Verbal Intelligence Research Articles

Mediating the Low Verbal Intelligence–Early Adult Offending Relationship With Pro-Aggression Attitudes

This study was designed to explore a possible mechanism for the well-documented relationship between low verbal intelligence and early adult offending. It was hypothesized that low verbal intelligence, as measured by a brief vocabulary test, would predict higher pro-aggression thinking, which would then encourage future antisocial behavior. This hypothesis was tested in a longitudinal analysis of 411 male youths from the Cambridge Study of Delinquent Development (CSDD). After controlling for school performance, truancy, impulsivity, peer delinquency, and nonverbal intelligence, a path analysis revealed that low verbal intelligence at age 14 or 15 predicted violent offending (fighting) and property offending at age 21 or 22 by way of late adolescent pro-aggression attitudes. From these results, it was speculated that one mechanism linking low verbal intelligence to early adult offending is an attitude favorable to personal violation of the rights of others, in line with predictions from general personality and cognitive social learning (GPCSL) theory.

Early-Life Exposure to Green Space and Mid-Childhood Cognition in the Project Viva Cohort, Massachusetts.

The association between early-life greenness and child cognition is not well understood. Using prospective data from Project Viva (n= 857) from 1999-2010, we examined associations of early-life greenness exposure with mid-childhood cognition. We estimated residential greenness at birth, early childhood (median age 3.1 years), and mid-childhood (7.8 years) using 30-m resolution Landsat satellite imagery (normalized difference vegetation index). In early childhood and mid-childhood, we administered standardized assessments of verbal and nonverbal intelligence, visual-motor abilities, and visual memory. We used natural splines to examine associations of early life-course greenness with mid-childhood cognition, adjusting for age, sex, race, income, neighborhood socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, and parental education. At lower levels of greenness (greenness <0.6), greenness exposure at early childhood was associated with a 0.48% increase in nonverbal intelligence and 2.64% increase in visual memory in mid-childhood. The association between early-childhood greenness and mid-childhood visual memory was observed after further adjusting for early childhood cognition and across different methodologies, while the association with nonverbal intelligence was not. No other associations between early life-course greenness and mid-childhood cognition were found. Early childhood greenness was nonlinearly associated with higher mid-childhood visual memory. Our findings highlight the importance of nonlinear associations between greenness and cognition.

Cognitive correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms

Due to the diverse behavioral presentation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), identifying ASD subtypes using patterns of cognitive abilities has become an important point of research. Some previous studies on cognitive profiles in ASD suggest that the discrepancy between verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) is associated with ASD symptoms, while others have pointed to VIQ as the critical predictor. Given that VIQ is a component of the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy, it was unclear which was most driving these associations. This study tested whether VIQ, PIQ, or the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy was most associated with ASD symptoms in children and adults with ASD (N=527). Using data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE), we tested the independent contribution of each IQ index and their discrepancy to ASD symptom severity using multiple linear regressions predicting ASD symptoms. VIQ was most associated with lower symptom severity as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) total score, and when VIQ was included in models predicting ASD symptoms, associations with PIQ and IQ discrepancy were not significant. An association between VIQ and ASD communication symptoms drove the association with ASD symptom severity. These results suggest that associations between ASD communication symptoms and IQ discrepancy or PIQ reported in prior studies likely resulted from variance shared with VIQ. Subtyping ASD on the basis of VIQ should be a point of future research, as it may allow for the development of more personalized approaches to intervention. LAY SUMMARY: Previous research on links between autism severity and verbal and nonverbal intelligence has produced mixed results. Our study examined whether verbal intelligence, nonverbal intelligence, or the discrepancy between the two was most related to autism symptoms. We found that higher verbal intelligence was most associated with less severe autism communication symptoms. Given the relevance of verbal intelligence in predicting autism symptom severity, subtyping autism on the basis of verbal intelligence could lead to more personalized treatments.

The impact of processing speed on cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy

PurposeTo characterize the impact of slowed processing speed on the efficiency of broader cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). MethodsParticipants included 100 patients with TLE and 89 healthy controls (mean ages 36.8 and 33.6, respectively) administered a neuropsychological battery consisting of 15 cognitive metrics. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) latent variable modeling demonstrated a cognitive structure representing the domains of verbal intelligence, immediate memory, delayed memory, executive function, working memory, and processing speed. Furthermore, the latent variable measurement model determined the direct and indirect relationships of verbal intelligence and processing speed with immediate memory, delayed memory, executive function, and working memory. ResultsFollowing SEM of hypothesized structural models, the results demonstrated that, among controls, intelligence had a direct and unmediated (by processing speed) relationship with all identified cognitive domains. In contrast, among participants with TLE, processing speed mediated the relationship between verbal intelligence and performance across all cognitive domains. ConclusionSlowing of cognitive/psychomotor processing speed appears to play a critical mediating role in the broader cognitive status of participants with TLE and may serve as a target through which to attempt to exert a broad positive impact on neuropsychological status.

Intensive schooling and cognitive ability: A case of Polish educational reform

Intelligence is the most critical predictor of school successes, yet the length and quality of education influence cognitive development as well. Using data collected during the recent educational reform introduced in Poland, this study examined whether schooling's intensity relates to changes in cognitive abilities. Due to the reformed structure and curricula, students who attended the last two grades of the reformed primary school (i.e., new grades 7–8) had to master in two years the curricula that were earlier realized in three years of middle schools. We examined changes in cognitive abilities in two cohorts: pre-reform middle schoolers (2nd grade, average age 14) and post-reform primary schoolers (7th grade, average age 13), measured at the beginning of 2nd/7th grade and the end of the school year. At the beginning of the school year, there was a slight yet significant difference in cognitive ability between cohorts (d = 0.22, or an equivalent of 3 IQ points) – the combined effect of age and prior school influences. We also observed a statistically significant increase in intelligence in both groups (average change in latent means d = 0.14/2 IQ points), with a slightly stronger effect among more intensively educated primary schoolers (d = 0.20/3 IQ points) than middle-school students (d = 0.09/1 IQ point). However, after separate analyses for verbal and nonverbal intelligence, together with additional robustness checks, we conclude that the effect of more intensive schooling on cognitive growth was not systematic and quite unstable. We discuss the consequences of these findings and future research directions.

Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults

BackgroundCognitive reserve is most commonly measured using socio-behavioural proxy variables. These variables are easy to collect, have a straightforward interpretation, and are widely associated with reduced risk of dementia and cognitive decline in epidemiological studies. However, the specific proxies vary across studies and have rarely been assessed in complete models of cognitive reserve (i.e. alongside both a measure of cognitive outcome and a measure of brain structure). Complete models can test independent associations between proxies and cognitive function in addition to the moderation effect of proxies on the brain-cognition relationship. Consequently, there is insufficient empirical evidence guiding the choice of proxy measures of cognitive reserve and poor comparability across studies.MethodIn a cross-sectional study, we assessed the validity of 5 common proxies (education, occupational complexity, verbal intelligence, leisure activities, and exercise) and all possible combinations of these proxies in 2 separate community-dwelling older adult cohorts: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA; N = 313, mean age = 68.9 years, range = 54–88) and the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network Study (CR/RANN; N = 234, mean age = 64.49 years, range = 50–80). Fifteen models were created with 3 brain structure variables (grey matter volume, hippocampal volume, and mean cortical thickness) and 5 cognitive variables (verbal fluency, processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, and global cognition).ResultsNo moderation effects were observed. There were robust positive associations with cognitive function, independent of brain structure, for 2 individual proxies (verbal intelligence and education) and 16 composites (i.e. combinations of proxies). Verbal intelligence was statistically significant in all models. Education was significant only in models with executive function as the cognitive outcome variable. Three robust composites were observed in more than two-thirds of brain-cognition models: the composites of (1) occupational complexity and verbal intelligence, (2) education and verbal intelligence, and (3) education, occupational complexity, and verbal intelligence. However, no composite had larger average effects nor was more robust than verbal intelligence alone.ConclusionThese results support the use of verbal intelligence as a proxy measure of CR in cross-sectional studies of cognitively healthy older adults.

The association between cardiovascular risk burden and cognitive function amongst the old: a 9-year longitudinal cohort study.

Cardiovascular risk burden in midlife has been linked to cognitive decline in later life, but whether this association still exists in older cohorts is unclear. The association between the cardiovascular risk score and cognitive function was investigated using 9-year follow-up data. The risk score algorithms were from the Chinese guidelines on the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults (2016 revised), which were assessed at baseline and categorized into tertiles (low, middle and high). Full intelligence quotient (FIQ), verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) were assessed at follow-ups with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Chinese, revised (WAIS-RC). Data were analyzed using the linear mixed-effects model. A total of 924 participants (mean age 78.06±7.58years) were included in our study. In all participants, the risk score ranged from 0.02 to 0.55 (mean score 0.16±0.08). Compared with the low tertile, a higher risk score was associated with lower FIQ (β -0.094, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.181, -0.007) and VIQ (β -0.100; 95% CI -0.192, -0.007) at the follow-up. There is a more significant association between higher risk score and lower FIQ amongst females (β -0.263; 95% CI -0.462, -0.065) and VIQ (β -0.268; 95% CI -0.478, -0.057). A higher cardiovascular risk score was associated with lower FIQ and VIQ. Higher cardiovascular risk burden increased the risk of cognition impairment and accelerated its progression over time. This study has implications for early detection of cognition impairment.

Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences.

In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.

A study of second to fourth digit ratio in relation to verbal and numerical intelligence among medical students

Introduction and Aim: Prenatal androgens are believed to be one of the probable etiological factors influencing intellectual development of an individual. In-utero testosterone exposure has been thought to affect the digit ratio which is the ratio of lengths of index finger and ring finger (2D:4D). In the present work we intended to study the correlation of 2D:4D with numerical and verbal intelligence believed to be variable among genders. The aim of our study was to find the association of 2D:4D with Verbal Intelligence and Numerical Intelligence in a sample of medical students.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a sample of medical students. 44 female and 44 male students participated in the study. 2D:4D measurements were made using standard procedure after which the participants completed a questionnaire containing 20 questions each to test numerical and verbal intelligence.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: In this study, Males were found to have a lower 2D:4D when compared to females. Individuals with lower 2D:4D in their right-hand were seen to have lower verbal intelligence and higher numerical intelligence thus suggesting that males are born with better numerical intelligence and females with greater verbal intelligence.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Digit ratio can be considered as a valuable indicator of individual differences in terms of intelligence, although the exact role of testosterone on brain to cause variation in these cognitive domains is yet to be clearly understood.

Analysis of the Intelligence Structure in Nursing Students

Preparation for the profession of a nurse requires, in addition to knowledge, the development of specific skills; many of them are primarily connected to cognitive abilities. In the context of effective education, one of the key facts is to recognise the intelligence structure of nursing students. The aim of the research was to analyse the intelligence structure in nursing students, to compare scores in individual areas of intelligence with the norm, to identify problematic areas of intelligence, and to suggest possibilities for intervention in education. The research sample consisted of 266 women aged 19 to 43 years old (average age = 20.10 years) - current students of the study field of nursing at the bachelor's degree. Data collection was carried out in the years 2014 - 2019. To measure the structure of intelligence, a standardized IST-70 questionnaire was used, focusing on two meta constructs - reasoning and memory. Subtests of numerical, verbal, and figural intelligence were analysed within the meta construct of reasoning. The value of the gross score of the total intelligence level of the examined group (M = 84.95; SD = 19.87) is comparable (t = -1.58; sig. = 0.114) with the population norm (M = 87; SD = 25). The research sample of nursing students scored statistically significantly higher in the meta construct of memory (t = 7.84; sig. = 0.000) and significantly lower in the meta construct of reasoning (t = -3.876, sig. = 0.000). The most significant deficits were present in figural and numerical intelligence. In view of the results achieved, we recommend introducing interventions in the area of training future nurses, which should be aimed at compensating for deficits in figural and numerical intelligence.

Cannabis Use, Age of Initiation, and Neurocognitive Performance: Findings from a Large Sample of Heavy Drinking Emerging Adults.

To evaluate the associations between cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning, including self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, in a large sample of emerging adults (ages 21-25) using a cross-sectional design. A secondary objective was to examine age of cannabis initiation as a moderator. Participants were high-risk drinking emerging adults (n = 598) reporting past-month cannabis use in the following categories: 1) non-users (i.e., never or not in the past month; n = 276), 2) occasional users (i.e., monthly or weekly users; n = 201), and 3) daily users (n = 121). Categorical comparisons were conducted on working memory, attention, behavioral inhibition, delay and probability discounting, verbal intelligence, and ADHD symptoms. Complementary dimensional analyses examined cannabis severity in relation to neurocognition using regressions. Covariates were age, race, sex, income, years of education, tobacco use, and alcohol use. Frequency of cannabis use was significantly associated with poorer working memory performance, more impulsive delay discounting, and greater endorsement of ADHD symptoms, but not other domains. Effect sizes were small and poorer performance was selectively present among daily, not occasional, cannabis users. Earlier age of initiation was not independently or interactively associated with neurocognitive performance. Daily cannabis use was selectively adversely associated with aspects of memory, impulsivity, and subjective attentional functioning, but most cognitive indicators were not implicated, and evidence of amplification by earlier age of initiation was not observed. Ascertaining causal versus consequential roles of cannabis in neurocognitive functioning is an important priority.

Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of Aurora-a Intelligence Test Battery

The Aurora-a test battery was applied to 520 students who were between the ages of 9 and 12 attending public and private schools in Istanbul to create the Turkish version of the Aurora-a Intelligence Test Battery (Aurora-a_TR), which was developed for children aged 9-12 years based on the Triarchic Intelligence Theory. The three sub-test scores that measured verbal intelligence in the original form were excluded from the analyses since they were not suitable for statistical analysis. The validity evidence of Aurora-a_TR test was obtained by Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Reliability Analyses. The analyses supported the three-factor Triarchic Intelligence Model with strong evidence, which also included the fourteen subtests. It was recommended in this study to re-apply Aurora-a_TR on a different sampling with the tests that were re-adapted into Turkish for 3 verbal content tests, which could not be tested in the present study.

Cognitive Functions in Adult-Onset Phenotypes of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive demyelination ranging from mild myelopathic forms (adrenomyeloneuropathy [AMN]) to severe cerebral variants (adult cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy [ACALD]). The aim of this study was to compare cognitive function in adult-onset X-ALD phenotypes. Cognitive function in various domains (intelligence, attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed) was assessed in 172 adults (117 with AMN, 30 with arrested ACALD, and 25 with acute ACALD) using comprehensive neuropsychological batteries. Phenotype differences were examined by analyses of variance. X-ALD phenotypes significantly differed in nonverbal intelligence, sustained attention, verbal encoding, nonverbal recognition, and processing speed (ps < 0.050). No group differences emerged regarding verbal intelligence, verbal retrieval and recognition, and executive function (ps > 0.050). Specifically, patients with acute ACALD showed severe cognitive deficits compared to AMN and normal data, with largest effects on processing speed. Contrary, cognition was overall intact in patients with AMN, independent of sex and corticospinal tract involvement, and those with arrested ACALD showed mild cognitive dysfunction, particularly in verbal encoding and processing speed. Cerebral demyelination in patients with X-ALD causes white matter dementia, mainly characterized by an extreme slowdown in processing speed associated with deficits in attention and learning. Most patients with AMN show intact cognitive function. Future prospective, longitudinal studies with more sensitive imaging techniques are required to clarify whether early mild cognitive dysfunction found in some patients with AMN may be associated with subtle myelin abnormalities that do not yet appear as white matter lesions on cerebral MRI (cMRI) but have the potential to serve as early predictors of later cerebral progression. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:266-273.

Chemotherapy Related Neuropsychological Changes in Patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Introduction: Antineoplastic treatment conducted in young age can negatively affects CNS development and can lead to neuropsychological changes, although, modern experimental findings are contradictory, because some authors argue that there are no strong evidences of negative side effects, in turn, others suggest that problem is in methodological principles and indeed chemotherapy protocols have negative side effects on neuropsychological functioning. Sample size, healthy and clinical control group absence, lack in longitudinal experimental designs complicate research of survivors' long-term quality of life in hematological malignancies. It is of primary importance to be sensitive to such methodological aspects.Aim to research long term neuropsychological changes in patients with Hodgkin's and Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaMaterials: N=53 patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) (23 males, 30 females; mean age: 34.8 +-9.5) N=72 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (mean age: 31.7 +-8; 33 males, 39 females). All patients at the moment of assessment had been in clinical remission (5-14 years). Neuropsychological examination was made by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III, 2008) battery; also self-reported questionnaire was used. Statistical analyzes were performed using the licensed package SPSS.Results and discussion: verbal intelligence scores - for ALL patients - 29 for HL - 32, for control group 38 (p<0.005). Nonverbal intelligence ALL - 22, HL -23 control group 27 (p<0.005). The most significant differences were found in absolute data in arithmetic subtest. Also possible negative correlation identified between earlier onset of disease and success in subtest performance. Frequency of subtest failures diminishes with remission duration increase (p< 0.005). Therefore, patients with ALL and HL have worse results in verbal intelligence subtest in comparison to control group. Mean difference in clinical and control group is - 9 scores.Conclusion: whereas there are some possible results posit on negative correlation (success in subtests and the age of treatment onset and remission duration) there is no correlation between age of assessment and success in subtests, perhaps more sensitive neuropsychological tests can be used for further qualitative and quantitative analysis. However, there is no doubt that some significant factors impact of disease and treatment on neuropsychological functioning and verbal-nonverbal intelligence. Difficulties in this spheres can lead to abnormalities in self - and health perception, intrapersonal, interpersonal relations and psychosocial adaptation consequently decreasing overall patients and families' quality of life. Thus further research of neuropsychological functioning and subjective difficulties are absolutely necessary. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Peningkatan Kecerdasan Verbal Linguistik Melalui Kegiatan Bernyanyi

Increasing Verbal Linguistic Intelligence through Singing Activity( An Action Research in TK Kemala Bhayangkari Kota Ternate). The aims of this research were: the process of increasing Verbal Linguistic through Singing Activity; the result of increasing Verbal Linguistic intelligences through singing activity. This research was applied in TK B Kemala Bhayangkari Kota Ternate, Respondents of this research were 20 childreen with two collaborators.&#x0D; The action research employed Kemmis and Taggart Procedures which consisted four process : Planning, Act; observing and Reflection. The collecting data used qualitative analyses and quantitative analyses. The result of this reseacrh showed that Using Singing activity can increase verbal Linguistic intelligence in early childhood, especially the students’ of TK B Kemala Bhayangkari Kota Ternate.

Cognitive functioning in progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1 (Unverricht-Lundborg Disease, EPM1)

ObjectiveThe aim of this neuropsychological study of a large cohort of patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1 (Unverricht-Lundborg disease, EPM1) was to characterize the cognitive function of EPM1 patients and to explore the association between the disability caused by the disease and cognitive performance. MethodSixty-eight genetically verified EPM1 patients homozygous for the expansion mutation in the CSTB gene (37 males and 31 females aged 35 ± 11) participated in a neuropsychological assessment of intellectual ability, verbal memory, and executive and psychomotor function. The clinical evaluation comprised administering (and video-recording) the unified myoclonus rating scale (UMRS) to assess the severity of each patient’s myoclonus. Forty-six healthy volunteers (19 males and 27 females aged 32 ± 11) served as the control group for the neuropsychological tests. ResultsThe cognitive performance of the EPM1 patient group was impaired. Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) was below the average range (VIQ < 85) in 49% of the patients; further, Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ) was below average in 75% of the patients. The patients performed worse than the controls in both immediate and delayed story recall (p = 0.001); however, in the word list learning task, the patients performed only slightly worse than the controls. The one-hour delayed recall of the learned words was similar in both groups, and the percentage of retained words and story contents did not differ between the patients and controls. The patients were impaired in all of the executive function tests as well as in the psychomotor speed tests (p < 0.001 for all). Also, the patients’ simple psychomotor speed in the tapping task was significantly slowed in comparison to controls (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe patients had impaired performance in the majority of the cognitive measures; they showed the highest level of impairment in all the executive function tests and in the psychomotor speed tests. The measures of these cognitive domains are timed—therefore, it is clear that severe myoclonus limits patients’ performance. In contrast, verbal memory, especially delayed recall, was the least affected cognitive domain.

Hair cortisol concentration and neurocognitive functions in preschool children at risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ObjectiveSex differences have been shown in the relation between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and ADHD symptoms. As an extension of these findings, we analyze whether a child’s sex modulates the associations between HCC and ADHD-related neurocognitive functions. MethodsA community-based sample of 122 children was tested at age 4–5 (T1) and 8 (T2) years. At T1 and T2, ADHD symptoms were assessed with clinical parent interviews and parent and teacher questionnaires. Neurocognitive functions (i.e. T1: inhibitory control, working memory (WM), T2: verbal and performance intelligence (IQ-p)) were assessed using (neuro-)psychological tests. At T1, HCC was analyzed in the most proximal 3 cm scalp hair segment using luminescence immunoassay. ResultsExclusively in boys, low HCC correlated with low WM and IQ-p. The sex-by-HCC interaction effect on WM was significant. In boys, HCC completely explained the links of ADHD inattention symptoms with WM and IQ-p, respectively. ConclusionResults suggest a specific neurocognitive/endocrine profile in preschool boys at risk of developing ADHD, comprising hypocortisolism combined with memory and attention deficits.

Typology of Student Learning in Qira’ah Subject with Multiple Intelligence Perspective

This study tries to reveal the typology of student learning in Qira'ah subjects, the Multiple Intelligence of students in these subjects, and the relationship between student learning typology in Qira'ah subjects from the perspective of Multiple Intelligences. The Subjects in this study were students of the Jam'iyah Ihsaniyah al-Mukhtariyah Kerinci Islamic Boarding School. This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that the type of student learning in Qira'ah subjects consisted of Auditory learning types, followed by Visual learning types and some students had Kinesthetic learning styles. The intelligence possessed by students when taking Qira'ah lessons is Linguistic or Verbal intelligence which functions to utilize language to communicate. Visual Intelligence is useful for analyzing facts and realities that are seen directly and Kinesthetic Intelligence to directly capture the material. In the Qira'ah subject at the Jam'iyah Ihsaniah al-Mukhtariyah Kerinci Islamic Boarding School, students' learning styles are closely related to multiple intelligences to develop directed and effective learning abilities and processes.

Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood.

This study examines the extent to which iron deficiency in infancy contributes to adverse neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood directly and indirectly, through its influence on verbal cognition and attention problems in childhood. Young adults (N = 1,000, M age = 21.3 years, 52% female; of Spanish or indigenous descent) from working-class families in Santiago, Chile, completed instruments assessing memory, processing speed, mental flexibility, and educational attainment. Iron status was assessed at ages 6, 12, and 18 months, and verbal intelligence, inattention, and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms were assessed at age 10. Results indicated that young adults who had iron-deficiency in infancy had poor executive control at age 21. Severity of iron deficiency during infancy was associated with lower verbal IQ and more frequent inattention and SCT symptoms in childhood, and with lower educational attainment in young adulthood through its effect on inattention. No additional indirect effects were found. Interventions directed toward improving cognitive and attention deficits linked to early-life iron deficiency appear warranted and could alter the course to adult functioning. Further research on the impact of such interventions would be helpful. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

What you see is what you want to get: Perceived abilities outperform objective test performance in predicting mate appeal in speed dating

Are intelligent, creative, and emotionally competent people more desirable? Evolution-based theories and studies on the ideal partner suggest that they are. We aimed to assess whether verbal, numerical, and spatial intelligence, creativity, and intra- and interpersonal emotional competence are associated with higher real-life mate appeal. In speed dates, 87 women and 88 men met up to 14 members of the opposite sex (2188 observations). While only one measured ability—women’s creativity—was significantly associated with mate appeal, ability perceptions by speed-dating partners could broadly predict mate appeal. Effects of perceived and measured abilities were substantially reduced after controlling for physical attractiveness. These results suggest that the investigated abilities play a lesser role in initial attraction than proposed in the past.