonic lungs of goats was detected to be very high in the present study performed in the region of Bitlis and Van.

Association of two newly recognized herpesviruses with interstitial pneumonia in donkeys (Equus asinus).

Over a period of 6 years, antemortem and postmortem examinations were performed on a number of donkeys suffering from respiratory disease. For many cases, initial diagnostic efforts failed to identify an etiology consistent with the pathologic findings. However, retrospective examination of these cases using consensus primer polymerase chain reaction, designed to recognize herpesviruses from all 3 subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, amplified a fragment of the highly conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene from a number of these animals. Two novel herpesviruses, herein designated asinine herpesvirus 4 (AHV4) and asinine herpesvirus 5 (AHV5), were consistently detected in lung tissue from donkeys in which the histopathology was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and marked syncytial cell formation but not in lung tissue from donkeys with evidence of bacterial or verminous pneumonia. Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis places these new viruses within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily and indicates that they are most closely related to the recently identified zebra herpesvirus and wildass herpesvirus as well as equine herpesviruses 2 and 5.

Congenital defects in northern elephant seals stranded along the central California coast.

Eleven cases of congenital anomalies were identified in 210 (5%) juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) found stranded along the central California (USA) coast from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1995. Seven individuals had mild-to-moderate hydrocephalus involving the lateral ventricles bilaterally, or the lateral and third ventricles. Two animals had severe cardiac anomalies: hypoplasia of the right ventricle with overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect. Other anomalies included single cases of hydronephrosis, focal pulmonary dysplasia, and congenital epidermal angiomatosis. Common intercurrent disease processes were verminous pneumonia and arteritis, verminous enteritis and coliti, and splenic and hepatic hemosiderosis. The more severe anomalies were considered to be the cause of debilitation and stranding. Milder anomalies were found incidentally during routine gross necropsy and histopathologic examination.

Pathologic and ultrastructural findings in sheep in Morocco with naturally occuring jaagsiekte (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis)

Jaagsiekte was studied in the lungs of 85 sheep of Sardi and mixed breeds ranging from 7 months to 8 years of age. Lungs were examined grossly, histologically and, in five cases, by transmission electron microscopy. Lesions in lungs with jaagsiekte were described: they consisted of multiple focal to coalescent neoplastic nodules. Microscopic architecture of the neoplasms was similar in all cases, and lesions were seen as foci of cells arranged in glandular-like patterns (acinar and/or papillary). Intraalveolar fibrosis was prominent in many cases, specially in chronic ones, and alveolar macrophages were consistently found within alveolar spaces. In some cases (38/85), nodules or masses of myxomatous-like tissue were seen in the vicinity of adenomatous areas. Associated verminous pneumonia, hydatid cysts, and secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia were frequently encountered. Ultrastructurally, the proliferating neoplastic cells appeared to result from the transformation of Type II pneumocytes. Neither metastatic lesions nor viral inclusions were observed during this investigation. Sheep in the present study were not tested for antibodies to ovine lentivirus, maedi/visna. This descriptive study provides a morphological background necessary for routine differentiation and indicates the necessity of initiating studies on viral etiology and pathogenesis of jaagsiekte in Morocco.

Experimental studies of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): life cycle, pathogenesis, and pathology.

A total of 12 reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were given 200-1,000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 2 1/2-196 days post inoculation (p.i.). The larvae penetrated venules of the abomasal wall and followed the bloodstream via the liver to the lungs. In the lungs the larvae entered pulmonary venules and spread to all tissues via the general circulation. Many larvae that lodged in arterial vessels outside the spinal cord migrated into the cord along the spinal nerves. Nematodes matured in the central nervous system (CNS), and then migrated to the skeletal muscles (SM) via the spinal nerve roots. Eggs were deposited into veins and carried via the venous blood to the lungs. Here, the first stage larvae hatched and entered the airways. Pathological lesions consisting of focal necroses and interstitial accumulations of inflammatory cells were observed in the abomasal wall, liver, lungs, myocardium and kidneys. Infarcts were observed in the myocardium, kidneys and CNS. Other lesions in the nervous system were encephalomyelitis, focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, axon and myelin sheath degenerations, meningitis, choroiditis, perineuritis, neuritis and ganglioradiculitis. A multifocal verminous pneumonia persisted from day 103 p.i., and nematode-induced inflammatory oedema was observed in the intermuscular connective tissue of the SM at 196 days p.i.

Findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern California coast, 1984-1990.

Personnel at The Marine Mammal Center (The Center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern California (USA) coast from 1984 through 1990, including California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus townsendi). The primary disease findings in stranded California sea lions were renal disease, renal disease complicated by severe verminous pneumonia, verminous pneumonia, seizures of unknown etiology, and renal disease complicated by severe pneumonia of unknown etiology. Stranded elephant seals included pups, yearlings with dermatological problems, and neonates. Most harbor seals admitted to The Center were underweight and premature pups. Stranded northern fur seals included animals with seizures of unknown etiology and emaciated pups. Stranded Steller sea lions included underweight pups and aged adult females with pneumonia. Two Guadalupe fur seals had hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Incidental findings at the time of stranding among the six species included verminous pneumonia and pneumonia of unknown etiology, renal disease, internal parasitism, ophthalmologic problems, gastrointestinal disorders, otitis externa, and external wounds.

An outbreak of fatal verminous pneumonia in cattle in north Queensland.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 69, Issue 9 p. 231-231 An outbreak of fatal verminous pneumonia in cattle in north Queensland WL TOWNSEND, WL TOWNSEND Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorGW JONES, GW JONES Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorNP STEWART, NP STEWART Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this author WL TOWNSEND, WL TOWNSEND Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorGW JONES, GW JONES Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorNP STEWART, NP STEWART Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09934.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume69, Issue9September 1992Pages 231-231 RelatedInformation