Verification Of Requirements Research Articles

Computer data examination: the essence and procedural order

The article is devoted to clarifying the essence and procedural order of computer data examination in criminal proceedings. This type of examination, as defined by the Law of Ukraine No. 2137-IX dated 15.03.2022, is a novelty of criminal procedure legislation and requires theoretical elaboration. It is noted that the legislative consolidation of the types of examination should be determined by the need to establish specific procedural requirements for their conduct. It is specified that the direct object of such an examination is the audio-visual representation of computer data, which is defined as information contained in the storage device of an electronic computer in a format suitable for processing, transmission and interpretation by computer computing devices.
 Within the framework of the article, the examination of computer data is distinguished from the examination of computer equipment (by the object criterion) and from the removal of information from electronic information systems (by the (non)secrecy criterion). The author emphasises that the procedural order of the analysed procedural action is regulated by Articles 104, 105, 223, 237 of the CPC of Ukraine, as well as the requirements for collection and verification of evidence (Chapter 4 of the CPC of Ukraine), the principles of criminal proceedings (Chapter 2 of the CPC of Ukraine) and other general provisions of criminal procedural legislation. The subjects of the computer data examination are the investigator, prosecutor, coroner, detective and operative officer (upon written order).
 It is recommended to conduct the investigated procedural action involving a specialist. The computer data examination is defined as a public investigative (detective) action carried out by the prosecution with the use of electronic computing equipment by means of direct perception of audio-visual expression of computer data in order to obtain information about facts relevant to criminal proceedings.

Field catering in the operational and training activities of the Carabinieri Corps.

The Armed Force's victualling sector, and field catering, in particular, were brought up to date following Publication No. C-19, Compendium of Logistic Provisions of the Carabinieri Force. Previously, there was no specific regulation in the defense sector, except for the operational reality of military contingents deployed abroad. The aim of this discussion is the military field catering regulatory adaptation to the procedures of the Certified Notification of Commencement of Activities, pursuant to Law 241/90. To this end, the Ministry of Defense has adopted a specific notification model for its food businesses (Interministerial Decree 06/03/2020). Presidential Decree 327/1980 also applies in the Arma with regard to refrigerated shelters intended for the storage of foodstuffs at a controlled temperature. The authorization, issued by the Veterinary Service of the Arma General Headquarters, is valid for 2 years and is renewable subject to verification of the specific requirements. The procedures to submit the certified activity start notice (SCIA) are functional for the type of service operation. The Veterinary Service issues a specific technical opinion on the relative hygiene and health requirements, while the plant-infrastructure part is assessed by the competent Directorate of Works of the Corps of Engineers of the aforementioned General Command. Failure to submit the SCIA is punishable under Legislative Decree No. 193/2007; however, if the conditions are met, recourse to the administrative institution of the warning is preferred. In the verification phase of the shelters in question, compliance with the regulations concerning the Agreement on the Transport of Perishable Goods must be ascertained. The new regulations allow the Armed Force to guarantee food safety in military operations involving the use of field modules for catering purposes.

Hardware/software security co-verification and vulnerability detection: An information flow perspective

Security vulnerabilities provide attackers unauthorized access to critical resources and effective attack surfaces to compromise a system. Security verification is an emerging technique for detecting and locating such threats. However, existing security verification methods are typically restricted within the hardware or software boundary and incapable of meeting cross-layer verification requirements due to the differences in design semantics and the lack of a security model that fits both hardware and software. We attempt to address such a limitation from the perspective of information flow analysis and propose a hardware/software security co-verification method, which can check information flow security properties on fine-grained hardware information flow models. The proposed method can pinpoint security vulnerabilities by capturing information flow security property violations under clues of malicious information flows. Our information flow security model and properties are described using standard hardware design and verification languages, which allows our method to be seamlessly integrated with electronics design automation flows. Experimental results using RISC-V hardware/software designs show that the proposed method detects software, hardware and system-level security vulnerabilities, effectively.

Application of the principle of rationality in the conditions of accounting according to Federal Accounting Standard (FSBU) 6/2020 - Fixed Assets

Subject. This article discusses the possibility of applying the principle of rationality in accounting in accordance with the provisions of the Russian Federal Accounting Standards - FSBU. Objectives. The article aims to analyze if it is possible to apply the principle of rationality in accounting, as provided for in Clause 6 of FSBU (PBU) 1/2008 - Accounting Policy of the Organization, in addition to those provisions in which the requirement to regulate through the development of materiality criteria is expressly established by FSBU 6/2020 - Accounting for Fixed Assets. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis, synthesis, and logical research. Results. On the basis of an analysis of the possibility of applying the principle of rationality in relation to the requirement for the verification of depreciation elements, the article offers practical recommendations for the development of materiality criteria and the provisions of the Accounting Policy providing for the application of the principle of rationality in relation to the requirement for annual verification of depreciation elements. Conclusions and Relevance. As shown by the practice of applying FSBU 6/2020 over the past year and a detailed study of the requirements imposed by this standard, it can be argued that there is a significant increase in the complexity of the formation and presentation of the necessary high-quality accounting information on fixed assets. The results of the study can be used to improve the quality and reliability of accounting information on fixed assets, as well as reduce labor intensity in meeting the requirements for annual verification of depreciation elements.

Belief reliability index determination method based on group decision‐making

AbstractFor newly developing systems, the determination of the reliability index is an important task in the system demonstration process that determines both the system design goal and the verification requirement. However, due to the insufficient data at the beginning of the system life cycle, the problem of epistemic uncertainty cannot be ignored. Researchers have proposed several belief reliability metrics and analysis methods to quantify the epistemic uncertainty of a system, but to the best knowledge of the authors, no relevant studies have been performed on system reliability index determination. In this paper, we propose a belief reliability index determination method based on group decision‐making. Using a similar system‐based reliability index determination method, this method comprehensively considers the demands of users and the capabilities of contractors. In addition, the Delphi method and Hadamard multiplication convex combination are combined to effectively solve the epistemic uncertainty quantification problem. The Delphi method is used to find the conflicts caused by multi‐expert scoring, and the Hadamard multiplication convex combination can integrate the scoring matrix of all experts, which makes the results more reasonable. Finally, a Low‐Earth‐orbit (LEO) satellite communication system is used to verify the effectiveness of our belief reliability index determination method.

Progress in Development of Dose Verification System Software KylinRay-Dose4D

Advanced radiotherapy technology enables the dose to more accurately conform to the tumor target area of the patient, providing accurate treatment for the patient, but the gradient of the patient's radiation dose at the tumor edge is getting larger, which putting forward higher requirements for radiotherapy dose verification. The dose verification system software KylinRay-Dose4D can verify the patient's pre-treatment plan and the in vivo/on-line dose during the patient's treatment, providing important reference for the physicist to modify the radiotherapy plan and ensuring that the patient receives accurate treatment. This study introduces the overall design and key technologies of KylinRay-Dose4D, and tests the pre-treatment plan dose checking calculation and 2D/3D dose verification through clinical cases. The test results showed that the 2D/3D gamma pass rate (3 mm/3%) of KylinRay-Dose4D reconstructed dose compared with TPS plan dose and measured dose is larger than 95%, which indicating that the reconstructed dose of KylinRay-Dose4D meets the requirement of clinical application.

Simulating and Analysing Patients’ Waiting Time in Outpatient Department at Public Clinic in Johor Using Arena Software

The simulation is a time-based representation of a real-world given system's performance. This study aims to simulate and analyse patient waiting time in the outpatient department at a public clinic in Johor. A quantitative approach was used in this study. The data collection method was observation. The patients' waiting time at the health clinic will be observed. The data collection will be held for ten days. There have 400 respondents who participated in the study. Arena Software analysed the collected data on waiting time from observation. There were two categories of outpatients in that queue modelling: express and regular. Patients that receive express care are pregnant, old, and disabled. Whereas healthy and young patients were classified as regular patients. The data obtained from the simulation and the observation will be compared to determine whether it satisfies the verification and validation requirements.

SysML Implementation of Property Based Requirements

AbstractText based requirements are historically used for specifications in DoD acquisition and systems engineering, along with models of various levels of fidelity. Text based requirements do not enable the comprehensive traceability and analysis necessary to successfully maintain and develop a complex system. In addition, the reliance on varied requirement interpretations along the design process causes issues in the accurate transference of intention, especially with regards to redundancy with the associated descriptive models. To mitigate these issues, a comprehensive property‐based solution to the generation, linkage, analysis, and verification of requirements is proposed utilizing parametric execution within SysML. Additionally, this approach can enable a level of automation in the requirements verification process when applied with digital engineering practices. A case study shows the application of the solution with an example so that the approach can be further explained.

From Requirements to Product: an MBSE Approach for the Digitalization of the Aircraft Design Process

AbstractDuring the aircraft conceptual design phase, many different design options need to be explored and compared in a short time frame. To speed up this process, efforts have been made in the past decades to digitalize parts of the design process, with a focus on the automation of the repetitive and non‐creative tasks inherent to the iterative design process. Whilst many of the newly developed methodologies focus on specific parts of the design process, a holistic model‐based design framework, incorporating the latest design technology developments, is lacking. To fill this gap, this paper presents the latest version of the Design and Engineering Engine (DEE) framework, originally proposed in the early 2000s and progressively matured through the experience of several international research collaborations. The DEE enables the setup and execution of Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) problems for aircraft (sub)systems, leveraging the automated, rule‐based modeling capabilities offered by Knowledge‐Based Engineering (KBE) and recent developments in the automatic formulation and integration of MDAO workflows. While the traditional MDAO process focuses on a given product architecture, the DEE allows also architectural design studies and makes use of Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principles to address the whole design process, from requirements modeling up to the automatic verification of the requirements. In practice, the DEE provides a single conceptual framework or template from which specific design framework instances can be formulated and executed, according to the user's needs. This paper describes the DEE architecture and its implementation concepts. Furthermore, it demonstrates the application of the DEE template to four different scenarios, ranging from a simple requirement verification study, up to the simultaneous synthesis and optimization of an aircraft system and its production process, including multiple system architecture options.

Model Based Systems Engineering Concepts and Methodologies for Modeling of Renewable Power Plants

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is the formal application of a model-centered methodology for the design activities of engineered systems, being especially useful to support design requirements verification and validation of complex systems. The complexity of a system can be measured according to the number and relationships of the system elements. The design of renewable power plants has grown in complexity in last few decades, due to the integration of new technologies and the application of grid-code requirements. In this paper, a review of MBSE main concepts and leading methodologies (processes, methods, and tools) will be made with the objective of analyzing its application on the renewable power plants modelling and design. Key words. Model-based systems engineering, renewable power plant, complex system, model, methodology.

Airborne Radar Detection Performance Verification Using Limited Flight Samples

Flight test trials are necessary for verification of airborne radar detection performance requirements. Radar detection is stochastic due to target scintillation and environmental factors. It is not practical to conduct a large number of independent flight passes in order to measure population statistics. In this paper, parametric and non-parametric methodologies are evaluated for unbiased estimation of track initiation range from a small number of samples. Monte Carlo simulation results show both methods produce comparable average estimates, but with lower variance for the parametric method. Approaches for confidence intervals and determining the number of flight passes necessary to obtain a reliable estimate are discussed.

Magnetic cleanliness verification of miniature satellites for high precision pointing

The advancement in miniature satellite technology and its increasing usage in scientific and commercial applications presents new and unique challenges, particularly for pointing requirements. These small platforms, often limited in resources, are particularly susceptible to disturbance from residual magnetic dipoles while operating in low earth orbit (LEO). To overcome this issue, the precise identification of a satellite's residual magnetic dipole is crucial to enable the compensation of disturbance torques. However, the use of magnetic materials in modern commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology cannot always be avoided. The pre-launch verification of magnetic cleanliness requirements in a laboratory setting is also a significant challenge for small satellite systems. To address this problem, Fraunhofer Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI) and Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques (IPM) have developed a cutting-edge test setup for the precise characterization of small residual dipole moments, with the goal of qualifying the ERNST nanosatellite. This innovative approach aims to provide efficient system verification with minimal time and cost overhead and to establish a dedicated test infrastructure, specifically tailored to tackle the unique challenges and requirements of magnetic cleanliness verification in future miniature space systems. As a promising preliminary result of the first test campaign, the filter wheel mechanism of the ERNST nanosatellite could be optimized, resulting in a significantly reduced magnetic moment of the device, meeting the missions challenging magnetic budget constraints.

Text Mining-Based Suspect Screening for Aquatic Risk Assessment in the Big Data Era: Event-Driven Taxonomy Links Chemical Exposures and Hazards

To improve the accuracy of mixture risk assessment, researchers are employing suspect analysis with expanded lists of contaminants in addition to conventional target lists. However, there are some inherent challenges for these instrument-based analyses, including subjective selection of suspect contaminants, no information for chemical bioactivity, requirements for costly verification, and limited regional coverage. As a supplementary approach, we propose a data-driven suspect screening and risk assessment method informed by mining big data from high-throughput screening bioassay platforms and the refereed literature. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) with main event drivers of arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and oxidative stress (ARE) response was examined. Bioactivity concentrations were collected from the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard, which contained more than 900 000 substances. In addition, exposure metadata from 24 986 literature entries for the environmental occurrence and distribution of contaminants in the PRD over the past three decades were mined. Collectively, a regional distribution map of aquatic hazards induced by AhR- and ARE-active compounds was generated, indicating gradients of low to moderate risks. This study specifically reports a novel big data approach for addressing the increasingly common challenge of objectively selecting analytes during suspect screening, which was recently identified as an urgent research question to advance more sustainable environmental quality.

On the role of simulation codes in regulatory activities. Challenges and R&D needs

Simulation codes are essential tools in Nuclear Safety. Calculations are needed to assess the safety of nuclear power plants and to verify compliance with safety requirements. Nuclear regulatory bodies must assess the codes, the methodologies for their use, and the calculations performed with them by licensees in support of their safety analyses. One important way for assessing the validity, quality, consistency, and conclusions of licensee assessments is for regulators and Technical Support Organizations (TSO) alike to resort to independent analysis, including detailed TH calculations. This regulatory task requires high technical expertise and capabilities, such as the ones needed for the development of simulation codes and computerized diagnostic tools specific for regulatory assessment. These tools are not to have the same focus and scope as their industry counterparts, since the objective is shifted from design (for the licensees) to verification of safety requirements. (for regulators/TSOs). This paper has been written by members of the technical staff of Spain’s Nuclear Safety Council, with a double purpose:-To review challenges and needs for Regulatory Bodies concerning the licensing processes where thermohydraulic system codes and related methodologies and calculations are involved.-To review new and advanced methodologies, mainly related to Risk-Informed Regulations, where TH simulation codes are used.

VERIFICATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES PARTICIPATING IN GENERAL ELECTIONS BEFORE AND AFTER THE DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Political parties are the political superstructure of a democratic country, namely as a means for citizens to occupy political positions through general elections. The requirements for passing verification as election participants by the General Elections Commission must be met by political parties contained in the election law, by making it harder for political parties to pass verification as well as exceptions for several political parties that have met certain verification requirements so that they are immediately designated as participants to next elections. The exception is not in accordance with Article 27 paragraph (1), Article 28D paragraph (1) and Article 28D paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution as unconstitutional through several decisions of the Constitutional Court. The purpose of this study is to determine the conditions for passing the verification of political parties participating in the General Election before and after the Constitutional Court Decision, and analyze the considerations of the Constitutional Court judges regarding the requirements to pass the verification of political parties participating in the General Election based on the principle of equal treatment before the law, using a normative approach. It can be concluded that the considerations of the Constitutional Court regarding the verification requirements of political parties participating in the general election are inconsistent because the material test of the 1945 Constitution used are different and there is not required for the Constitutional Court to use jurisprudence as a basis for consideration even though there are similarities in substance.

Requirement specification extraction and analysis based on propositional projection temporal logic

AbstractAt present, formal methods significantly facilitate the specification and verification of security requirements in requirement engineering, which can reduce requirement errors in the early stage of system development. Extracting formal specifications from security requirements and then evaluating the quality of the requirements are regarded as a promising solution to ensure software quality. Propositional projection temporal logic (PPTL) with a strong mathematical basis and full regular expressiveness is a suitable language for formal specifications. Inspired by natural language processing and text mining techniques, this paper designs and implements a tool, namely, NL2PPTL, to generate formal coarse‐grained and fine‐grained specifications in terms of PPTL formulas automatically. In specific, the grammatical production rules are defined to construct the syntax tree, and then, the formula is obtained by post‐order traversal of the tree. The satisfiability of the PPTL specifications can be checked utilizing PPTLSAT. In addition, the state transformation model is constructed from fine‐grained specifications, so as to discover scope conflicts and verify the security properties of the requirement case.

Loopholes for Underage Access in E-Cigarette Delivery Sales Laws, United States, 2022.

Objectives. To comprehensively catalog and review state e-cigarette delivery sales laws as well as capture their scope and dimensions. Methods. We conducted an in-depth review to determine whether states had at least 1 form of e-cigarette delivery sales law. We coded laws for 5 key policy domains: (1) delivery terminology used in laws, (2) age verification requirements, (3) packaging label requirements, (4) permit or registration requirements, and (5) fines and penalties for violations. Results. Overall, 34 states had e-cigarette delivery sales laws with varying scopes and dimensions. In 27 states, these laws required at least 1 form of age verification requirements. We identified mandatory packaging labels in 12 states, and 7 states where permits were required. There were considerable differences among states on the scale of fines and penalties for violations. Conclusions. Our findings reveal extensive heterogeneity in e-cigarette delivery sales laws among states, particularly regarding the scope and dimensions of these laws. Public Health Implications. The mapping of e-cigarette delivery sales policies showed several potential loopholes that may diminish their effectiveness. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(5):568-576. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307228).

The Decision of The Constitutional Court on Verification of Political Parties

Political parties are the political suprastructure in a democratic country as a means for citizens to occupy political positions through general elections. The requirements for verifying political parties participating in an election are always contained in every election law making it difficult for political parties to pass verification as well as excluding several political parties that have met certain verification requirements so that they are immediately declared as participants in the next elections. This exception is not in accordance with several Constitutional Court Decisions which have the same substance which consistently declares unconstitutional, except for the Constitutional Court Decision Number 55/PUU-XVIII/2020. The research method used is normative juridical regarding laws and regulations, namely Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections, accompanied by comparative study of jurisprudence Constitutional Court's decision regarding an application for judicial review of political party verification accompanied by literature studies. The research analysis uses a qualitative approach to understand more deeply the legal phenomena that occur and examines the substance to obtain specific conclusions on what is studied. That decision based on a discussion of this research is inconsistent because the arguments and materials of the 1945 Constitution used are different and the Constitutional Court is not required to use jurisprudence as a basis for consideration even though there are similarities in substance.

Evaluation of deep learning based implanted fiducial markers tracking in pancreatic cancer patients

Real-time target position verification during pancreas stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is important for the detection of unplanned tumour motions. Fast and accurate fiducial marker segmentation is a Requirement of real-time marker-based verification. Deep learning (DL) segmentation techniques are ideal because they don’t require additional learning imaging or prior marker information (e.g., shape, orientation). In this study, we evaluated three DL frameworks for marker tracking applied to pancreatic cancer patient data. The DL frameworks evaluated were (1) a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier with sliding window, (2) a pretrained you-only-look-once (YOLO) version-4 architecture, and (3) a hybrid CNN-YOLO. Intrafraction kV images collected during pancreas SBRT treatments were used as training data (44 fractions, 2017 frames). All patients had 1-4 implanted fiducial markers. Each model was evaluated on unseen kV images (42 fractions, 2517 frames). The ground truth was calculated from manual segmentation and triangulation of markers in orthogonal paired kV/MV images. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the precision-recall curve (AUC) were calculated. In addition, the mean-absolute-error (MAE), root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and standard-error-of-mean (SEM) were calculated for the centroid of the markers predicted by the models, relative to the ground truth. The sensitivity and specificity of the CNN model were 99.41% and 99.69%, respectively. The AUC was 0.9998. The average precision of the YOLO model for different values of recall was 96.49%. The MAE of the three models in the left-right, superior-inferior, and anterior-posterior directions were under 0.88 ± 0.11 mm, and the RMSE were under 1.09 ± 0.12 mm. The detection times per frame on a GPU were 48.3, 22.9, and 17.1 milliseconds for the CNN, YOLO, and CNN-YOLO, respectively. The results demonstrate submillimeter accuracy of marker position predicted by DL models compared to the ground truth. The marker detection time was fast enough to meet the requirements for real-time application.

Applying Probabilistic Model Checking to the Behavior Guidance and Abnormality Detection for A-MCI Patients under Wireless Sensor Network

With the development of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) , indoor wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used to monitor Alzheimer's disease patients daily and guide their behaviors. Alzheimer's disease may seriously impact patients’ memory, and thoughts of “what should I do” can unexpectedly form in their mind. This cognitive impairment can affect patients’ independence and well-being. As a basic infrastructure for future healthcare systems, WSN can collect patient behaviors, such as their positions and states, to support safety and health analyses. Therefore, this paper proposes a probabilistic model checking-based method to predict patient behaviors and detect abnormal behaviors related to mild cognitive impairment to help patients rebuild their confidence and perception. First, the layout of the home environment is abstracted as a formal grid, and a user activity model (UAM) is proposed in the form of discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) to describe patients’ activity based on data collected by sensors. Second, because Alzheimer's patients with mild cognitive impairment (A-MCI) often forget their next daily activities, we classify and describe their daily behaviors as verification requirements in the form of probabilistic computational tree logic (PCTL) . Then, the UAM is input into a probabilistic model checking tool and compared against the verification property PCTL to calculate the probability values and assess temporal behaviors. As result, the activity with the largest probability is selected for behavior guidance. Third, we demonstrate the process of detecting abnormalities, including activities with abnormal temporal behaviors and activities with normal temporal behaviors but unexpected probabilities that may be repeated more than twice. The key states are extracted from the UAM to specify the verification properties for abnormality detection. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the usability and feasibility of our proposed method.