Product Verification Research Articles

Probabilistic merging and verification of monthly gridded aerosol products

This paper aims at merging five gridded products of monthly aerosol optical depth (AOD), namely, MERRA-2, MISR, MODIS-Terra, MODIS-Aqua, and VIIRS, over a period of eight years, from 2012 March to 2020 February. Since these individual products offer alternative realizations of the same underlying AOD process, it is beneficial to study them collectively. To that effect, several parametric and nonparametric regressions, including ensemble model output statistics, quantile regression, quantile regression neural network, and quantile regression forest, are used to optimally combine these products. These regressions generate predictive distributions or quantiles, and thus can be thought of as probabilistic merging or fusion tools. As compared to traditional merging or fusion techniques, which only issue single-valued predictions of AOD, the present ones allow the final AOD product to carry a notion of probability, which is essential for uncertainty quantification. To assess the quality of the final AOD product with respect to that of the individual products, this study employs the important, yet often overlooked, distribution-oriented verification approach. In addition, the calibration and sharpness of the predictive distributions issued by different merging techniques are compared using two strictly proper scoring rules, as well as appropriate graphical tools. Overall, a significant reduction (13%) in root mean square error is achieved by the best merging method (quantile regression forest) compared to the best original dataset (MERRA-2). A significant reduction in bias is also achieved with respect to the MODIS and VIIRS databases, and even more so, to MISR's.

Hydrothermal liquefaction bioproduct of food waste conversion as an alternative composite of asphalt binder

Considerable environmental concern regarding increased food wastage caused by population and economic growth has been raised worldwide. The verification of food waste recycling product for engineering purposes is also vague. This work evaluates a liquefied bio-product recovered from the hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste as a potential non-petroleum-based binder in asphalt pavement. Various parameters were evaluated to optimize the liquefaction reaction for the enhancement of the liquefied food waste (LFW) product recovered from the process. The LFW was characterized for chemical compound and used to substitute different portions of conventional asphalt binders 60/70 pen (i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30%) from the total binder weight. The conventional and modified asphalt binders were evaluated for storage stability, physical and chemical properties, thermal decomposition, and functional groups. Thermal degradation affirms the presence of LFW in the modified asphalt, and the low molecular weight concerning high-boiling point compounds were identified. The use of LFW in the asphalt binder produces a modified binder with physical properties and storage stability that are comparable with those of petroleum-based asphalt, thereby suggesting that the liquefied product obtained from food waste can be used as bio-binder in asphalt pavement.

Product defect recognition and mechanical assembly intelligent system based on ubiquitous clouds and social internet of things

Product defect recognition and mechanical assembly intelligent system based on the visual analysis machine and social Internet of Things with clouds is researched in this paper. The design verification example of the spherical mechanism assembly shows that the design defect immune recognition model based on the assembly constraint relationship between the core parts reduces the repeated modeling during product verification. The novelty of model has three highlights. (a) The stereoscopic function can be measured by stereoscopic sharpness, which is the minimum parallax that the eye can distinguish. (b) The analyzer also dynamically verifies the construction tree according to the dynamic characteristics of the monitor. Since the monitor pushes the parent node and the child node of the modified node onto the stack. (c) The social Internet of Things with clouds are combined for the implementation. Compared with the other state‐of‐the‐art models, the proposed can guarantee the robustness.

Gaussian variant of Freivalds’ algorithm for efficient and reliable matrix product verification

Abstract In this article, we consider the general problem of checking the correctness of matrix multiplication. Given three n × n n\times n matrices 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶, the goal is to verify that A × B = C A\times B=C without carrying out the computationally costly operations of matrix multiplication and comparing the product A × B A\times B with 𝐶, term by term. This is especially important when some or all of these matrices are very large, and when the computing environment is prone to soft errors. Here we extend Freivalds’ algorithm to a Gaussian Variant of Freivalds’ Algorithm (GVFA) by projecting the product A × B A\times B as well as 𝐶 onto a Gaussian random vector and then comparing the resulting vectors. The computational complexity of GVFA is consistent with that of Freivalds’ algorithm, which is O ⁢ ( n 2 ) O(n^{2}) . However, unlike Freivalds’ algorithm, whose probability of a false positive is 2 - k 2^{-k} , where 𝑘 is the number of iterations, our theoretical analysis shows that, when A × B ≠ C A\times B\neq C , GVFA produces a false positive on set of inputs of measure zero with exact arithmetic. When we introduce round-off error and floating-point arithmetic into our analysis, we can show that the larger this error, the higher the probability that GVFA avoids false positives. Moreover, by iterating GVFA 𝑘 times, the probability of a false positive decreases as p k p^{k} , where 𝑝 is a very small value depending on the nature of the fault on the result matrix and the arithmetic system’s floating-point precision. Unlike deterministic algorithms, there do not exist any fault patterns that are completely undetectable with GVFA. Thus GVFA can be used to provide efficient fault tolerance in numerical linear algebra, and it can be efficiently implemented on modern computing architectures. In particular, GVFA can be very efficiently implemented on architectures with hardware support for fused multiply-add operations.

Study on Mold Flow Analysis and Injection Product Verification by Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Method - Taking Toothbrush as an Example

With the advancement of technology, plastic products are inseparable in our environment, and the impact of the plastics industry on us is gradually increasing. Although Taiwan's plastics industry has been progressively added to mold flow analysis and automation, there are still some areas in the manufacturing process that can be optimized. In the process of slit-shaped materials, bending and deformation have a very large impact on the finished product, which is a major issue at the technical level. In this study, a toothbrush was taken as an example to find the best combination of injection molding parameters. The research process was studied from CAD mold design, CAE mold flow analysis, injection molding parameter analysis, mold opening, product injection and measurement, and the results were verified. Among them, the injection pressure, dwell time and holding pressure are used as the Taguchi factor, and the CAE mold flow analysis is performed by the direct cross table L16 (45) combination to find a small amount of warpage, and the Taguchi method and the reaction surface method are used to find out the best combination of parameters. After the final product was shot and the dimensions and simulation were compared with each other, the data showed that the amount of warpage of the finished product was 0.0892 mm, and the error with the analog value was 0.0212 mm, which confirmed that the injection molding parameters were reliable.

A new method for cylindricity error evaluation based on increment-simplex algorithm.

A geometric error determines the quality and function of a product to a certain extent. Cylindricity error is an important indicator of the geometric error of form parts. In recent years, with the development of geometric product verification and specification (GPS), the specification of the cylindricity error and high-precision detection have become the focus in the field of industrial metrology. In this paper, by analyzing the existing cylindricity evaluation strategy, a new method for cylindricity error evaluation based on increment-simplex algorithm is proposed. The purpose is to improve the efficiency of cylindricity error analysis on the basis of ensuring the accuracy requirements. First, according to the GPS specification, the characteristics and applications of the circular section method, the helicoid line method, the generatrix line method, and the bird-cage method for the extraction operation are analyzed. And for the fitting operation, the mathematical models of the cylindricity fitting for the least squares cylinder, minimum circumscribed cylinder, maximum inscribed cylinder, and minimum zone cylinder in cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems are constructed. Second, a new method of cylindricity error optimization evaluation based on the incremental optimization method is proposed. A theoretical analysis of the new method is made with the circular section method as an example, and the specific steps of cylindricity error analysis based on the circular section method of the new method are given. Finally, experiments and analysis are carried out, and the accuracies and evaluation efficiencies of the cylindricity error of the different cylindricity measurement and evaluation strategies are compared and analyzed. The results and operating efficiency of the increment-simplex algorithm and the traditional algorithms are compared, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the new method are proved.

Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Product Verification Testing Samples from U.S. Department of Agriculture–Regulated Producing Establishments, 2005 through 2017

Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples collected between 2005 and 2017 from RTE-producing establishments for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) ALLRTE/RTEPROD_RAND (random) and RTE001/RTEPROD_RISK (risk-based) sampling projects were tested for Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Data for 45,897 ALLRTE/RTEPROD_RAND samples collected from 3,607 distinct establishments and 112,347 RTE001/RTEPROD_RISK samples collected from 3,283 distinct establishments were analyzed for the presence of Lm. These data were also analyzed based upon the percentages of establishments with positive samples, annual production volume, sanitation control alternatives, geographic location, and season or month of sample collection. Results revealed low occurrence of Lm-positive samples from the random and risk-based sampling projects, with 152 (0.33%) positive samples for ALLRTE/RTEPROD_RAND and 403 (0.36%) positive samples for RTE001/RTEPROD_RISK. The percentage of positive samples significantly decreased over time, from about 0.7% in 2005 and 2006 to about 0.2% in 2017 (P < 0.05). From 2005 to 2017, 3.9% of establishments sampled under the ALLRTE/RTEPROD_RAND sampling project had at least one Lm-positive sample. Similarly, 10.0% of establishments sampled under the RTE001/RTEPROD_RISK sampling project had at least one positive sample. Samples positive for Lm were found in all geographic regions in all months. Thus, in 13 years of RTE product sampling in FSIS-regulated establishments (2005 through 2017), <0.4% of samples were positive for Lm in both risk-based and random sampling projects. The low prevalence of Lm in these products suggests that the combination of FSIS policies and industry practices may be effective for controlling Lm contamination. Information obtained from these sampling projects is relevant to the ongoing prevention of foodborne Lm illnesses from RTE meat and poultry products.

Russians’ Perceiving The Halal As A Sign Of Quality (Case Of St. Petersburg Meat Market)

Abstract There is a lot of scandals and even food poisoning caused by consuming poor-quality meat in Russian Federation (RF). This is especially true for ready-toeat meat products (e.g., sausages, smoked meats, dumplings, meat pies), as the buyers do not see what they are made of. The fact is that in the USSR they had a well-developed system of state verification and standardization of all food products. The state standards (GOSTs) issued for each food product had the power of law. Violations of GOST requirements were regarded as crimes. However, the RF Law “On Standardization” has factually lost its power in connection with the adoption (2002) of the Federal Law “On Technical Regulating”. Therefore, new GOSTs have not previous power and are removed from the jurisdiction of the RF government. The fuzzy “technical specifications” (TUs) in contrast with previous severe GOSTs for food do not provide products quality control but are only indicators of biological, chemical and radiation safety. Using GOST labelling on food items seems as a marketing gimmick today. Nevertheless, recently there have been reports of the development of digital quality control and related legislation. Research findings presented herein show significant growth of Halal meat market. Increased customer confidence in Halal products is also found among non-Muslim buyers. The Council of Muftis of RF, together with the presidential administration of RF, has initiated the development of the state document “Requirements for producing, manufacturing, processing, storage and sale of Halal products”. Halal labelling was developed and approved and Halal stores opened. Our brief customer survey has showed the results of customer confidence in the Halal meat and meat product market could be found across the entire range of Halal food items. Taking into account global trends, the Halal food market in Russia as well as Halal industry as a whole have great prospects (exporting Halal items included) and this phenomenon demands a future extended research.

Community pharmacist workflow and medication therapy management delegation: An assessment of preferences and barriers

ObjectivesThe role of community pharmacists continues to evolve to meet the changing medication-related needs of patients in the United States, requiring a fundamental shift in the pharmacist’s workflow and tasks including medication dispensing and medication therapy management (MTM). To compare community pharmacists’ current and idealized time allocation. Barriers to, and potential facilitators of, typical and specific pharmacist functions are also reported, with an emphasis on MTM practices. A secondary objective included interpreting how pharmacists perceived the value of social determinants of health to the MTM process. MethodsCommunity pharmacists practicing in Tennessee were surveyed online with 3 distinct foci: time allocation and delegation, MTM barriers, and the perceived value of health-related and social data to the MTM process. For the first 2 sections, the respondents provided responses in 2 different scenarios: (1) current workflow and (2) an idealized workflow. Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank and chi-square tests compared the responses to workday items, and Spearman correlations assessed the relationships between preferences and perceived barriers. ResultsThe pharmacists reported spending the largest share of time verifying product (32.8% [SD 19.28]), and most indicated that they spent no time in either point-of-care testing (POCT) or physical patient assessment. In an ideal work environment, more patient-focused roles would be preferred (e.g., health screening, POCT, MTM, and vaccinations), with more than 80% indicating that they would delegate register activities, data entry, and product verification to technicians. In performing MTM, the pharmacists indicated that they would prefer delegating more data collection and patient management activities to technicians to reserve time for patient assessment and care plan creation. Key barriers to MTM included a lack of time, staff support, and patients’ willingness to participate. ConclusionIdeally, pharmacists would prefer to do no prescription filling or selling or register activities. Facilitating community pharmacy practice evolution will require focusing on building teams around support personnel.

Reliable Automated Software Testing Through Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Software testing is an important process in product development of software companies to ensure the product quality. The developed application must satisfy the customer needs and meets the industrial standards without any compromise. Thus, verification of products through manual test engineer and validate the product once it meets all the necessary requirements. The issues in manual testing is its high computation and analysis time, accuracy and reliability. In order to reduce the issues in manual testing automatic testing is introduced. Though it is also an application which requires parameters to test the given product. Efficient tuning of the product could be achieved through automatic testing. This proposed research work provides an optimized automatic software testing model through differential evolution and ant colony optimization as a hybrid model to achieve improved accuracy and reliability in software testing. Conventional models like artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization are compared with proposed model to validate the reliability of proposed model.

ISMP updates: Remdesivir, propofol, and vincristine

ISMP updates: Remdesivir, propofol, and vincristine

Application of tractor virtual test technology in product innovation design

As a necessary link for product development and evaluation, tractor testing covers new technologies in multidisciplinary fields and plays an important role in the research and development of product life cycle. This study discusses the research status of tractor test and evaluation technology and analyzes the new technology associated with the test and evaluation technology. Aiming at the problem of poor reusability, poor interoperability and weak expansion of the current tractor virtual test model, a virtual tractor-based test technology based on the architecture was proposed. The middleware technology, test data management technology, modeling technology and test environment construction technology in the tractor virtual test system were analyzed. Taking the tractor power shift transmission as an example, the application of the architecture-based virtual test system was verified, which pointed out the direction for the design verification of tractor innovative products.

Applying Systems Thinking to Frame and Explore a Test System for Product Verification; a Case Study in Large Defence Projects

AbstractThe test system is a vital part of delivering a verified product to the end customer. The test system used in Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace (KDA) to test missile products today needs to change to be able to cope with future requirements for faster project execution and running more projects simultaneously. This article uses a Systems Thinking approach to see the bigger picture and to ensure understanding of the entire problem domain. The system consists of the following structural elements: Data Preparation System, Mission Planning System, Simulators, Data Analysis System and Storage System. The stakeholders of the test system are testers, system owners, project managers, company, customers, government and suppliers. Several possible value added processes are foreseen to make this necessary transition; automation of test execution and test analysis to avoid bottlenecks, verification on both core product and adaption product level for modularity, combining test arena input over different systems/sub‐systems/components for re‐use of data, and Machine Learning only to trigger necessary manual analysis. These changes will influence the system in several ways and levels, which a possible implementation need to consider. Regarding aspects like facilities, environment, security and safety not to cause issues for the changes in question is important. The main steps in the current test process is that the test system will provide scenario data to the tester to run test scenario to generate test results to the analyzer to perform test results analysis to achieve a verified product. The test structure is a limiting factor in the process of ensuring test maturity. The analysis structure is a limiting factor in reaching the desired verification level. The test structure and analysis structure are leverage points of the test system, which can significantly change the test system. The test system should have an automated test execution and test results analysis process, not requiring tedious manual operations. The automated test process should further introduce Machine Learning to change the focus of everything to managing the exceptions. KDA will increase its probability of success in future projects by applying the proposed changes to its test system.

Appraisal of SMAP Operational Soil Moisture Product from a Global Perspective

Space-borne soil moisture (SM) satellite products such as those available from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) offer unique opportunities for global and frequent monitoring of SM and also to understand its spatiotemporal variability. The present study investigates the performance of the SMAP L4 SM product at selected experimental sites across four continents, namely North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. This product provides global scale SM estimates at 9 km × 9 km spatial resolution at daily intervals. For the product evaluation, co-orbital in situ SM measurements were used, acquired at 14 test sites in North America, Europe, and Australia belonging to the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and local networks in India. The satellite SM estimates of up to 0–5 cm soil layer were compared against collocated ground measurements using a series of statistical scores. Overall, the best performance of the SMAP product was found in North America (RMSE = 0.05 m3/m3) followed by Australia (RMSE = 0.08 m3/m3), Asia (RMSE = 0.09 m3/m3) and Europe (RMSE = 0.14 m3/m3). Our findings provide important insights into the spatiotemporal variability of the specific operational SM product in different ecosystems and environments. This study also furnishes an independent verification of this global product, which is of international interest given its suitability for a wide range of practical and research applications.

Advancing Community Pharmacy Practice – A Technician Product Verification Pilot to Optimize Care

Elevating the technical role of pharmacy technicians to perform Technician Product Verification (TPV) is one strategy that has shown promise to optimize pharmacy practice models. This is done by better positioning pharmacists to provide clinical care, in line with their education and expertise. TPV permits a Validated Pharmacy Technician, as defined by the Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board, to verify the accuracy of a product filled by another technician. The pharmacist maintains responsibility for assessing the clinical appropriateness of the prescription, including drug utilization review, data entry, and patient counseling. During the study period, 12,891 pharmacist-verified prescriptions (baseline) and 27,447 Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions were audited for accuracy. The aggregate verification error rate for pharmacist-verified prescriptions was 0.16% and 0.01% for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions. The mean error rate was significantly less for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions than for pharmacist-verified prescriptions (0.19 ± 0.174 % vs 0.03 ± 0.089 %, p=0.020) (Figure 3). This suggests TPV in the community pharmacy setting maintained patient safety. In this study, Validated Pharmacy Technicians were shown to be more accurate than pharmacists at performing product verification. The ability to delegate the product verification task holds the potential to free up pharmacist time for increased direct patient care. Increasing direct patient care by pharmacists in community pharmacies may have significant implications for improving patient outcomes and pharmacy quality.

Detection and Quantization of Fatigue Damage in Laminated Composites With Cross Recursive Quantitative Analysis

Damage detection is an inevitable part of composite laminate product verification during both manufacture and maintenance inspections. The article presents a damage characterization method to detect and quantize the fatigue damage in composite laminates. The cross recurrence plot (CRP) of Lamb signal is introduced to assess the dynamic difference between the composite laminates in undamaged and damaged states. The cross recursive quantification analysis features derived from the CRPs are optimally selected and fused into a damage value (DV) based on the support vector data description model. Then, the DVs of diagnostic paths are integrated into a unified damage index for quantizing the fatigue damage of composite laminate subjected to the cyclic loading. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated by the simulation data acquired from the finite element models with different severity degrees of microcracking and the fatigue damage progressing data from NASA prognostics data repository.

A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Blockchain Technology in Halal Food Product Verification

Despite rooted from Islamic needs, Halal certification also attracts both Muslims and non-Muslims. In fact, the non-Muslim players are the ones dominating the industry. It is widely known that Halal food chain is quite vulnerable due to complications in maintaining Halal integrity, the necessity to prevent doubtful materials, lack of control of food norms, and the importance to retain high quality. The presence of Halal certification is a form of consumer protection and therefore, the integrity of Halal certification must be carefully monitored. There are some Halal violation cases and this can potentially affect the reputation of the Halal food products. Therefore, it is important to develop a system that integrates a verifiable, open, and safe shared database that is not run by a centralized operator. Blockchain technology is the one that offers such. The study presents a framework for blockchain technology for Halal product verification for manufactured food products. The results are desired to help the food industry players in maintaining a system that can improve the transparency and the integrity of their Halal food chain. The system also intends to ensure the affordability and accessibility of Halal certification for as many industry players as possible as blockchain technology is believed to remove the complications in the certification process and reduce paperwork related cost.

Embracing the Evolution of Pharmacy Practice by Empowering Pharmacy Technicians.

While pharmacy technician roles in some practice settings are expanding beyond the traditional dispensing activities to include advanced or specialized tasks such as immunization administration, medication history collection, and final product verification, these practices are not yet widespread. There are apparent barriers to expanding the role of pharmacy technicians, including inconsistency in the education, training, and certification requirements across the United States, and regulations that have not kept pace with the evolving role of pharmacy technicians. Every corner of the profession has an opportunity, and responsibility, to elevate pharmacy technicians in an effort to advance safety and better serve patients. Regulators can expand the responsibilities that may be delegated to technicians, professional organizations can bring pharmacy technicians into the fold, employers can build career ladders to allow for advancement, and individual pharmacists and pharmacy technicians can advocate and engage.

Consideration of heterogeneous effects in preparing neutron multigroup constants in the CONSYST/BNAB-RF system

The need for building mutually self-agreed computational models for high-precision and engineering neutronic codes is defined by requirements to certification and verification of software products and nuclear data in accordance with the Regulations for Verification and Expert Examination of Neutronic Calculation Software Tools (RB-061-11). The key requirement in RB-061-11 is that there shall be a methodically transparent and reproducible procedure to estimate the methodological and nuclear data component of the neutronic parameter uncertainties to be implemented only if there are mutually self-agreed computational neutronic models. Using an example of a series of measurements carried out on three critical BFS-61 configurations, factors are discussed which need to be taken into account when building such types of neutronic models and the peculiarities of their application for calculating the neutronic parameters of BFS-61 assemblies. Improved functional capabilities of updated software tools and nuclear data for the computational and experimental analysis of integral BFS experiments (ROSFOND/BNAB-RF, CONSYST and MMK-RF) have been demonstrated, allowing a much shorter time and the smallest risks of errors in preparing mutually self-agreed computational models for various neutronic codes, as well as correct estimation of the methodological and nuclear data components of the uncertainties in neutronic parameters in accordance with RB-061-11. The results of estimating the uncertainty in neutronic parameters with respect to the group approximation approach, are presented. It has been shown based on an analysis of the obtained results that the discrepancies in the calculations of the BFS-61 configurations in the transition from the ROSFOND evaluated neutron data library to its group version, BNAB-RF, does not exceed 0.3% in criticality (heterogeneous effects uncertainty of 0.2 to 0.8 %). The estimated spectral index data biases lie in the limits of the Monte Carlo statistical error. Based on the results of a computational and experimental analysis for the entire set of measurements performed on a series of BFS-61 assemblies, the ROSFOND library is the optimal nuclear data library.

Efficacy of Biorational Compounds against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) and English Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae Fab.) under Laboratory Conditions in Nepal

Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) are among the most important pests in mustard and wheat fields in Nepal. Biocide Manic (Metarhizium anisopliae a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3 ml/l water, Agri Sakti (Beauveria bassiana a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3.3 ml/l water, Varunastra (Verticillium lecanii spores 2% aqueous suspension, 2 × 108 CFU/ml) at 6 ml/l water, Mahastra (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5% wettable powder) at 6 g/l water, Neemraj Super (Azadirachitin 0.3% w/w) at 3.3 ml/l water, Tracer (Spinosad 90% spinosyns) at 0.33 ml/l water, and control treatment (pure water) were used to test their efficacy against L. erysimi and S. avenae, using leaf dip and spray methods under laboratory conditions in Rupandehi, Nepal, in the year 2018. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Mortality of aphids was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 98 hours after treatment application. The result revealed highest mortality of mustard aphids with Agri Sakti at 24 hours after treatment (HAT); however, Neemraj Super was found to be the most effective at 48, 72, and 96 HAT with the leaf spray method. With the leaf dip method, Neemraj Super killed more mustard aphids than other treatments at all observed time points. Among tested biorational products, Agri Sakti was found to be most effective against English grain aphids in both leaf spray and leaf dip methods. In all the bioassays, the mortality caused by biorational compounds over control was highly significant. The present study suggests for further verification of the biorational products in the field and development of novel management strategies against different species of aphids.