Verification Measurements Research Articles

Using Critical Success Index or Gilbert Skill Score as composite measures of positive predictive value and sensitivity in diagnostic accuracy studies: Weather forecasting informing epilepsy research.

The Critical Success Index (CSI) and Gilbert Skill score (GS) are verification measures that are commonly used to check the accuracy of weather forecasting. In this article, we propose that they can also be used to simplify the joint interpretation of positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity estimates across diagnostic accuracy studies of epilepsy data. This is because CSI and GS each provide a single measure that takes the weather forecasting equivalent of PPV and sensitivity into account. We have re-analysed data from our recent systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies of administrative epilepsy data using CSI and GS. We summarise the results and benefits of this approach.

Mapping with Monocular Camera Sensor under Adversarial Illumination for Intelligent Vehicles.

High-precision maps are widely applied in intelligent-driving vehicles for localization and planning tasks. The vision sensor, especially monocular cameras, has become favoured in mapping approaches due to its high flexibility and low cost. However, monocular visual mapping suffers from great performance degradation in adversarial illumination environments such as on low-light roads or in underground spaces. To address this issue, in this paper, we first introduce an unsupervised learning approach to improve keypoint detection and description on monocular camera images. By emphasizing the consistency between feature points in the learning loss, visual features in dim environment can be better extracted. Second, to suppress the scale drift in monocular visual mapping, a robust loop-closure detection scheme is presented, which integrates both feature-point verification and multi-grained image similarity measurements. With experiments on public benchmarks, our keypoint detection approach is proven robust against varied illumination. With scenario tests including both underground and on-road driving, we demonstrate that our approach is able to reduce the scale drift in reconstructing the scene and achieve a mapping accuracy gain of up to 0.14 m in textureless or low-illumination environments.

Extending the servicescape conceptualization: accounting for perceptions of crowding and risks under the pandemic

PurposeThough many conceptual and empirical studies have been conducted on the servicescape, limited research has focused on how the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped factors influencing the servicescape. This paper aims to propose an extension of Bitner’s original conceptualization, including pandemic-induced physical and social constraints on servicescape in the form of crowding, consumer risk perception during the crisis and their impact on consumers' and employees’ behavioral changes in retail and hospitality sectors.Design/methodology/approachThis paper critically reviewed the past and emerging servicescape and risk literature. It then examines and delineates the concepts of crowding, density and associated risk perceptions to offer an extended servicescape framework. Alongside, scales were proposed to measure the constructs and guidelines given to conduct future empirical studies.FindingsThis paper discussed the major impact on servicescape during a pandemic situation, to what extent risk is perceived during consumption and the impact of crowding and store density on employee and customer behavioral responses.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper principally contributes by explicitly including specific risk dimensions and crowding and proposes the scales to measure consumers’ understanding of pandemic-induced perceptions of risk, crowding and density within servicescapes for further empirical testing. Alongside this, the identification and concretization of different types of perceived risks under COVID-19 provide critical and useful marketing implications.Originality/valueThis study identifies relevant risk dimensions, proposes crowding as an independent construct apart from servicescape physicality and proposes relevant measures for empirical verification.

Regime Channel Bedload Transport Equation

Numerous theories have been presented over the years for quantifying bedload transport in streams and rivers. These theories have been derived using physical processes, statistical methods, and semiempirical and empirical methods and rely on a variety of hydraulic, boundary, and bed material properties. Most of these equations represent instantaneous bedload transport related to temporal hydraulic and bed conditions and are not well-suited to estimate long-term average bedload over a broad range of channels. Using a pure empirical analysis, the author has developed a dimensionally homogeneous regime channel bedload transport equation not requiring bedload measurements for calibration or verification. The new equation was developed using 45 data sets and verified using 29 additional data sets encompassing a very broad range of channel conditions and was found to rely solely on stream power and bank-full stream power or, for practical applications, flow and bank-full flow. Statistical metrics indicated better performance by the new equation than by other bedload transport equations evaluated using the same source data and statistical methods.

국내 학술지에 게재된 교육정책 관련 연구 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends targeting educational policy-related theses published in the Journal of Educational Administration, one of the Korean journals, as the subjects of analysis and to provide basic data about the future direction of research on domestic education policy based on the findings of analysis.
 Methods By searching for data from the database of the Korea Education & Research Information Service and the website of the Korea Educational Administration Society, this author collected data about theses on ‘education policy’ published in the Journal of Educational Administration in systematic ways, and for final analysis, 218 theses were selected. The criteria of analysis were set as sector areas and purposes, policy processes and levels, and research methods, etc. As part of reviewing the literatures, Excel program was utilized to conduct frequency analysis and cross-tabulation analysis.
 Results First, according to the results of analyzing research trends by sector areas with 218 educational policy-related theses published in Journal of Educational Administration from 2008 to 2021, elementary and secondary education, higher education, and teachers were found in order. Concerning the topics of research, free semester policy, innovative school policy, the teacher competency development & evaluation system, and principal competition system were found in order. Regarding the purposes of research, analysis on the current status and condition, political alternatives and measures for improvement, and verification and application were found in order. Second, about the trends of research in policy processes, policy evaluation, policy execution, and policy decision were found in order, and in policy levels, the national level, city/province level, and the unit school level were found in order. Third, in the trends of research regarding data collection methods, literatures, statistical data, and questionnaires were found in order, and about the forms of research, analytic research, descriptive research, and comparative research were found in order.
 Conclusions Based on the above results of analyzing the trends of research on educational policy, this researcher has derived following conclusions. Major research trends are associated with the areas of elementary and secondary education, research topics of the free semester system and innovative school policy, research purposes of analysis on the current status and actual condition, processes of policy evaluation, the national level, the method of collecting literatures, and the form of analytic research. Follow-up research will have to be conducted from the perspective of broadening the range of research regarding various sector areas, research purposes, or the pursuit of diversity in the forms of research.

Improving the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of legislation by control (supervision) bodies in the context of the ongoing administrative reform

The article is devoted to the issues of control and supervisory activities in the context of administrative reform, as well as the importance of the human rights component of prosecutorial supervision over the execution of laws by control (supervision) bodies. The study raises the problem of distinguishing the procedures necessary to bring a person to administrative responsibility and the procedures of state control (supervision) or municipal control. The mechanisms of various control (supervisory) measures are described. The issues of adaptation of the prosecutor's supervision over the execution of laws by control (supervision) bodies under the moratorium established by the Government of the Russian Federation on the conduct of control (supervisory) measures in relation to the majority of small and medium-sized businesses are highlighted. It is noted that the organizational and administrative documents of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation establish a requirement for the suppression by prosecutors of the implementation of verification measures under the guise of raids, monitoring, as well as in the framework of illegal administrative proceedings. The results of this study are: the study of the rules of control and supervisory activities, as well as its relationship with administrative proceedings. The authors attempt to develop proposals to improve the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of legislation on state control (supervision) by perceiving the ongoing administrative reform to modernize control and supervisory activities, mixing accents in its implementation in order to form law-abiding behavior of controlled persons.

EVALUATION OF PATIENT-SPECIFIC IMRT QUALITY ASSURANCE AND POINT DOSE MEASUREMENT FOR COMPLEX HEAD AND NECK AND BRAIN CANCER USING GAFCHROMIC EBT3 FILM.

Patient-specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) is essential for complex radiotherapy treatment as it involves complex intensity modulation and high-dose gradient regions. IMRT QA was performed by point dose verification and two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution measurement using gamma method. Calibrated External Beam Therapy 3 (EBT3) film was used for point dose and pre-treatment verification of 10 IMRT plans, five complex Head and Neck (HN) and five brain cases. The gamma passing rate (GPR) was evaluated for 3%/3mm gamma criteria and compared with 2D array. Isocentre dose was measured for all 10 IMRT plans on EBT3 film. Percentage deviation of point dose measurement from TPS calculated was found 0.4% for brain cases and 2.9% for HN cases. The GPR for 3%/3mm criteria was obtained higher than 95% for brain and HN cases. Results suggest that film dosimetry is also a reliable verification system for patient-specific IMRT QA as the 2D array.

Single-lens multi-mirror laser stereo vision-based system for measuring internal thread geometrical parameters.

Oilfield pipes with out-of-tolerance internal thread can lead to failures, so the internal thread geometric parameters need to be measured. To tackle the problem of the low efficiency, poor accuracy, easy wear, and poor accessibility of existing methods, a single-lens multi-mirror laser stereo vision-based system for measuring geometric parameters of the internal thread is proposed, which allows the measurement of three parameters in one setup by completely reproducing the three-dimensional (3D) tooth profiles of the internal thread. In the system design, to overcome the incomplete representation of imaging parameters caused by insufficient consideration of dimensions and structural parameters of the existing models, an explicit 3D optical path model without a reflecting prism is first proposed. Then, considering the intervention of the reflecting prism, a calculation model for the suitable prism size and the final imaging parameters of the vision system is proposed, which ensures the measurement accessibility and accuracy by solving the problem that the existing system design only depends on experience without theoretical basis. Finally, based on the American Petroleum Institute standard, internal thread geometric parameters are obtained from the vision-reconstructed 3D tooth profiles. According to the optimized structural parameters, a vision system is built for measuring the internal thread geometric parameters of two types of oilfield pipes. Accuracy verification and typical internal thread measurement results show that the average measurement errors of the vision system proposed for the pitch, taper, and tooth height are 0.0051 mm, 0.6055 mm/m, and 0.0071 mm, respectively. Combined with the vision measurement time of 0.5 s for the three parameters, the above results comprehensively verify the high accuracy and high efficiency of the vision-based system.

ACLMHA and FML: A brain-inspired kinship verification framework.

As an extended research direction of face recognition, kinship verification based on the face image is an interesting yet challenging task, which aims to determine whether two individuals are kin-related based on their facial images. Face image-based kinship verification benefits many applications in real life, including: missing children search, family photo classification, kinship information mining, family privacy protection, etc. Studies presented thus far provide evidence that face kinship verification still offers many challenges. Hence in this paper, we propose a novel kinship verification architecture, the main contributions of which are as follows: To boost the deep model to capture various and abundant local features from different local face regions, we propose an attention center learning guided multi-head attention mechanism to supervise the learning of attention weights and make different attention heads notice the characteristics of different regions. To combat the misclassification caused by single feature center loss, we propose a family-level multi-center loss to ensure a more proper intra/inter-class distance measurement for kinship verification. To measure the potential similarity of features among relatives better, we propose to introduce the relation comparison module to measure the similarity among features at a deeper level. Extensive experiments are conducted on the widely used kinship verification dataset-Family in the Wild (FIW) dataset. Compared with other state-of-art (SOTA) methods, encouraging results are obtained, which verify the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Does the Increase in the Number of Registered Patents Affect Economic Growth? - Evidence from Romania and Bulgaria

The goal of this paper is to determine whether the increase in the number of registered patents per million inhabitants, as a measure of market verification of the results of R&D activities, affects economic growth and the increase in the country's innovation index. The empirical research covered two countries - Romania and Bulgaria. Given that the main task in the research was to accurately measure the investigated phenomena and discover the connection between them, the analysis was based on a quantitative research design. The analysis used secondary data from the international databases of the World Bank and World Intellectual Property Organization, covering the period from 2008 to 2018. The results of the empirical research showed that no correlations were found, which means that in the cases of Romania and Bulgaria, there is no dependence between the increase in the number of registered patents per million inhabitants and the growth of the innovation index and GDP per capita.

On the verification of ensemble precipitation forecasts over the Godavari River basin

The ensemble forecasts from Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models are considered as essential elements for operational hydrologic forecasting. However, these forecasts are burdened with significant inherent biases and cannot be used directly for hydrologic forecasting. Therefore, the present study examines the capability of ensemble precipitation forecasts obtained from two NWP models i.e., a 20-member ensemble from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and a 50-member ensemble from the European center for Medium-term Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The skill of 70-member multi-model grand ensemble (MME) generated from the NCEP and ECMWF forecasts is also verified in this study. Furthermore, post-processing of the raw ensemble members was carried out using two methods (Quantile Mapping (QM) and Quantile Regression Forests (QRF)) in order to minimize the inherent biases. The analysis was performed over subbasins of an Indian river basin namely the Godavari River Basin. Here, a set of deterministic and probabilistic verification measures (forecast error box plots, correlation coefficient, Relative Mean Error, mean Continuous Ranked Probability Score, spread-skill relationship, rank histograms, reliability diagram, Area under Relative Operating Characteristic Curve) were employed to assess various quality attributes of the forecasts. The findings from the study suggests that QRF post-processed NCEP and MME forecasts are comparatively better than other forecasts in terms of all employed verification measures over all subbasins. The QRF post-processed forecasts were found to be superior than QM post-processed and raw forecasts over all subbasins. The adopted post-processing methods resulted in improved forecasts at shorter lead times. However, the skill of both raw and post-processed forecasts declines at higher lead times over all subbasins.

Validation of pencil beam scanning proton therapy with multi-leaf collimator calculated by a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical beam commissioning results and lateral penumbra characteristics of our new pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy using a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) calculated by use of a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine. Eighteen collimated uniform dose plans for cubic targets were optimized by the RayStation 9A treatment planning system (TPS), varying scan area, modulation widths, measurement depths, and collimator angles. To test the patient-specific measurements, we also created and verified five clinically realistic PBS plans with the MLC, such as the liver, prostate, base-of-skull, C-shape, and head-and-neck. The verification measurements consist of the depth dose (DD), lateral profile (LP), and absolute dose (AD). We compared the LPs and ADs between the calculation and measurements. For the cubic plans, the gamma index pass rates (γ-passing) were on average 96.5%±4.0% at 3%/3mm for the DD and 95.2%±7.6% at 2%/2mm for the LP. In several LP measurements less than 75mm depths, the γ-passing deteriorated (increased the measured doses) by less than 90% with the scattering such as the MLC edge and range shifter. The deteriorated γ-passing was satisfied by more than 90% at 2%/2mm using uncollimated beams instead of collimated beams except for three planes. The AD differences and the lateral penumbra width (80%-20% distance) were within±1.9% and±1.1mm, respectively. For the clinical plan measurements, the γ-passing of LP at 2%/2mm and the AD differences were 97.7%±4.2% on average and within±1.8%, respectively. The measurements were in good agreement with the calculations of both the cubic and clinical plans inserted in the MLC except for LPs less than 75mm regions of some cubic and clinical plans. The calculation errors in collimated beams can be mitigated by substituting uncollimated beams.

Analysis of wind speed deviations between floating lidars, fixed lidar and cup anemometry based on experimental data

Floating lidar system (FLS) measurements are essential for offshore site assessment. Here an important part is the data accuracy and uncertainty, which are determined by the wind speed deviations between the FLS and reference data obtained during a verification trial. The reference anemometer is normally a cup anemometer installed on a met mast. Due to the different measurement principles, mast wake effects, the distance between FLS and reference, and FLS motions, the share of these factors in the deviations are not clear.In this work, we present an FLS verification measurement conducted in proximity to the FINO3 met mast located in the North Sea in 2017. Additionally, the data acquired by a fixed, non-moving lidar installed on FINO3 is considered. This allows studying wind speed deviations with different, well-defined influence factors.Methods for analyzing the wind speed accuracy and uncertainty, which are used in FLS verification and classification, are presented and applied to all combinations of data sources. As a preliminary work, directional wind speed deviations are studied to define a valid wind direction sector used for filtering for all data sources.As a result, the wind speed deviations between the FLS and the references are dominated by the FLS motion and the distance to the reference, respectively. Nevertheless, uncertainties may also be seen for the fixed lidar. For the classification results, approximately 1/3 of the sensitivity is contributed by the different measurement principles.

Modelling and Experimental Study of Halbach Array Magnetic Coupler

In order to effectively solve the current problems of magnetic couplers such as large area and complex internal coil, the Halbach array magnetic coupler was proposed. According to the specific characteristics of the hybrid magnetic coupler structure, the mathematical model of air gap magnetic flux density is established by using the combination of electric circuit and electromagnetic field solution. Based on the current superposition, the current is converted to the surface of the copper conductor, and the electromagnetic torque model of the space magnetic field is established by integrating the induced electromotive force along the circumferential direction. In order to verify the correctness of theoretical analysis, the 1:4 prototype was designed and manufactured. Then simulation verification and experiment measurement on its mechanical behaviour are performed. The results show that the maximum error of theoretical value, simulation value and test value is 9.3%. Under the same volume size, the output torque of Halbach array magnetic coupler is increased by 16.1% compared with the ordinary disk magnetic coupler. The research could provide the reference for the design and experimental research of magnetic coupler.

Blockchain‐based asset storage and service mechanism to metaverse universe: Metarepo

AbstractDigital modeling of the real world with 3D modeling technologies has recently prepared the groundwork for Metaverse. Metaverse is an ecosystem that will allow social and cultural events in the real world to be carried out in the digital world as well. Inspired by this framework, this study presents an approach called MetaRepo, where users can securely store digital assets (cryptocurrency, avatars, clothes, tickets, etc.) and use them in various activities within the metaverse universe. The motivation for the realization of this study is the security problems in the exchange, buying and selling transactions that take place in the virtual universes that have become popular in recent days. Another source of motivation is the anxiety of the object owners having their possessions stolen, lost, and transferred to another universe in the Metaverse. Blockchain technology, which can store assets in MetaRepo, has been used to address these concerns. In the developed blockchain structure, New User Engine, Transaction Centre, Authenticator Engine (Weng) and Repos models have been developed for user interaction, transaction processing and security mechanism. An exemplary metaverse universe including social activities has been designed for the testing and evaluation processes of the proposed MetaRepo approach. MetaRepo is communicated from the browser via APIs. Detailed performance analysis has been carried out for the proposed model. As a result, with MetaRepo, a mechanism is aimed at which users can communicate with different metaverse universes and platforms without the need for extra verification and security measures within the metaverse universe.

Predictive gamma passing rate of 3D detector array-based volumetric modulated arc therapy quality assurance for prostate cancer via deep learning.

To predict the gamma passing rate (GPR) of the three-dimensional (3D) detector array-based volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) quality assurance (QA) for prostate cancer using a convolutional neural network (CNN) with the 3D dose distribution. One hundred thirty-five VMAT plans for prostate cancer were selected: 110 plans were used for training and validation, and 25 plans were used for testing. Verification plans were measured using a helical 3D diode array (ArcCHECK). The dose distribution on the detector element plane of these verification plans was used as input data for the CNN model. The measured GPR (mGPR) values were used as the training data. The CNN model comprises eighteen layers and predicted GPR (pGPR) values. The mGPR and pGPR values were compared, and a cumulative frequency histogram of the prediction error was created to clarify the prediction error tendency. The correlation coefficients of pGPR and mGPR were 0.67, 0.69, 0.66, and 0.73 for 3%/3-mm, 3%/2-mm, 2%/3-mm, and 2%/2-mm gamma criteria, respectively. The respective mean±standard deviations of pGPR-mGPR were -0.87±2.18%, -0.65±2.93%, -0.44±2.53%, and -0.71±3.33%. The probabilities of false positive error cases (pGPR < mGPR) were 72%, 60%, 68%, and 56% for each gamma criterion. We developed a deep learning-based prediction model of the 3D detector array-based VMAT QA for prostate cancer, and evaluated the accuracy and tendency of prediction GPR. This model can provide a proactive estimation for the results of the patient-specific QA before the verification measurement.

A robust computational approach to Lees–Dorodnitsyn laminar hypersonic boundary layers with temperature-dependent properties

The Lees–Dorodnitsyn (L–D) boundary layer equations for two-dimensional, non-reactive, laminar, hypersonic, boundary layer flows, and an assumption of an isentropic external flow are examined. They are applied to various geometries for which the Thin Shear Layer assumptions are valid. This study expands on previous work to develop a novel and robust methodology for computing high-temperature hypersonic flows using a uniform and compact computational stencil implemented through a computational tool, the Bulk-property Boundary Layer (BuBL) solver. In particular, we explore the impact of treating high-temperature effects present in hypersonic flows, namely, treating air as a thermally perfect gas with temperature-variable properties. The ability to solve these flows computationally using second-order finite difference methods is evaluated as are various models for viscosity, Prandtl number, and specific heat. The methodology for solving the external flow properties in the transformed L–D computational domain is also discussed. It is shown that the L–D equations evaluated using the “box” computational stencil are an effective means for evaluating laminar hypersonic boundary layer flows. Solutions for displacement and momentum thicknesses, skin friction, and Stanton number variations are obtained as a function of Prandtl number, specific heat model, and Mach number. Verification and validation measures are performed for the code. Excellent agreement is found in comparisons between BuBL and other computational fluid dynamics and experimental results, thus demonstrating the utility of the proposed methodology.

Micromorphology and Histology of the Secretory Apparatus of Diospyros villosa (L.) de Winter Leaves and Stem Bark.

Diospyros villosa is a perennial species prominently acknowledged for its local medicinal applications. The native utilisation of this species in traditional medicine may be ascribed to the presence of secretory structures and their exudate (comprised of phytochemicals). However, the morphological nature and optical features of the secretory structures in D. villosa remain largely unclear. This study was directed to ascertain the occurrence and adaptive features of structures found within the leaves and stem bark of D. villosa using light and electron microscopy techniques. The current study notes the existence of trichomes, and other secretory structures were noted. SEM indicated the presence of non-glandular hirsute trichomes with bulky stalk on both leaves and stem surfaces. Transverse stem sections revealed the existence of crystal idioblasts. Moreover, the presence of the main phytochemical groups and their localisation within the foliage and stem bark was elucidated through various histochemical tests. The trichomal length and density were also assessed in leaves at different stages of development. The results indicated that the trichomal density at different stages of development of the D. villosa leaves and stem bark was not significantly different from one another, F(3,39) = 1.183, p = 0.3297. The average length of the non-glandular trichomes in the emergent, young and mature leaves, as well as in the stem, was recorded to be 230 ± 30.6 µm, 246 ± 40.32 μm, 193 ± 27.55 µm and 164 ± 18.62 µm, respectively. The perimeter and circumference of the observed trichomes in the developmental stages of D. villosa leaf and the stem bark were not statistically different, F(3,39) = 1.092, p = 0.3615. The results of histochemical tests showed the existence of phenols alkaloids, which are medicinally important and beneficial for treatment of diseases. The findings of this study, being reported for the first time may be considered in establishing microscopic and pharmacognostic measure for future identification and verification of natural herbal plant. Trichomal micromorphology and histological evaluations could be utilised as a tool for appropriate description for the assessment of this species.

Thermal Water Prospection with UAV, Low-Cost Sensors and GIS. Application to the Case of La Hermida.

The geothermal resource is one of the great sources of energy on the planet. The conventional prospecting of this type of energy is a slow process that requires a great amount of time and significant investments. Nowadays, geophysical techniques have experienced an important evolution due to the irruption of UAVs, which combined with infrared sensors can provide great contributions in this field. The novelty of this technology involves the lack of tested methodologies for their implementation in this type of activities. The research developed is focused on the proposal of a methodology for the exploration of hydrothermal resources in an easy, economic, and rapid way. The combination of photogrammetry techniques with visual and thermal images taken with UAVs allows the generation of temperature maps or thermal orthomosaics, which analyzed with GIS tools permit the quasi-automatic identification of zones of potential geothermal interest along rivers or lakes. The proposed methodology has been applied to a case study in La Hermida (Cantabria, Spain), where it has allowed the identification of an effluent with temperatures close to 40 °C, according to the verification measurements performed on the geothermal interest area. These results allow validation of the potential of the method, which is strongly influenced by the particular characteristics of the study area.

Clinical performance evaluation of O-Ring Halcyon Linac: A real-world study.

BACKGROUNDRadiation therapy, especially the development of linear accelerators, plays a key role in cancer management. The fast-rotating coplanar O-ring Halcyon Linac has demonstrated many advantages. The previous literature has mainly focused on the machine parameters and plan quality of Halcyon, with a lack of relevant research on its clinical application.AIMTo evaluate the clinical performance of the O-ring Halcyon treatment system in a real-world application setting.METHODSData from sixty-one patients who were treated with the Halcyon system throughout the entire radiotherapy process in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between August 2019 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the target tumour response to radiotherapy and irradiation toxicity from 1 to 3 mo after treatment. Dosimetric verification of Halcyon plans was performed using a quality assurance procedure, including portal dosimetry, ArcCHECK and point dose measurements for verification of the system delivery accuracy.RESULTSOf the 61 patients in the five groups, 16, 12, 7 and 26 patients had complete response, partial response, progressive disease and stable disease, respectively. No increase in the irradiated target tumour volume was observed when separately evaluating the local response. Regarding irradiation toxicity, no radiation-induced deaths were observed. Thirty-eight percent (23/61 patients) had no radiation toxicity after radiotherapy, 56% (34/61 patients) experienced radiation toxicity that resolved after treatment, and 6% (4/61 patients) had irreversible adverse reactions. The average gamma passing rates with a 2% dose difference and 2-mm distance to agreement for IMRT/VMAT/SRT plans were ArcCHECK at 96.4% and portal dosimetry at 96.7%, respectively. All of the validated clinical plans were within 3% for point dose measurements, and Halcyon’s ArcCHECK demonstrated a high pass rate of 99.1% ± 1.1% for clinical gamma passing criteria of 3%/3 mm.CONCLUSIONThe O-ring Halcyon Linac could achieve a better therapeutic effect on the target volume by providing accurate treatment delivery plans with tolerable irradiation toxicity.