Verbal Information Research Articles

Modality‐general benefit of eye‐closure on the retrieval of intentionally learned information

AbstractThe beneficial effect of eye‐closure during retrieval was demonstrated in many studies addressing eyewitness memory or memory of episodic events. Fewer studies examined the effect concerning the intentional learning of verbal information. Furthermore, the question of whether the eye‐closure effect is modality‐specific, boosting visual memory only, or modality‐general, boosting also other forms of memory (e.g., auditory memory), is still open. These issues were addressed in the present study. Participants (N = 129) were asked to study aurally and visually presented lists of unrelated nouns (within‐subjects). During free recall, participants either kept their eyes open or closed their eyes (between‐subjects). Eye‐closure resulted in better free recall than keeping the eyes open. Importantly, this effect emerged for both visually and aurally presented word lists, suggesting that the effect of closing the eyes is rather modality‐general. The results are discussed with respect to limitations of previous studies and practical implications.

Assessment of learning and memory impairments in adults with predominately inattentive versus combined presentation attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This cross-sectional study compared adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) presentations with a non-ADHD group on verbal and visual learning and delayed recall using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), respectively. Data from 380 predominately college student adult outpatients were used, with 155 who met criteria for ADHD-I, 165 who met criteria for ADHD-C, and 60 who did not meet criteria for ADHD but were diagnosed with a primary depressive or anxiety disorder or received no diagnosis. Each patient was administered the RAVLT and BVMT-R as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Significant main effects of study group were found, such that patients with ADHD-C demonstrated worse learning and delayed recall of both verbal and visual information than patients with ADHD-I and the non-ADHD group. Patients with ADHD-I performed comparably to the non-ADHD group, apart from visual learning and delayed recall. Notably, more patients in the ADHD groups had possible or probable learning and memory impairment compared to the non-ADHD group. Findings were consistent with previous research indicating that those with ADHD exhibit poorer verbal and visual learning and delayed recall than those without ADHD.

Does heart rate variability mediate the association between chronic stress, cardiorespiratory fitness, and working memory in young adults?

Young adulthood is a demanding development phase rendering individuals at risk for high levels of stress. While chronic stress may impair working memory maintenance, cardiorespiratory fitness is suggested to have a protective effect. Heart rate variability (HRV) contributes to this cognitive domain, but also retaliates to stress and aerobic exercise. Therefore, the present study investigated the mediating role of resting HRV on the association between chronic stress, cardiorespiratory fitness, and working memory maintenance in young healthy adults. Healthy participants (N=115, 48% female) aged 18-35 years (M=24.1, SD=3.8) completed the Åstrand test on a bicycle ergometer to estimate maximal oxygen consumption [ (ml/min/kg)]. In addition, working memory maintenance was assessed using the modified Sternberg task with low (three items) and high cognitive load (six items). Using electrocardiography, HRV was recorded and the LF/HF ratio was extracted for mediation analyses. Path analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with accuracy on high cognitive load trials (β=0.19, p=0.035), but not on trials with low cognitive load. Perceived levels of chronic stress failed to show a significant association with working memory maintenance, independently of cognitive load. The pattern of results remained unchanged after introduction of HRV as a mediator (β=0.18, p=0.045). In conclusion, higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better maintenance of verbal information in working memory. However, this association cannot be explained by vagal influences on memory processing driven by the autonomic nervous system.

Retrieval-induced forgetting in declarative and procedural memory: Inhibitory suppression resolves interference between motor responses

Over a century's worth of research suggests that, for a variety of verbal and perceptual memory phenomena, retrieval modifies memory in two ways. First, retrieved information is strengthened and thus more easily retrieved on subsequent recall tests. Secondly, when information is stored or organized in memory in such a way that multiple representations share a common retrieval cue, and are thus subject to interference, related information that is not retrieved becomes less recallable. Such retrieval-induced forgetting is a highly robust and well-understood phenomenon. Over the past decade, several experiments have demonstrated that retrieval-induced forgetting also persists for motor responses–both simple and complex, and that this impairment is observed for representations stored in both declarative and procedural memory. While several review papers have focused on retrieval-induced forgetting of verbal and perceptual information, to date no literature review has focused exclusively on retrieval-induced forgetting of motor responses or actions. In addition, while retrieval-induced forgetting has been documented extensively within the domain of declarative memory, only a few papers have been published documenting retrieval-induced forgetting in procedural memory. Therefore, this review paper will explore these findings and their primary implications, most notably that when multiple motor programs are initiated via a shared retrieval cue, inhibitory suppression is recruited to decrease accessibility of related, but inappropriate actions in service of potentiating retrieval of appropriate actions. More broadly, the same processes that govern selective retrieval in cognition are implicated in the selective retrieval of motor actions.

Classroom Quantitative Evaluation: A Method of Both Formative and Summative Evaluation

As the most important carrier of education and teaching, the quality of classroom teaching directly affects the quality of formal school education. Traditional classroom teaching evaluation is usually based on expert experience, which can only give sporadic and one-sided evaluation results, and it is difficult for teachers to obtain systematic and operational improvement schemes, which has caused great obstacles to teachers’ sustainable development. Based on the concept of teachers’ sustainable development and Flanders Interactive Analysis System (FIAS), this study evaluates classroom teaching from two aspects: formative evaluation and summative evaluation. From the perspective of formative evaluation, a quantitative comprehensive analysis framework of classroom teaching language is constructed from two aspects of matrix analysis and dynamic curve analysis. The matrix analysis makes an in-depth analysis of classroom teaching from five aspects: classroom teaching structure, teaching style, classroom atmosphere, variable analysis, and question innovation degree. The dynamic curve of the classroom is analyzed from three aspects: teacher talk, student talk, as well as silence and confusion. From the perspective of summative evaluation, this paper combines the projection pursuit of entropy (PPE) model to form a class teaching grade evaluation model. On the basis of the above model, this study selects 5 + 5 (five expert teachers and five novice teachers) lessons that have heterogeneous forms for the same subject with Chinese high school math teachers as the research objects. Based on this framework, the verbal information of classroom teaching is encoded and a thorough analysis is carried on from the perspective of formative assessment, while at the same time, the level of classroom teaching evaluation is given from the perspective of formative evaluation. The results show that expert teachers use indirect discourse more, they also pay more attention to blank space and have a more harmonious classroom atmosphere as well as ask more innovative questions compared to novice teachers. Under the PPE model, expert teachers have higher scores than novice teachers. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis scheme for the comprehensive evaluation of classroom teaching, which not only provides comprehensive and operational information for teachers to improve their classroom teaching, but also guarantees the sustainable development of teachers’ specialization, and provides a solution for the summative evaluation of classroom teaching.

Perceptions of Body Image of Women with Blindness

Introduction: Body dissatisfaction is a general concern from teenage years onwards, and is especially characteristic in the population of young women all over the world. Objectives: This qualitative research sought to find answers to how young (aged 18-30) women with congenital or acquired blindness perceive their body image (BI), and how they get information about the appearance of others. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve blind women, aged 18-30 years. Verbatim interview transcripts were analysed independently by both first and second author, following guidelines of constructivist grounded theory (CGT). Coding was conducted in accordance with Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) procedure: transcripts were analysed with open, axial and finally with selective coding. Results: Findings confirm that feedback from important others, especially negative feedback, greatly influences young women with blindness in developing their BI, and that for many it is a concern to what extent they should internalise negative remarks which are related to their appearance. Conclusion: Since feedback and verbal information from others are essential for women with blindness in trying to understand what they and others look like, it is important for professionals, parents and for the women themselves to understand how vulnerable they may be to the criticism of others.

POLA PERGERAKAN WISATAWAN NUSANTARA iGENERATION BERWISATA DI BALI PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This writing analyzes how the movement patterns of iGeneration Nusantara who visited Bali during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of writing is to determine the characteristics of iGeneration domestic tourists, and to analyze the movement patterns of iGeneration domestic tourists. In this paper the researchers collected data through questionnaires, and literature review. The type of data used is in the form of qualitative descriptive data by 100 respondents who are generated based on a questionnaire with the criteria set are iGeneration domestic tourists who travel in Bali with a maximum age of 27 years. The patterns produced by iGeneration domestic tourists based on 100 respondents, will get the patterns and characteristics. This tourists are dominated by male visitors as much as 65% and women 35%. The trip carried out with friends/partners and family in this writing the dominant iGeneration domestic tourists generally use car and plane transportation when going to Bali. Length of stay for 3-4 days using hotel accommodations, villas, homes of relatives and getting through social media and verbal information. The pattern obtained is dominated by 77% Complex Neighborhood pattern, 11% Destination Region Loop 7%, Chaining Loop, and 5% Stop Over pattern. This finding is expected for industry players and developers to further promote other tourist attractions so that they can be evenly distributed. For the government in the future, public transportation routes can be made to connect tourist attractions, so that it can make it easier for tourists who use public transportation.
 
 
 

Reduced impact of nonverbal cues during integration of verbal and nonverbal emotional information in adults with high-functioning autism.

When receiving mismatching nonverbal and verbal signals, most people tend to base their judgment regarding the current emotional state of others primarily on nonverbal information. However, individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) have been described as having difficulties interpreting nonverbal signals. Recognizing emotional states correctly is highly important for successful social interaction. Alterations in perception of nonverbal emotional cues presumably contribute to misunderstanding and impairments in social interactions. To evaluate autism-specific differences in the relative impact of nonverbal and verbal cues, 18 adults with HFA (14 male and four female subjects, mean age 36.7 years (SD 11.4) and 18 age, gender and IQ-matched typically developed controls [14 m/4 f, mean age 36.4 years (SD 12.2)] rated the emotional state of speakers in video sequences with partly mismatching emotional signals. Standardized linear regression coefficients were calculated as a measure of the reliance on the nonverbal and verbal components of the videos for each participant. Regression coefficients were then compared between groups to test the hypothesis that autistic adults base their social evaluations less strongly on nonverbal information. Further exploratory analyses were performed for differences in valence ratings and response times. Compared to the typically developed control group, nonverbal cue reliance was reduced in adults with high-functioning autism [t(23.14) = -2.44, p = 0.01 (one-sided)]. Furthermore, the exploratory analyses showed a tendency to avoid extreme answers in the HFA group, observable via less positive as well as less negative valence ratings in response to emotional expressions of increasingly strong valence. In addition, response time was generally longer in HFA compared to the control group [F (1, 33) = 10.65, p = 0.004]. These findings suggest reduced impact of nonverbal cues and longer processing times in the analysis of multimodal emotional information, which may be associated with a subjectively lower relevance of this information and/or more processing difficulties for people with HFA. The less extreme answering tendency may indicate a lower sensitivity for nonverbal valence expression in HFA or result from a tendency to avoid incorrect answers when confronted with greater uncertainty in interpreting emotional states.

Semiotic Study on Cigarette Advertisements

Semiotic is study of sign. The signs deliver communicative message through verbal (gestures and utterance) or non-verbal information (body language) that leads viewers comprehend the message well. Based on the type, sign divided into three, they are icon, index and symbol. This research analyzes three types of sign, icon, index, symbol on cigarette advertisement. The data of this research are cigarette advertisements which consist of 2 different cigarette brands from two biggest cigarette companies in Indonesia Djarum and Gudang Garam. Those data are then classified into sign (icon, symbol and index). This research applied descriptive qualitative method. To classify the type of sign, the researcher used Pierce theory (Coleman, 2017). Based on the analysis on cigarettes advertisement, each advertisement contains own icon, index, symbol meaning. The icons in the cigarettes advertisement consisted of pictures of human, things and cigarettes product’s logos. While the indexes found in television cigarettes advertisement were mostly the pictures of the human attitude, things, and slogan or the cigarettes brands. From the icon, index, symbol, it can be seen the male characters as their theme. The men's characters used as the theme of cigarettes advertisement are brave, tough, masculine, fond of challenges and strong.

Verbal qualitative information in the daily "La Presse" and the stock performance of Tunisian financial companies

Verbal qualitative information in the daily "La Presse" and the stock performance of Tunisian financial companies

Categorical encoding of moving colors during location tracking.

Categorical perception (CP) describes our tendency to perceive the visual world in a categorical manner, suggesting that high-level cognition may affect perception. While most studies are conducted in static visual scenes, Sun and colleagues found CP effects of color in multiple object tracking (MOT). This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural mechanism behind the categorical effects of color in MOT. Categorical effects were associated with activities in a broad range of brain regions, including both the ventral (V4, middle temporal gyrus) and dorsal pathways (MT + /V5, inferior parietal lobule) of feature processing, as well as frontal regions (middle frontal gyrus, medial superior frontal gyrus). We proposed that these regions are hierarchically organized and responsible for distinct functions. The color-selective V4 encodes color categories, making cross-category colors more discriminable than within-category colors. Meanwhile, the language and/or semantic regions encode the verbal information of the colors. Both visual and nonvisual codes of color categories then modulate the activities of motion-sensitive MT + areas and frontal areas responsible for attentional processes.

ASSOCIATION OF THE <i>ZNF804A rs1344706</i> GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH THE INDUCED EEG RHYTHMS IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF THE VERBAL STIMULI IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

We studied the relationship between the ZNF804A rs1344706 gene polymorphism and the parameters of event-related synchronization/desynchronization of EEG rhythms in visual perception of semantic and meaningless verbal information in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 93) and mentally healthy subjects (n = 93). When reading verbal information regardless of psychiatric status, the theta rhythm synchronization was less pronounced in subjects with the AA genotype than in carriers of allele C. In healthy subjects, the carriers of the AA genotype, in comparison with carriers of allele C, the synchronization of theta rhythm in the posterior cortical areas of the left hemisphere was reduced, and there were no differences in the synchronization of gamma and desynchronization of mu rhythms when perceiving semantic and nonsensical verbal information. In patients with genotype AA, compared with carriers of allele C, the desynchronization of mu rhythm was smaller, which correlated with the severity of poverty of speech on the PANSS scale. The study results indicate a modulating effect of the rs1344706 polymorphism of the ZNF804A gene on the neurophysiological characteristics of the reading process and its contribution to the variability of clinically expressed language disorders.

How Does Each Component of Information in Emotion Expression by a Self-Recommendation Robot for Promoting a Product Affect Emotion Recognition?

Successful cases of sales promotion using a self-recommendation robot (SRR) are increasing. SRR is a robot system that moves a product being promoted and makes it appear as if it were a robot itself. Namely, for the robot, recommending itself is the same as recommending the product. In the case of actual sales promotion, the SRR is expected to express emotions such as “I am happy to see you,” as in the case of sales promotions by conventional robots. However, since the SRRs do not have arms, legs, or faces, their behaviors and appearances differ from humanoid or anthropomorphic robots. Hence, it is impossible to apply the findings on the emotional expressions of conventional robots to the SRRs. There has still been insufficient research on the emotional expressions of the SRR, and speech and interaction design have been based on the knowledge and senses of individual developers. Therefore, we conducted an impression evaluation survey to clarify the factors that form the impression of the SRR. Referring to Mehrabian’s experiments, we evaluated SRR’s impressions by dividing emotional expressions into “motion (visual) information”, “vocal (auditory) information” and “verbal information” in our experiment. The results showed that vocal Information has a significant impact on forming the impression of the SRR.

Anticipatory Processing in a Verb-Initial Mayan Language: Eye-Tracking Evidence During Sentence Comprehension in Tseltal.

We present a visual world eye-tracking study on Tseltal (a Mayan language) and investigate whether verbal information can be used to anticipate an upcoming referent. Basic word order in transitive sentences in Tseltal is Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). The verb is usually encountered first, making argument structure and syntactic information available at the outset, which should facilitate anticipation of the post-verbal arguments. Tseltal speakers listened to verb-initial sentences with either an object-predictive verb (e.g., "eat") or a general verb (e.g., "look for") (e.g., "Ya slo'/sle ta stukel on te kereme," Is eating/is looking (for) by himself the avocado the boy/ "The boy is eating/is looking (for) an avocado by himself") while seeing a visual display showing one potential referent (e.g., avocado) and three distractors (e.g., bag, toy car, coffee grinder). We manipulated verb type (predictive vs. general) and recorded participants' eye movements while they listened and inspected the visual scene. Participants' fixations to the target referent were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression models. Shortly after hearing the predictive verb, participants fixated the target object before it was mentioned. In contrast, when the verb was general, fixations to the target only started to increase once the object was heard. Our results suggest that Tseltal hearers pre-activate semantic features of the grammatical object prior to its linguistic expression. This provides evidence from a verb-initial language for online incremental semantic interpretation and anticipatory processing during language comprehension. These processes are comparable to the ones identified in subject-initial languages, which is consistent with the notion that different languages follow similar universal processing principles.

Виртуальный образ экологической катастрофы (на примере Кыштымской аварии 1957 г.)

The article represents first results of the implementation of a scientific project dedicated to the problems of forming virtual images of some environmental processes taking place in the modern world. On the example of the Kyshtym accident in 1957 yr. authors analyze the main elements of the virtual image of one of the largest environmental disasters of the 20th century, show the dynamic and individualized nature of this image, note the high degree of its emotional perception by the youth (primarily student) audience. Also the article contains materials of a small sociological research of students of the South Ural State University in the spring of 2023, which studied the processes of forming the cultural memory of young people about the Kyshtym accident in 1957. The main conclusion of the research is that the most important component of the virtual image of the ecological catastrophe still is a visual range, however, as new information technologies develop, it may have «strong» competitors. From the point of view of the youth audience, today the strongest emotional impact on the consumer of the relevant content is provided by video materials, which include not only verbal information, but also musical accompaniment. To the number of elements of the image that create the most disturbing sensations from working with content dedicated to the Kyshtym accident in 1957 include: the radiation hazard sign, the Techa River, elements of a chemical protection suit, the word Chernobyl, a symbolic image of the explosion.

Социоисторическая перспектива как параметр лингвистического исследования (на материале агитационных плакатов США)

The study is devoted to the description of the sociohistorical aspects of the US political discourse on the example of propaganda posters. The purpose of the study is to consider the prospects of using the historical approach in discursive analysis, in particular, to justify the relevance of studying units of political discourse from a sociohistorical perspective. A hypothesis has been put forward about the relevance of parametric analysis methods, which allow avoiding subjective or incorrect interpretation in the analysis of political texts, which are a complex object of linguistic research. Using the methods of parametric analysis, implicit and explicit ways of actualizing the sociohistorical perspective in a political text are identified and described, which can take the form of intertextual and interdiscursive means. The analysis of the material revealed difficulties in interpreting those political messages, the meaning of which is due to the extralinguistic factor. The multimodal aspect of the transmission of information that occurs through verbal and non-verbal information channels is considered. The importance of including a sociohistorical parameter in the linguo-stylistic analysis of political discourse, which is characterized by an inextricable link with the historical moment and social practices, is proved, and the role of background knowledge as an integral component of the professional competence of a researcher in the interpretation of political texts is emphasized.

THE MEDIA LITERACY CONCEPT IN A FOREIGN SCIENСЕ: MEDIALINGUISTIC PROJECTION

The article is devoted to the analysis of approaches inunderstanding media literacy in foreign scientific discourse. According tothe scientific achievements of American, European and some Ukrainian researchers, the concept of media literacy has been systematized, the main task of which is to form a set of skills in the process of analysis, interpretation, selection, processing and presentation of media information in various forms. It was found that today media literacy as a leading component of media education, which is proposed for active implementation and use in the educational system, involves mastering a number of competencies –critical understanding, critical perception, revision of information channels, distinguishing between authentic and fake information, exposing hidden ideologies of media content, methods of presentation information, various influences, manipulations and pressures. It has been traced achange in scientific approaches inunderstanding media literacy. In the article it has been proven thatthe mass introduction of technical means of communication into the life of a modern person, the need to develop a culture of competent behavior with the media continuum and the need for effective processing of visual, verbal, and textual information coming to the receiver of information from television, advertising, cinema, and digital media has emerged. It has been found that the implementation of scientific approaches in the understanding of media literacy takes place effectively according to the linguistic-cognitive principle of interpreting various types of media messages. The identifications of specific language codes in working with the media continuum ensures high-quality assimilation of information and contributes to the analysis of the extralinguistic context of media texts.

Determining the Compliance with the Guidelines of Physio-Therapists’ Knowledge Levels and Attitudes Regarding the Treatment Approach of Early Osteoarthritic Patients in Turkey

"To evaluate the compliance with the current evidence-based perspective by revealing the evaluation and treatment approaches, knowledge levels and treatment preferences in early knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation from physiotherapists in Turkey; Methods: A 2-part questionnaire (30 questions, 5 minutes filling time) was created by researchers. The questionnaire was sent to 112 physiotherapists via Google Forms to the mobile application group of the Turkish Physiotherapists Association; Results: The evaluation methods preferred by physiotherapists at the first physiotherapy visit are palpation (100%), muscle strength (100%) and gait analysis (94.64%). Their preferences for a single basic treatment application are electrophysical agents (EPA) use (25.89%), strengthening exercises (24.11%), and weight control (18.75%). Additional method preferences are EPA (79.46%), cold application (70.54%) and weight control (56.25%). Strengthening exercises are always preferred by 71.43%. Physiotherapists gave written (77.68%) and verbal (62.5%) information to the patients and declared that they made all these choices mostly in the light of their experience-based skills (54.46%); Conclusion: The results of our study identify the evidence-to-practice gap amongst of physiotherapists in Turkey that can lead to non-evidence-based or non-guided practice behaviors for the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis."

КОММЕМОРАТИВНЫЙ ДИСКУРС В КОНТЕКСТЕ ТРАНСФЕРА ЗНАНИЙ

The subject matter of the article is the content of one of the practices of commemorative discourse, namely memorial plaques put up in the 1920s - early 21st century. The article is aimed at analysing some mechanisms and means of knowledge transfer in commemorative discourse from an interdisciplinary perspective, using the example of memorial plaques. The work is based on the study of 1,500 memorial plaques in various cities of Russia, including national autonomies. Comparative analysis became the main research method. The ideas of cognitive approach made it possible to trace the processes of linguistic interpretation and understand the principles of information representation and knowledge transfer, which is relevant for the study of the informative and communicative function of commemorative discourse. The authors came to the following conclusions: the content of memorial plaques contributes to knowledge transfer; at that, this process is inseparable from the informative and communicative function of commemorative practices. The form of commemorative discourse under study can include all the main mechanisms of knowledge transfer; however, the focusing-defocusing mechanism is of primary importance, which is due to the peculiarities of a small-format text. All parts of the commemorative ensemble are involved in knowledge transfer. At the turn of the 21st century elements of the artistic design of memorial plaques, which expand and intensify verbal information, begin to play an increasingly significant role in this process. The results of the work can be used both in further theoretical research and in the practice of creating memorial plaques aimed at deepening their informative and communicative function.

동서양인의 발화의도 판단기준에 대한 사회언어학적 대조연구

This study compared the criteria of utterance intention targeting a total of 800 male and female 30-49-years-old office workers in with a bachelor’s degree, who reside in the capital areas of Korea, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The main contents of the survey can be summarized as follows (survey period: Oct.-Dec. 2020).BR (1) When judging the utterance intention, both Korean and Japanese people showed the highest weight of verbal information for acquaintances, and the highest weight of visual information for strangers. However, both American and British people showed the highest weight of verbal information for both acquaintances and strangers.BR (2) In the criteria of utterance intention about foreigners, the Asian people (Korean and Japanese people) showed the highest weight of visual information while the Westerners (American and British people) showed almost no differences in the weight of verbal information and visual information.BR (3) In cases where the counterpart was a man, both Korean and Japanese men showed a high weight of verbal information, visual information, and auditory information in that order, which was the same as the other countries. However, in cases where the counterpart was a woman, the order of the criteria changed to visual information, verbal information, and lastly auditory information.BR Likewise, the criteria of utterance intention were different according to the East and the West, each country, age, and degree of closeness. This study is significant in the aspect of quantitatively verifying such differences.