Verbal Vocabulary Research Articles

Complex meanings shape early noun and verb vocabulary structure and learning.

Verbs and nouns vary in many ways-including in how they are used in language and in the timing of their early learning. We compare the distribution of semantic features that comprise early acquired verb and noun meanings and measure their effect on learning. First, couched in prior literature, we use semantic feature data to establish that features pattern on a hierarchy of complexity, with perceptual features being less complex than other features like encyclopaedic features. Second, given overall semantic and syntactic differences between nouns and verbs, we hypothesize that the preference for directly perceptible features observed for nouns will be attenuated for verbs. Building on prior work using semantic features and semantic networks in nouns, we find that compared to early learned nouns (N = 359), early learned verbs (N = 103) have meanings disproportionately built from complex information inaccessible to the senses. Third, we find that 16- to 30-month-old children's early noun and verb vocabularies (N = 3,804) show semantic relationships that differ in their use of this complex information from the beginning of vocabulary development. Last, we find that the complexity of nouns' and verbs' meanings affects their typical order of learning in early vocabulary development. Complexity differs in early noun and verb meanings, affects the semantic structure of children's vocabularies, and shapes the course of word learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The concept "Fear" in the Russian dialects of the Amur region (based on the material of verbal vocabulary)

The concept "Fear" in the Russian dialects of the Amur region (based on the material of verbal vocabulary)

Trends in the neologization of verbal vocabulary in the late 20th – early 21st centuries

Trends in the neologization of verbal vocabulary in the late 20th – early 21st centuries

Anger as a feminist instrument of the female superhero in Abhijit Kini’s Angry Maushi trilogy

ABSTRACT This essay examines the unexplored comics trilogy, Abhijeet Kini’s Angry Maushi (2012–2014), studying it against the backdrop of the polemical Indian activism of the 2010s to understand its deployment of the figure of the female superhero and the idea of feminist rage to portray the mapping of citizen dissent against state apathy. Following a mock-heroic format, and drawing on the traditions of the female superhero and citizen caricatures, the trilogy parodies the defining socio-political crises of the 2010s and posits the angry working-class protagonist as a subversive take on the female vigilante superhero to express the collective public rage against the structural political/bureaucratic corruption around her. Harnessing the new visual and verbal vocabularies of civic discontent in contemporary popular culture, the essay attempts to decode the revised templates of protest founded on scepticism, irreverence, and rage as depicted in the comics trilogy.

The structure of the semantic space of verbal vocabulary in R. Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451” (based on the material of the novel in English)

The structure of the semantic space of verbal vocabulary in R. Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451” (based on the material of the novel in English)

SARATOV SCHOOL OF DERIVATOLOGY: PROBLEMS, RESULTS, PROSPECTS

The article presents the leading issues of research by Saratov derivatologists, describes the main results of the joint scientific search of the participants of the International Scientific Seminar “Development of the word-formation and lexical system of the Russian language”, functioning on the basis of the Saratov National Research State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky (SGU) since 2008 under the guidance of professors O.I. Dmitrieva and O.Y. Kryuchkova, scientific prospects for further work are indicated. It is shown that research traditions in the field of word-formation derivatology developed at Saratov University in line with the development of a synchronous-diachronic method for analyzing semantic-word-forming subsystems and word-forming processes. Its application contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of word production, the identification of the word-formation potential of the language. Within the framework of derivatological issues, SGU has formed the main staff of its developers, identified scientific areas of research in the field of word-formation and lexico-semantic dynamics, published 7 collections of scientific articles, 8 monographs (2 of which are collective), 3 doctoral and 6 candidate dissertations were defended. Scientific activity is carried out in several directions: 1) a general methodology for the synchronous-diachronic study of word-formation subsystems and processes has been developed, the principles of synchronous-diachronic analysis of semantic-word-formation subsystems have been substantiated, the main trends in language dynamics have been identified and described; 2) complex synchronous-diachronic descriptions of a number of word-formation processes (intraverbal prefixation, reduplication), semantic-word-formation subsystems (abstract nouns, agentive verbs, evolutive verbs) were carried out; 3) diachronic description of word families with separate etymological roots; 4) the leading tendencies of neologization as a synchronous-diachronic process in the system of verbal vocabulary of the Russian language have been identified; 5) the problem of studying metaphorization as a derivational process is posed; 6) for Saratov derivatologists, the issue of the dynamics of the correlation of system-linguistic and individual-authorial in the process of word creation, as well as system-linguistic and functional, determined by the specifics of the use of word-building and lexical means in the text, remains relevant. The further perspective is determined by the study of the semantic and derivational specifics of the process of neologization of verbal vocabulary from the standpoint of linguistic diachrony, the identification of factors of cognitive modeling of the linguistic consciousness of native speakers by means of word formation, the description of the evolution of macro-units of the word-formation system: word-formation categories and word-formation families, their synchronous-diachronic analysis. Along with the already available synchronous-diachronic descriptions of other semantic-derivative subsystems, this should ultimately contribute to the development of the concept of historical derivatology.

Textual connections of the mythonyms in I.A. Bunin’s poetry

The question of the textual functioning of mythonyms in the poetic heritage of I.A. Bunin is raised. The relevance of the topic is due to the interest of linguists in the problem of artistic text-building, in particular the author’s preference in vocabulary selection, as well as the unresolved issue of modeling Bunin’s onomasticon. The purpose of the study is to describe the textual connections of mythological names, through which meaningful and conceptual information is explicated and a subtext is formed. The research material included the scientific edition (by Professor T.M. Dvinyatina) of I.A. Bunin’s poetry, from which 272 units were extracted by continuous sampling. The factual material was systematized and interpreted with the descriptive, taxonomic, quantitative methods, contextual analysis, modeling. Standing out against the background of different layers of the Bunin’s vocabulary, mythological names interact with each other, with other semantic subgroups of onyms, appellatives, attributive and verbal vocabulary. The author notes that mythoanthroponyms and theonyms have the richest syntagmatic connections. Contextual synonymy is found in demononyms, mythoanthroponyms, mythopersonyms, mythoponyms and theonyms; and contextual antonymy is found in mythoponyms and mythopersonyms. The intertextual nature and the precedent level determine the associative connections of Bunin’s mythonymicon units. It is concluded that the textual functioning of mythonyms is determined by I.A. Bunin’s intention to overcome the particularization of cultural worlds and create such an individual author’s mythopoetic space where images and plots already familiar to readers are constantly enriched with new meanings. The prospects of the work include the study of Bunin’s prose mythonymicon and the textual connections of mythonyms in it, which will allow to create a consistent onomastic model of Bunin-writer.

Verb Vocabulary Supports Event Probability Use in Developmental Language Disorder.

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) tend to interpret noncanonical sentences like passives using event probability (EP) information regardless of structure (e.g., by interpreting "The dog was chased by the squirrel" as "The dog chased the squirrel"). Verbs are a major source of EP information in adults and children with typical development (TD), who know that "chase" implies an unequal relationship among participants. Individuals with DLD have poor verb knowledge and verb-based sentence processing. Yet, they also appear to rely more on EP information than their peers. This paradox raises two questions: (a) How do children with DLD use verb-based EP information alongside other information in online passive sentence interpretation? (b) How does verb vocabulary knowledge support EP information use? We created novel EP biases by showing animations of agents with consistent action tendencies (e.g., clumsy vs. helpful actions). We then used eye tracking to examine how this EP information was used during online passive sentence processing. Participants were 4- to 5-year-old children with DLD (n = 20) and same-age peers with TD (n = 20). In Experiment 1, children with DLD quickly integrated verb-based EP information with morphosyntax close to the verb but failed to do so with distant morphosyntax. In Experiment 2, the quality of children's sentence-specific verb vocabulary knowledge was positively associated with the use of EP information in both groups. Depending on the morphosyntactic context, children with DLD and TD used EP information differently, but verb vocabulary knowledge aided its use. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25491805.

Verbal vocabulary as a means of expressing interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese

The subject of the study is the semantic and functional features of the lexico-semantic group of verbs denoting interpersonal relations in the Russian and Chinese languages. The verbal vocabulary representing the category of relationship describes the relationships that arise between people in the form of feelings, judgments and appeals to each other in the course of everyday life. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify the semantic and functional features of the verbs of the lexico-semantic group of interpersonal relations in the system of Russian and Chinese languages. The study revealed similarities and differences in the meaning of these verbs. As the analysis showed, some Chinese verbs do not match the meaning of the verbs of the Russian language. This article also examines the types of semantic changes in the semantic structure of the verbal word form functioning in the context. The main method of studying this group of verbs in Russian and Chinese is the comparative method. The descriptive method and the functional-semantic method, as well as the method of component analysis, were used in the selection and use of linguistic material. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the verbs of interpersonal relations are still insufficiently studied on the materials of the Russian and Chinese languages. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching university courses in such disciplines as cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and intercultural communication. The study allows us to conclude that the verbs of interpersonal relationships are quite often used in both languages. The meanings of Chinese and Russian verbs are not always equivalent. Their semantic structures may also differ. The analysis of interlanguage gaps reveals the presence of incomplete lexical correspondence to a foreign word. Some verbal lexicons express interpersonal relationships in their direct meanings, while others develop this ability as a result of semantic modulation and semantic derivation. Interpersonal relationships can be expressed by verbs from other lexico-semantic groups, acquiring the semantics of interpersonal relationships in the context. In conclusion, we note that expressions of interpersonal relationships can also be verb-noun combinations, which, when analyzing various specifiers in the context, indicate the reasons for a positive or negative attitude towards a person.

DESCRIPTION OF GERMAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES

The paper defines the ways and peculiarities of word formation in modern German language. The paper deals with one of theways of enriching the verb vocabulary in the modern German language, in particular wordbuilding. In the result of the analysis of the language material, the most productive models and means of the word-building of the verbs are emphasized including word-building models borrowed from other languages. The vocabulary of the language, being a system, is in constant motion. The functioning of language is associated with the disappearance of certain words, with the emergence of new ones, with the change in the meaning or stylistic status of words. Each of the ways of developing the vocabulary of the German language has its own characteristics. The paper draws attention to these features. The paper describes verbal neoplasms not registered in dictionaries until the middle of the 20th century, selected from the texts of the German newspapers “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine”, “Der Spiegel”, “Joe”, “Alles für die Frau”, “GEO” and others. The study considers the linguistic material of some dictionaries published in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, including dictionaries of colloquial youth vocabulary. So, the main idea of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of word formation in German linguistics through the history.

Words Definition in the Vietnamese Dictionary from the Perspective of Troponymy

Each language, in the vocabulary system in general and the verb vocabulary system in particular, troponymy is one of the most important types of semantic relationships. The troponymy is one of the important semantic relations of the Vietnamese verb lexical system. The article is about some methods of defining words in Vietnamese dictionaries today. First of all, the article briefly summarizes definition methods in general and the using of the hypernym method in particular. Then, the article describes the word definition of the activity of going, seing... Thereby, the author wants to give an opinion on a way to define the meaning of words through từ bao (hypernym) và từ cách (troponym)

SPECIFICS OF VERBAL VALENCE IN TERMS OF ITS PERCEPTION BY SPEAKERS (PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENT)

The article provides an in-depth study of the valence of verbal vocabulary in terms of selection of positions that are open to distributors. The purpose of the article is to outline the specifics of valence of actional and processual verbs in and out of context, to establish the minimum and maximum number of open verb positions in different contexts through a targeted associative experiment. The object of analysis are the verbs of actional and processual semantics, which appear in personal and impersonal meanings or combine these properties: вирувати (to eddy), заливати (to flood), зацвітати (to bloom), икати (to hiccup), казати (to say), клекотіти (to roar), котитися (to roll), переконувати (to persuade), ревіти (to howl), розливатися (to spill), свистіти (to whistle), сніжити (to snow), чавкати (to smack). It has been established that verbs of processual semantics require more dependent components, and this trend is observed with verbs that have lost their actional seme and moved to the class of processual ones. A small number of open valence positions has been established, which corresponds to the traditional scientific division, in particular, of the verb світати (to dawn), but most reactions suggest the presence of an additional number of distributors compared to the scientific division by valence characteristics. Verbs that scientists mainly classify as monovalent with a wide potential for transformation into divalent, respondents ranked as divalent or trivalent, which makes it possible to finally change the traditional division of verbs into groups based on valence features. A small number of the identified open fourth position of verb lexemes indicates the inconsistency of its allocation for direct communication.

Тенденции неологизации глагольной лексики в старорусском языке (XV–XVII вв.)

The article is devoted to the problem of neologization of the semantic and word-formation subsystem of Russian verbs. The trends of this process are determined in relation to the Old Russian language of the 15 th – 17 th centuries. The main object of study is suffixal verbal neologisms formed during a given period in language development according to traditional and new word-formation models. The peculiarities of verbal neologisms formation with prefixes are described using the material of derived verbs with prefixed formants do-, po-, ot- and za-. Particular attention is paid to the issue of confixation, which, as a regular method of word building, begins to take shape in the Old Russian language. The material for the analysis was comprised of the data from the "Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11 th – 17 th centuries". The application of a complex semantic and word-formation, as well as functional-semantic methodology for analyzing linguistic material has enabled the authors to identify trends in neologization of Old Russian verbal vocabulary: active formation of evolutive verbs and verbs with general semantics of activity and behaviour, the formation of new types of derivatives with the suffixes -irova-, -izirova-, -nicha-, regular occurrence in the language system of verbs, which denote particular types of verbal action, characterized by prefixes. It is shown that confixal derivatives appear as correlatives with the prefixal ones, and that these models can correlate and compete.

The New Bulgarian and Czech Verb Vocabulary: Word-Formation Competition and Dynamics of Contemporary Communication

The aim of the article is to explore to what extent and in what ways the competition at word-formation level is related to the differentiation of the individual communication spheres and/or their unification. To this end, selected types of variant pairs (lines) of new Bulgarian and Czech verbs are analysed and examination of the communication specifics of the texts in which they occur and are used is performed. In other words, the focal point is the creation and use of new words and expressions as a factor causing tension not only between parallel functioning linguistic means (already existing or currently emerging in the language), but also within texts typical for a certain sphere of communication. As source of linguistic material are used written units of communi-cation (i.e. texts functioning in a particular communication situation) published on the Internet. A conclusion is drawn that relations of competition between word-formation methods, processes and means characteristic of communication situations and texts of a given sphere of communication (in the presence of favourable condi-tions) can penetrate other spheres of communication for which they are – quite on the contrary – new and uncharacteristic. The word-formation competition in the field of new Bulgarian and new Czech verbal lexicon is stipulated however by the typological features of each individual language system.

Verbal representation of the emotional world of heroes: based on the material of the Khakass heroic legend «Албынҷы»

The language of the heroic tale is a complex system that encodes information about the national, ideological, cultural foundations of an ethnic group, and is significantly different from the literary and colloquial styles of the modern language. Despite the fact that the texts of heroic tales have always aroused the scientific interest of researchers, their linguistic categories have not yet received sufficient study. The purpose of our article is to identify and describe the linguistic (in particular, verbal) expression of the emotional world of heroes. The material for the functional-semantic analysis was the verbal vocabulary with the meaning of emotion, collected by continuous sampling from the text of the Khakass heroic legend «Албынҷы». According to our information, this folklore monument contains 19 verbs, 3 phraseological units and 1 clichéd expression representing the emotional world of epic characters. The small number of representatives of the emotional world of heroes is compensated by their ambiguity and, accordingly, their ability to cover all the necessary aspects of emotional activity. The work used descriptive (descriptiveanalytical) and functional-semantic research methods. The relevance of our research is due to the insufficient knowledge of the language of Khakass heroic tales, in particular, the verbal sphere from the perspective of the anthropocentric paradigm, as well as the small number of special works on this topic based on the material of other Turkic folklore texts. The novelty of the research is that for the first time, not only in Khakass, but also in other Turkic languages, verbs expressing the emotional experiences of heroes are considered as an irreplaceable and important fragment of the folk-linguistic picture of the world. During the analysis of linguistic material, it was revealed that epic heroes can experience the following emotions: anger, surprise, excitement, fear, compassion, shame, love (more precisely, dislike), suffering, grief, which are expressed by stylistically neutral, frequency verbs. And also the verbal vocabulary with the meaning of crying and laughter stands somewhat apart from them, since its content equally contains emotions and the physiological reaction of the subject to the corresponding emotional stimuli. Clichéd expressions and phraseological units also add shades of color and originality to the process of emotional activity. Linguistic folkloristics, as a new direction in Khakassian studies, is at the initial stage of its development. The language of Khakass heroic tales has many unstudied, unsolved, and therefore interesting conceptual fields in the lexical-semantic, functional-semantic, semantic-cognitive, linguocultural aspects. We believe that this topic has good linguistic potential and prospects for future research.

Vocabulary Hexagon: A Teaching Tool for Improving the Correct Usage of Verb Vocabularies in Malay Language Writing Skill among Primary School Students

Vocabulary Hexagon: A Teaching Tool for Improving the Correct Usage of Verb Vocabularies in Malay Language Writing Skill among Primary School Students

Perception verbs in the Russian dialects of the Amur region and in the northeastern dialect of the Chinese language of Heilongjiang province

The subject of this work is the verbs of perception in the Russian dialects of the Amur region and in the northeastern dialect of the Chinese language of Heilongjiang province. The research material is two dialect dictionaries: "Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Amur region" and "Dictionary of dialects of Heilongjiang province". The study revealed 26 verbal units from the "Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur region" (including 18 verbs and 8 phraseological units with the meaning of visual and auditory perception, as well as perception of smell and touch); 18 verbs with the meaning of visual perception from the "Dictionary of Dialects of Heilongjiang province". The purpose of the study of this article is the comparative classification of perception verbs in the border regions of the Russian Federation and China, separated by the Amur River (in Chinese, Heilongjiang). In developing the classification of the studied language units, continuous sampling, contextual, descriptive-analytical and comparative methods were used. The relevance and novelty of the work lies in the fact that the perceptual verbal vocabulary in the dialects of both ethnic groups is poorly studied; for the first time an attempt was made to study the comparative classification of the verbs of perception of the Russian dialects of the Amur region and the northeastern dialect of the Chinese language of Heilongjiang province; the effectiveness of the study of perception verbs can contribute to the reconstruction of the dialect linguistic picture of the world and the linguistic personality of speakers of the dialect of two different ethnic groups. The main conclusions of this study summarize that perceptual vocabulary connects the world of objective reality with the expression of this world in the language of human communication and that in the dialects of both ethnic groups (in the Russian dialects of the Amur region and in the northeastern dialect of the Chinese language of Heilongjiang province) verbal units with the meaning of visual perception prevail over other groups.

Improving Student’s English Vocabulary Using Duolingo Application

This research was Classroom Action Research (CAR) which aimed to implement the use of the Duolingo Application to improve students' English vocabulary. It was conducted in two cycles by the researcher. The subject in this research was the students of 12th grade social 3 of SMA Negeri 1 Selakau in Academic Year 2021/2022 which consists of 15 students. The researcher found that the problem of this research was the students could not understand the vocabulary of the verb, then they had difficulty in understanding the English textbook and it was a big problem for the twelfth' grade students face the English examination. The data in this research were collected by using an observation checklist and test. The research showed the use of the Duolingo Application successfully could improve students’ vocabulary of present and past verbs. As observed by the researcher, the improvement was indicated by aspects of students' active and passive in answering the vocabulary questions from the teacher. The results found through the process of using the Duolingo Application, students were likely to raise their hands to answer the translation of twenty list questions of vocabulary from the teacher. Then, the students have a better understanding of the vocabulary’s meaning by a small number of students did not raise their hands, raise their hands, and answered correctly in a quick time. Therefore, this research was successful in improving the students’ vocabulary of the verb by using Duolingo Application.

Assessing receptive verb knowledge in late talkers and autistic children: advances and cautionary tales

PurposeUsing eye-tracking, we assessed the receptive verb vocabularies of age-matched late talkers and typically developing children (experiment 1) and autistic preschoolers (experiment 2). We evaluated how many verbs participants knew and how quickly they processed the linguistic prompt. Our goal is to explore how these eye-gaze measures can be operationalized to capture verb knowledge in late talkers and autistic children.MethodParticipants previewed two dynamic scenes side-by-side (e.g., “stretching” and “clapping”) and were then prompted to find the target verb's referent. Children’s eye-gaze behaviors were operationalized using established approaches in the field with modifications in consideration for the type of stimuli (dynamic scenes versus static images) and the populations included. Accuracy was calculated as a proportion of time spent looking to the target, and linguistic processing was operationalized as latency of children’s first look to the target.ResultsIn experiment 1, there were no group differences in the proportion of verbs known, but late talkers required longer to demonstrate their knowledge than typically developing children. Latency was predicted by age but not language abilities. In experiment 2, autistic children’s accuracy and latency were both predicted by receptive language abilities.ConclusionEye gaze can be used to assess receptive verb vocabulary in a variety of populations, but in operationalizing gaze behavior, we must account for between- and within-group differences. Bootstrapped cluster-permutation analysis is one way to create individualized measures of children’s gaze behavior, but more research is warranted using an individual differences approach with this type of analysis.

Verbal vocabulary in Mongolian languages related to cattle breeding

The article examines the verbal vocabulary of the Mongolian languages related to cattle breeding. Mongolian-speaking peoples traditionally consider themselves nomadic pastoralists. In this regard, a whole layer of pastoral vocabulary has been formed in the Mongolian languages, which reflects the most diverse names associated with the economic use of livestock. The purpose of the article is to analyze the pastoral vocabulary of the Mongolian languages and determine the similarities and differences of terms in Khalkha-Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat and Kalmyk languages. The material of the written Mongolian language and the Turkic languages was used for comparative analysis. The data from various dictionaries of the Mongolian languages served as the material for the study. The analysis made it possible to identify the verbal vocabulary common to all languages and specific terms characteristic of individual languages. The material revealed lexemes with the meaning of actions reflecting the behavior, habits of cattle, various sounds made by cattle, as well as terms related to calving a cow, its milk yield. Most of the meanings of the represented lexemes in the Mongolian closely related languages coincide. But there are separate lexemes that are characterized by the presence or absence in a particular Mongolian language. As a result of the development of Mongolian languages, in some of them, lexemes under the influence of other languages have become obsolete and have ceased to be used in modern speech. In others, they have been preserved and continue to be used at the present time. This is due to the peculiarities of the development of languages, their cultural and historical conditions, and language contacts. The results of this study can contribute to further research of lexical units in comparative historical coverage.