Verbal Reactions Research Articles

The abuse tendencies of mothers from the viewpoint of verbal reactions during frustration scenarios and its relation factor

The abuse tendencies of mothers from the viewpoint of verbal reactions during frustration scenarios and its relation factor

Responses to nonverbal intimacy change in romantic dyads: Effects of behavioral valence and degree of behavioral change on nonverbal and verbal reactions

Various theories of nonverbal adaptation feature behavioral valence (i.e., positive vs. negative behavior) and degree of behavioral change (e.g., very low vs. low intimacy) as critical elements affecting whether changes in nonverbal intimacy are met with reciprocity or compensation. The present study, which utilizes data from 100 romantic dyads, makes comparisons across five conditions: very low intimacy, low intimacy, very high intimacy, high intimacy, and a no change (control) condition. Repeated measures analyses of variance showed that targets in the two high intimacy conditions reciprocated their partners' intimacy change by appearing more nonverbally involved and pleasant and engaging in more verbal intimacy. Targets in the two low intimacy conditions also reciprocated by becoming less nonverbally pleasant and fluent as well as more verbally hostile. However, these targets also used verbal repair strategies, thereby showing some degree of compensation. Targets in the very low intimacy condition also became more vocally anxious and less composed after their partners decreased intimacy. Targets in the very low intimacy condition were abo particularly likely to engage in verbal repair strategies. These and other findings are discussed in light of their implications for applying theories of nonverbal intimacy exchange to the context of romantic relationships.

Painful pricks and prickle pains: is there a relation between children's ratings of venipuncture pain and parental assessments of usual reaction to other pains?

The objective of this study was to examine whether parental assessment of a child's usual behavioral reaction to common painful events predicts the child's ratings of needle pain intensity from routine venipuncture. Children aged 3 to 12 years (n = 88) used the Faces Pain Scale to rate how much venipuncture hurt and also indicated whether the pain was more, less, or the same as expected. The child's parent (mother) used the same scale to predict how much the needle would hurt the child as well as to rate the child's pain as observed at the time of venipuncture. Parents also estimated their child's usual reaction to six common painful events. An independent observer used a behavioral checklist to rate the child's pain response at the time of venipuncture as well as to assign a global pain rating on the Faces Pain Scale. The Faces Pain Scale and a behavioral checklist (scoring facial, vocal, motor, and verbal reactions) were used in this study. Those children who reported venipuncture as hurting more than expected also gave the highest mean needle pain ratings and tended to have their pain underpredicted by their parents before venipuncture. For these children, parental estimates of reactions to other painful events proved to be a useful predictor of self-reported needle pain. Parent and child ratings of pain agreed more closely for those parents who indicated having relied on what their child "did" rather than "said." Additionally, and consistent with previous studies, independent observation of children's facial responses was the most useful indicator of needle pain severity. Preparation of children for venipuncture may be enhanced by asking a parent beforehand how the child usually responds to everyday pain. Specifically, reaction to other sharp time-limited pains (e.g., finger pinch, stepping on a prickle) may provide a useful guide to identifying which children will report experiencing greater pain than expected from venipuncture.

Children's response to vaccine fluid injection versus needle puncture pain during routine immunization

ABSTRACTObjective To determine whether there is a significant and observable behavioural reaction in young children to the entry of vaccine fluid that is separate from the pain of needle puncture.Setting/sample Twenty‐four children, aged 4–6 years, undergoing routine outpatient immunization by intramuscular injection in an Australian paediatric teaching hospital.Measurement Facial, motor, vocal and verbal reactions, as well as global pain responses were coded by two independent observers as the needle entered the child's arm, and as the vaccine was injected from the syringe. Children and parents used the Faces Pain Scale to give a global rating of needle pain.Results A distinctive behavioural reaction to the vaccine injection phase of immunization was observed. While children's own needle pain ratings tended to be more extreme than those of their parents, the variance in children's global scores was best predicted by an independent observer's ratings of motor behaviour to needle puncture and vocal response to vaccine injection.Conclusions/implications for practice A significant pain‐related behavioural reaction may be observed in relation to the vaccine injection component of routine immunization. Preparation of children for routine immunization should not focus merely on pain due to needle puncture, but also on potential sensations associated with vaccine injection.

Delayed verbal reactions are specifically impaired in patients with schizophrenia

Recent neuropsychological, psychophysiological and neuroimaging studies have shown that specific changes in attention and information processes occur in schizophrenic disorders. A verbal delayed reaction methodology, determined by our group since 1992, has provided similar quantitative data. Visual verbal stimuli, occurring in random sequence, are presented to the subject who is requested to utter immediately the perceived word in a first trial; in a second one, a delay (foreperiod) between the word presentation and a ‘go’ signal (eight asterisks) is interposed. Acousticograms and orbicularis oris EMG are recorded as responses. The ratio of the 1.5-s foreperiod delayed reaction time to the immediate reaction time reveals a facilitation of the executive system occurring during sustained purposeful attention, a characteristic function of the prefrontal cortex. A further ratio, with a 0.1-s foreperiod, has been measured to investigate the effect of interference processes. These trials have been performed including 18 patients with schizophrenia, 31 with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, four patients with extrapyramidal degenerative diseases, five affected by obsessive compulsive disorder and in age-matched normal controls. Both ratios were significantly increased in schizophrenic patients and, on the contrary, decreased in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. These changes are in agreement with the neuroimaging findings of ‘hypofrontality’ in the schizophrenic patients. Verbal delayed reaction methodology seems a reliable and easily applicable tool for investigating sustained purposeful attention processes in clinical conditions.

Parents' Reactions to Adolescents' Suicide Attempts

To examine parents' emotional and verbal reactions to adolescents' suicide attempts and to test models of the interpersonal functions of suicide attempts. Thirty-four mothers and fathers of 23 adolescent suicide attempters were assessed shortly after the attempt regarding their emotional reactions the day before, upon discovering, and the day after the suicide attempt, using both open-ended and structured interviews. Feelings of caring, sadness, and anxiety increased from before the attempt to the point of discovery, and for mothers they remained higher through the following day. Hostile feelings were present in approximately 50% of mothers across the time points; however, upon discovering the suicide attempt, parents were less likely to verbalize hostility than they were to verbalize support and to be careful what they said. The findings have implications for clinical interventions with parents of recent suicide attempters.

Comprehension Monitoring: A Developmental Effect?

This study investigated whether children’s comprehension monitoring skills follow a developmental effect as postulated by Dollaghan and Kaston (1986) in their treatment sequence for developing comprehension monitoring skills. Participants were 36 children grouped by age into 3-, 6-, and 9-year-olds who were developing normally. Each child was administered the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language–Revised (TACL-R; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1985). Participants were then required to follow audio-recorded instructions to manipulate objects in front of them. The instructions were either adequate, distorted in acoustic signal, had inadequate content, or were excessively lengthy and complex. Verbal reactions to the three types of inadequate messages, and the proportion of reactions requesting clarification, were each analyzed in two-way ANOVAs, age group by message type. Children verbally reacted to inadequate content of directions more frequently than distorted or lengthy/complex messages, both in verbal comment and in the proportion of clarification requests. Age interacted with item type, but no evidence for a developmental effect was found. Nor did sentence comprehension (TACL-R) correlate with verbally expressed comprehension monitoring. These results suggest that children may be monitoring possible actions in the world rather than monitoring their own understanding of messages.

Prejudice: The Target's Perspective

J.K. Swim and C. Stangor, Introduction. Encountering Prejudice: L.F. Barrett and J.K. Swim, Appraisals of Prejudice and Discrimination. J.K. Swim, L.L. Cohen, and L.L. Hyers, Experiencing Everyday Prejudice and Discrimination. M. LaFrance and J.A. Woodzicka, No Laughing Matter: Women's Verbal and Nonverbal Reactions to Sexist Humor. Consequences of Prejudice: J. Aronson, D.M. Quinn, and S.J. Spencer, Stereotype Threat and the Academic Underperformance of Minorities and Women. C. Stangor and G.B. Sechrist, Conceptualizing the Determinants of Academic Choice and Task Performance Across Social Groups. D.M. Quinn and J. Crocker, Vulnerability to the Affective Consequences of the Stigma of Overweight. K.W. Allison, Stress and Oppressed Social Category Membership. K. Truax, D.I. Cordova, A. Wood, E. Wright, and F. Crosby, Undermined? Affirmative Action From the Targets' Point of View. Coping With Prejudice: C.T. Miller and A.M. Myers, Compensating for Prejudice: How Heavyweight People (And Others) Control Outcomes Despite Prejudice. B. Major and T. Schmader, Coping With Stigma Through Psychological Disengagement. N.R. Branscombe and N. Ellemers, Coping with Group-Based Discrimination: Individualistic Versus Group-Level Strategies. W.E. Cross, Jr., and L. Strauss, The Everyday Functions of African American Identity. D. Oyserman and K. Harrison, Implications of Cultural Context: African American Identity and Possible Selves. K. Deaux and K.A. Ethier, Negotiating Social Identity. Index.

Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements on Children's question-asking

This study investigated the relationship between classroom seating arrangements and the question-asking of fourth-graders. Data were collected during 53 lessons spread over 8 weeks. Children were assigned to sit in a semicircle and then in a row-and-column seating arrangement for 2 weeks each. This rotation was repeated. Both children's questions and the teacher's verbal reactions were recorded using an observational system based on Kearsley's question taxonomy. The results showed that children asked more questions in the semicircle than in the row-and-column arrangement, and that the pattern of question characteristics was stable over time. The findings also revealed that, within the row-and-column arrangement, there was an action-zone in which children asked more questions per lesson. The results are interpreted in terms of Steinzor's postulation that social interaction is encouraged when individuals are able to establish face-to-face contact.

32 Visual visuomotor transfer and prefrontal executive times in verbal reactions

T-Wave Amplitude (TWA) has been suggested as an indicator of sympathetic influence on myocardial performance, but critics have argued that TWA is confounded by parasympathetic influence or that it is a non-specific feature of tachycardia. To help clarify the issue, we examined TWA as a function of parasympathetic activity, using cardiac vagal control as measured by high frequency components of heart period variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and of interbeat intervals (IBI), across several stressful tasks. Sixteen male subjects were exposed to Valsalva, Serial Subtraction and Cold-Pressor tasks. After controlling for between-person variance, it was found that RSA did not contribute to TWA and that IBI contributed dependably to TWA only during the Valsalva maneuver, when heart rate was driven very high. In light of these results, we recommend that TWA continue to be considered a candidate indicator of sympathetic influence on myocardial performance, although caution should be used if heart rate is dramatically elevated.

39 Impairment of delayed verbal reactions in dementia

T-Wave Amplitude (TWA) has been suggested as an indicator of sympathetic influence on myocardial performance, but critics have argued that TWA is confounded by parasympathetic influence or that it is a non-specific feature of tachycardia. To help clarify the issue, we examined TWA as a function of parasympathetic activity, using cardiac vagal control as measured by high frequency components of heart period variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and of interbeat intervals (IBI), across several stressful tasks. Sixteen male subjects were exposed to Valsalva, Serial Subtraction and Cold-Pressor tasks. After controlling for between-person variance, it was found that RSA did not contribute to TWA and that IBI contributed dependably to TWA only during the Valsalva maneuver, when heart rate was driven very high. In light of these results, we recommend that TWA continue to be considered a candidate indicator of sympathetic influence on myocardial performance, although caution should be used if heart rate is dramatically elevated.

35 Delayed verbal reactions in people who do and who do not stutter

35 Delayed verbal reactions in people who do and who do not stutter

36 Delayed verbal reactions: Technology and methodology

36 Delayed verbal reactions: Technology and methodology

38 Impairment of delayed verbal reactions in epileptic patients

38 Impairment of delayed verbal reactions in epileptic patients

34 Task-independent processes in delayed verbal reactions

Being a life management tool, non-destructive testing is designed to detect defects in components before they become critical under load. Non-destructive testing has consequently become a well-established technique to ensure the safe and economic operation of pressurised components. However, life assessment and prediction requires knowledge about load conditions and history and material degradation along with a quantitative defect state evaluation. Safety and economics could be improved if non-destructive methods were able to control these problems. There are generally no practical non-destructive techniques for inspecting or monitoring pressurised components quantitatively for defect states, stress states, and possible material degradation as the result of creep, fatigue or embrittlement. This paper stresses the need for possible future non-destructive techniques which have already successfully demonstrated the potential of these new inspection objectives. The examples offered below outline the future use of non-destructive testing to evaluate defect states and control early material degradation by way of hardness measurements. These techniques can be integrated in life management software systems for the purpose of improving the reliability and economics of their application.

Needle pain severity in children: Does the relationship between self-report and observed behaviour vary as a function of age?

Reactions to needle pain were observed in children aged 3 to 17 years undergoing venipuncture. The primary aim was to determine whether agreement between observer ratings and children's self-report of pain varied as a function of the age of the child. A second aim was to explore which factors predicted whether a child spontaneously chose to watch the needle, and whether looking behaviour was related to pain ratings. Results showed that correlations between behavioural and self-report measures were strongest for the 3- to 7-year-olds and weakest for the 12- to 17-year-olds. While the best predictor of self-report ratings was facial reaction for both the 8- to 11- and 12- to 17-year-olds, vocal and verbal reactions were also significant predictor variables for the 3- to 7-year-olds. The profile of a “non-looker” was a child who was older and had experienced few needles, who expected pain and was anxious about the procedure.

Temperament and Parenting Antecedents of Individual Differences in Three-Year-Old Boys' Pride and Shame Reactions

To examine individual differences in pride and shame reactions of 3-year-olds and their temperamental and parenting antecedents, 110 boys were studied at ages 36 and 37 months in a "rigged" achievement situation. After being trained to complete explicitly stipulated "easy" and "difficult" tasks before a buzzer sounded, success and failure were manipulated by artificially "rigging" how much time the child had to work on these tasks. Children's facial, verbal, and postural reactions to success and failure were composited to create pride scores following success and shame scores following failure. As expected, pride reactions were greater following success on the difficult than on the easy task, and shame reactions were greater following failure on the easy than on the difficult task. Early temperament (at 12/13 months) proved unrelated to pride and shame. With respect to parenting, measurements composited across 15, 21, 27, and 33 months showed that mothers and fathers who were more positive in their parenting had children who displayed less pride, and that children whose parents (especially mothers) were more negative in their parenting evinced less shame. These counterintuitive findings are discussed in terms of differences between assessments of parenting obtained in this investigation of parenting antecedents and those obtained in other studies of parental responses in the achievement situation itself. Directions for future research are outlined.

2-30-23 Quantitative evaluation of preparatory and executive processes in verbal reactions: A study in normal and pathological conditions

2-30-23 Quantitative evaluation of preparatory and executive processes in verbal reactions: A study in normal and pathological conditions

Behavioral estimates of interhemispheric transmission time and the signal detection method: a reappraisal.

On the basis of a review of the literature, Bashore (1981) concluded that only simple reaction time experiments with manual responses yielded consistent behavioral estimates of interhemispheric transmission time. A closer look at the data, however, revealed that these experiments were the only ones in which large numbers of observations were invariably obtained from many subjects. To investigate whether the methodological flaw was the origin of Bashore's conclusion, two experiments were run in which subjects had to react to lateralized light flashes. The first experiment dealt with manual reactions, the second with verbal reactions. Each experiment included a condition without catch trials (i.e., simple reaction time) and two conditions with catch trials. Catch trials were trials in which no stimulus was given and in which the response was to be withheld. Both experiments returned consistent estimates of interhemispheric transmission time in the range of 2-3 msec. No differences were found between the simple reaction time condition and the signal detection conditions with catch trials. Data were analyzed according to the variable criterion theory. This showed that the effect of catch trials, as well as the effect of interhemispheric transmission, was situated at the height of the detection criterion, and not in the rate of the information transmission.

Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.

Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.