Verbal Imagery Research Articles

“Being Careful in Only a Perverse Way”: The Use of Aesthetic Experience in Psychoanalytic Work

ABSTRACT The author describes some of his interest in the painting of Richard Diebenkorn, the poetry of Bob Dylan, and a lifelong enjoyment of entomology and fly fishing as it comes into “play” with his analytic work. Diebenkorn’s “Notes to Myself Upon Beginning a Painting,” which were discovered after his death in 1995, are remarkably overlapping with elements of the ontological analysis of both Winnicott and Bion. The author elaborates a few elements of analytic listening from inside his personal “aesthetic matrix,” a concept so helpfully introduced in Palmer’s paper, “The Aesthetic Matrix: A Conversation Between a Painter and a Psychoanalyst.” There is special attention to a few varieties of visual and verbal imagery linked to auxiliary containing functions for the analyst.

Betrayal in words: Examining the issues with translation difficulties

The translation has faced substantial opposition since its inception, as a multitude of scholars argue that it undermines the authenticity of the source material. Intentionally or unintentionally, challenges and acts of disloyalty occur during the translation process of grammatical structures, phrases, proverbs, quips, verbal imagery, poetry, and other components, according to this assertion. Additionally, translating commonly used terms that frequently conflict with the target language may present challenges. This subject is written in a descriptive and scholarly language. The research possesses importance in its translation, regardless of whether it is presented in prose or poetry format. It enhances the verbiage and fulfills the requirements of the audience. It also provides assistance to educators in the subject of education. Translation serves as a highly effective means of transmitting knowledge. Nonetheless, its efficacy and dependability are contingent on the subject matter's integrity being maintained. This objective can be realized when the translator demonstrates fluency in both languages and has in-depth understanding of the local customs, dialects, and subtleties.

The development of metaphorical competence in the process of teaching Russian to natural bilinguals.

Metaphor, being one of the main means of verbal imagery, is based on the conceptual system of language and is a way of reality structuring for members of a certain ethnic culture. In this connection the process of decoding Russian metaphors by the bilinguals living outside of the Russian Federation, for whom Russian is not the dominant language, presents certain difficulties, connected with insufficient knowledge of the Russian conceptual system and inability to recognize associative components, expressed in the form of figurative metaphorical connotations. Our work is aimed at substantiating the necessity of forming metaphorical competence, understood as the ability to realize the potential of metaphor in the process of communication, comprehension of reality and extraction of background cultural knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop an algorithm for the consistent development of metaphorical competence in bilinguals in the process of teaching Russian. The realization of the research took place in two main stages. At the theoretical stage, the cases of linguistic and author’s metaphors of K. Bulychev’s fantasy story «Fairy Tale Preserve» were analyzed. At the second, experimental stage, the work with the materials was carried out with the participation of 34 Russian-Greek bilinguals aged 11–12 years old. The results of the study showed that most metaphors in Russian-language artistic discourse cannot be correctly interpreted by bilinguals without the background knowledge of the national culture. Besides, bilinguals’ ability to create metaphors in a written text directly depends on systematic work in Russian language classes aimed at forming metaphorical competence in bilingual pupils

On Illustrating Dostoevsky’s Works

The article addresses several problematic aspects related to the illustration of F. M. Dostoevsky's literary works. Illustration in particular is one of the major ways to create an “artistic aura” surrounding a literary text. Owing to the visual interpretation of verbal imagery, a new associative layer and a possibility of reinterpretations of the text are able to emerge. The author argues that illustrating novels of one of the greatest Russian writers is a task of special complexity. First of all, this is due to the fact that Dostoevsky's literary portrait is based on different principles than his own. It is primarily linked to the fact that Dostoevsky's literary portrait is based on principles that differ from those of his contemporaries, such as Turgenev, Goncharov, and Tolstoy. External descriptiveness and detailed portrayal of the character retreat in the texts of Dostoevsky before the “energy of contradictions” inherent in the initial portrait of his heroes. As a result, the task of an artist illustrating novels by the Russian literary genius proves arduous: he must convey, first and foremost, the dynamics of personality formation of Raskolnikov, Myshkin, or Dmitri Karamazov, rather than stable recognizability and their physiological individuality. This perspective is applied in order to analyze the work of a variety of prominent illustrators in the light of Dostoevsky's ideas and anthropology. The author of the present study reveals the discrepancies between the writer's world and the embodiment of the characters' images in the illustration. Likewise, he identifies the ways in which, from his point of view, the most striking matches between verbal and visual images appear possible.

Художня деталь у публіцистичних творах Степана Колесника як засіб авторської стилістики

The well-known Ukrainian journalist, publicist, and laureate of the Shevchenko Prize Stepan Kolesnyk wrote many works dedicated to creators whose fate was closely intertwined with the fate of his country, the land on which they grew up. The author’s essays and non-fiction stories tell readers about unusual individuals, introduce a number of problems of the territories and inspire hope for common sense, endurance, and opti- mism in solving them. That is why S. Kolesnyk’s journalism has always attracted attention and interest, and morally helped people in frequent difficult life situations. Each essay or short story, each article by the author is marked primarily by the depth of thoughts. The principal idea is the desire to truthfully reflect a complex and multifaceted life. Reflections or dialogues, situational factors, or short stories from the life expose different works, which, breaking into our reality, put down their strong roots. This impression is facilitated by S. Kole- snyk’s truly impeccable, polished language, which represents him as a master of verbal imagery, regardless of what or who the object of his creative research and expression is. The richness of the language helps readers to perceive the work, inseparable from the realities of life, in a more comprehensive manner. Which means that it is deep, sincere, and true. Undoubtedly, the creative handwriting of the journalist, which was formed over the years, is visible not only in images and style but also in the use of artistic details that emphasize or strengthen the social sound of the work. This is clearly demonstrated by his collections of essays, for which the author was award- ed the Taras Shevchenko National Prize in the field of public journalism. This article has the following purpose: to investigate the use of artistic detail and its significance for the idea and text of the journalistic works of S. Kolesnyk. A number of Ukrainian domestic press researchers focused their research on the use of various tropes, including artistic detail to express the author’s creative style. Therefore, an important task arises: to investigate the journal- istic works of S. Kolesnyk, particularly his use of artistic details in revealing the heroes’ charac- ters and social phenomena with which their journeys are closely intertwined. They are essential not only for the study and research of journalistic works but also for the historical analysis of the described events, which are of a documentary nature. The article is dedicated to these issues. A number of methods were used to research the material, among them the following methods are worth being distinguished: content analysis, which helped distinguish elements of descriptive- ness as an integral part of the textual material as a whole: comparison, which contributed to the selection of actual material (a selective analysis of works from the collection “Should we over- sow the liberty”), identification (in particular, for the analysis of the style of the documentary novel “Yukhrem” and a number of essays), and generalization, that was useful for the formula- tion of conclusions. Among the means of expression, Stepan Kolesnyk as a publicist widely uses artistic detail, and it is precisely this that gives his works the organicity and truthfulness, persua- siveness, and perfection that demanding readers expect, look for, and find. Therefore, the importance of S. Kolesnyk’s works is worth emphasizing, both in terms of artistic journalism and documentary, since thanks to them we can reproduce social events that took place several decades ago.

Cortisol Levels and Psychometric Test CBA2.0 Performance as Predictors of Hypnotherapy Efficacy

It is widely believed that personality has an important role in determining the effectiveness of guided imagery (GI) interventions. The primary aim of the current study was to examine whether the effect of GI on several outcome measures was dependent upon openness to experience, a theoretically relevant variable previously unexplored as a potential moderator. Thirty-five healthy participants were randomised to an animated imagery, verbal imagery or no-intervention control group, with imagery groups receiving 10 × 20 min sessions. Pre/post-assessments of cortisol, sleep, stress and creativity were administered along with the openness to experience scale. Regression analysis indicated a significant increase in cortisol and decrease in tiredness following verbal GI, but only for those high in openness. The efficacy of GI interventions may be dependent upon openness to experience and this variable should be accounted for in future studies.

Monitoring Processes and Their Neuronal Correlates as the Basis of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in a Non-clinical Sample.

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a characteristic symptom of psychosis. An influential cognitive model accounting for the mechanisms in the generation of AVHs describes a defective monitoring of inner speech, leading to the misidentification of internally generated thoughts as externally generated events. In this study, we utilized an inner speech paradigm during a simultaneous measurement with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in order to replicate the findings of neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery (AVI) in healthy subjects, reported in earlier studies, and to provide the first validation of the paradigm for fNIRS measurements. To this end, 20 healthy subjects were required to generate and silently recite first and second person sentences in their own voice (inner speech) and imagine the same sentences in a different, alien voice (AVI). Furthermore, questionnaires were deployed to assess the predisposition to acoustic hallucinations and schizotypal traits to investigate their connection to activation patterns associated with inner speech and monitoring processes. The results showed that both methods, fNIRS and fMRI, exhibited congruent activations in key brain areas, claimed to be associated with monitoring processes, indicating that the paradigm seems to be applicable using fNIRS alone. Furthermore, the results showed similar brain areas activated during inner speech and monitoring processes to those from earlier studies. However, our results indicate that the activations were dependent more on the sentence form and less on the imaging condition, showing more active brain areas associated with second person sentences. Integration of the sentence construction into the model of inner speech and deficient monitoring processes as the basis for the formation of AVHs should be considered in further studies. Furthermore, negative correlations between questionnaires' scores and activations in precentral gyrus and premotor cortex indicate a relationship of schizotypal characteristics and a deficient activation pattern.

Decoding Activity in Broca's Area Predicts the Occurrence of Auditory Hallucinations Across Subjects

BackgroundFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) capture aims at detecting auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) from continuously recorded brain activity. Establishing efficient capture methods with low computational cost that easily generalize between patients remains a key objective in precision psychiatry. To address this issue, we developed a novel automatized fMRI-capture procedure for AVHs in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). MethodsWe used a previously validated but labor-intensive personalized fMRI-capture method to train a linear classifier using machine learning techniques. We benchmarked the performances of this classifier on 2320 AVH periods versus resting-state periods obtained from SCZ patients with frequent symptoms (n = 23). We characterized patterns of blood oxygen level–dependent activity that were predictive of AVH both within and between subjects. Generalizability was assessed with a second independent sample gathering 2000 AVH labels (n = 34 patients with SCZ), while specificity was tested with a nonclinical control sample performing an auditory imagery task (840 labels, n = 20). ResultsOur between-subject classifier achieved high decoding accuracy (area under the curve = 0.85) and discriminated AVH from rest and verbal imagery. Optimizing the parameters on the first schizophrenia dataset and testing its performance on the second dataset led to an out-of-sample area under the curve of 0.85 (0.88 for the converse test). We showed that AVH detection critically depends on local blood oxygen level–dependent activity patterns within Broca's area. ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that it is possible to reliably detect AVH states from fMRI blood oxygen level–dependent signals in patients with SCZ using a multivariate decoder without performing complex preprocessing steps. These findings constitute a crucial step toward brain-based treatments for severe drug-resistant hallucinations.

Do patients with hallucinations imagine speech right?

A direct relationship between auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and decreased left-hemispheric lateralization in speech perception has been often described, although it has not been conclusively proven. The specific lateralization of AVHs has been poorly explored. However, patients with verbal hallucinations show a weak Right Ear Advantage (REA) in verbal perception compared to non AVHs listeners suggesting that left-hemispheric language area are involved in AVHs. In the present study, 29 schizophrenia patients with AVHs, 31 patients with psychotic bipolar disorder who experienced frequent AVHs, 27 patients with schizophrenia who had never experienced AVHs and 57 healthy controls were required to imagine hearing a voice in one ear alone. In line with previous evidence healthy controls confirmed the expected REA for auditory imagery, and the same REA was also found in non-hallucinator patients. However, in line with our hypothesis, patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder with AVHs showed no lateral bias. Results extend the relationship between abnormal asymmetry for verbal stimuli and AVHs to verbal imagery, suggesting that atypical verbal imagery may reflect a disruption of inter-hemispheric connectivity between areas implicated in the generation and monitoring of verbal imagery and may be predictive of a predisposition for AVHs. Results also indicate that the relationship between AVHs and hemispheric lateralization for auditory verbal imagery is not specific to schizophrenia but may extend to other disorders as well.

‘WAS GLÄNZT, DAS SIEHT’: MECHANISMS OF SURVEILLANCE AND OPPRESSION IN HERTA MÜLLER'S DER FUCHS WAR DAMALS SCHON DER JÄGER

AbstractThis article focuses on the recurring themes of surveillance and oppression in Müller's novel Der Fuchs war damals schon der Jäger. Using Foucault's concept of the panoptic gaze, as well as art historian W. J. T. Mitchell's idea of the ‘hypericon’ as theoretical frames, it examines how Müller relies on the disruptive force of shiny details to expose and denounce mechanisms of surveillance and oppression in her novel. As implied in the novel's leitmotiv ‘Was glänzt, das sieht’, all things that shine and glitter help reveal the haunting effect of being monitored and threatened by the intrusive tactics of the Securitate, Romania's notorious secret police under Ceauşescu's dictatorial regime. By drawing attention to Müller's verbal imagery, and more specifically to the symbolic meaning which she grants to shiny, fragmented details in her novel, this article's aim is also to demonstrate how this procedure is yet another literary and aesthetic strategy used by Müller to further shatter and condemn totalitarian ideologies in her narratives.

A Critical Exploration of Abbas Ali Aboud's Novel Rites of Departure

This study focuses on the novel ‘Rites of Departure’ by the Sudanese Abbas Ali Aboud (2009), most of the events took place at ‘Alkawa’ town. The study discusses the notion of vision, the impact of provincial towns on characters; events and human folklore highlighted in the novel. It deals with the novel in terms of prosaic and poetic content. The study concentrates on the relative analysis of events and the interrelations between characters and their controversial adventures, which are consistent historical philosophical and behavioral schools. This study attention primary and secondary characters within the novel, equally, factual and fictitious together with the sequence of incidents and its simultaneity with the denouement of this work. This critical study considers the chronological order of events with respect to the plot and the writer’s conceptualization of the spatial, temporal backdrops and the nature of the dramatic that builds up the writer’s unique world. This study employs the intertextuality approach in order to unveil the interstices and ambiguities of myth-laden utterances and sentences for a better explanation of their multiple meanings. The study concludes that regarding techniques, the novelist has in his evolving and multi-layered narrative innovatively appropriated some characteristics of Islamic mystic scholars in their enchantment with the mythical town. His descriptions are replete with verbal imagery that testify to an emotionless and a colorlessness which is linguistically reminiscent of mystical redemption. The novelist managed to merge a variety of artistic genres, including poetry, prose, and dramatic techniques that open new vistas as linguistic strategies.

A Critical Exploration of Abbas Ali Aboud’s Novel Rites of Departure

This study focuses on the novel ‘Rites of Departure’ by the Sudanese Abbas Ali Aboud (2009), most of the events took place at ‘Alkawa’ town. The study discusses the notion of vision, the impact of provincial towns on characters; events and human folklore highlighted in the novel. It deals with the novel in terms of prosaic and poetic content. The study concentrates on the relative analysis of events and the interrelations between characters and their controversial adventures, which are consistent historical philosophical and behavioral schools. This study attention primary and secondary characters within the novel, equally, factual and fictitious together with the sequence of incidents and its simultaneity with the denouement of this work. This critical study considers the chronological order of events with respect to the plot and the writer’s conceptualization of the spatial, temporal backdrops and the nature of the dramatic that builds up the writer’s unique world. This study employs the intertextuality approach in order to unveil the interstices and ambiguities of myth-laden utterances and sentences for a better explanation of their multiple meanings. The study concludes that regarding techniques, the novelist has in his evolving and multi-layered narrative innovatively appropriated some characteristics of Islamic mystic scholars in their enchantment with the mythical town. His descriptions are replete with verbal imagery that testify to an emotionless and a colorlessness which is linguistically reminiscent of mystical redemption. The novelist managed to merge a variety of artistic genres, including poetry, prose, and dramatic techniques that open new vistas as linguistic strategies.

USING VISUAL ARTS TO ENHANCE ENGLISH POETRY COMPREHENSION FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDENTS

Poetry as a genre of literature is required subject for students of English Language and Literature in Higher Education in general. However, compared to other genres such as drama and prose, poetry is often found as the most challenging subject to teach and to learn. Even though English poetry has been taught in many non-native countries for many years, traditional approach which is textual has dominated the teaching of poetry in classroom. Based on the experience and knowledge, the writers found that the problem of learning English poetry for foreign language students is due to its complex language and infamous interest amongst the students as well as the teachers. Therefore, the teaching of poetry should enliven the learning atmosphere and envision the figure of speech of the poem, which are commonly found to be difficult to be done by the students. According to D.H. Kehl, there is somehow interconnection between poetry and visual arts. Poetry and visual arts have almost the same characteristic in conveying arts. Poetry use verbal imagery while painting use visual imagery. Considering the existing connection of the two aspects, this library research study proposes the use of visual arts in order to enhance students’ comprehension of poetry given in classroom.

Концепт «ярмарок» в українській сміховій культурі

The article analyzes prose works of the 19th–20th centuries, presenting verbal pictures of the fair environment. The concept of «fairs» is modeled on the material of the language of works of art by G. Kvitka-Osnovianenko, I. Nechui-Levytskii, S. Rudanskii, O. Vishnia.Several subconcepts have been implemented in them: fair as a cluster; fair as a voice; fair as a living element; fair and grassroots literature; fair as entertainment. The objects of analysis were the vocabulary and phraseology of the respective contexts, as well as stylistic techniques for creating a fair humorous color. There are several varieties of folklore texts (or folklore texts) used by writers as a means of stylizing the animal element at fairs in Ukraine, as well as expressing the variety of socio-cultural masks presented to them (salesman, Jew, gypsy, blind musician, petitioner, gambler, etc.). It is emphasized that the concept of «fair» in the relevant narrative texts retains signs of burlesque and enlightenment. Particular attention is paid in the article to the fact that the texts of fair laughter culture are focused on the traditions of the «bottom», which contrast with the traditions of secular literature and culture in general, that is, the traditions of «the top». In analyzing the verbal imagery of the fair in prose works, it is taken into account that the basic techniques of creating a humorous color are the amplification of titles, actions, processes, as well as pun, the contractual blending of high into low, book and spoken, concepts related to the concept. «yourown – someoneelse's».

Imagery and Metaphorical Space of the Term in the Language of Scientific Texts by V. Vinogradov

The article considers the functions of the system of verbal imagery’s in the creation of the scientific style of V.V. Vinogradov. The figurativeness of basic, background and metaphorical terms is described. The semantic structure of the image of the basic term «style» is analyzed, figurative paradigms of the concepts Language, Speech and Style are revealed. The article shows the relationship between scientific thinking and metaphorical style, the role of sustainable cognitive metaphors in the creation, storage and transfer of pragmatic information and the creation of a cultural and historical context.

Involuntary polymodal imagery involving olfaction, audition, touch, taste, and vision.

Percepts and urges often enter consciousness involuntarily. The Reflexive Imagery Task (RIT) reveals how high-level cognitions, too, can enter consciousness involuntarily. In the task, the eliciting stimuli are visual (e.g., picture of a cat), and the involuntary imagery is verbal (e.g., the subvocalization "cat"). The generalizability of the RIT effect has been questioned because verbal imagery is an easily elicited form of imagery. Do such effects arise for other kinds of imagery? It is known that imagery is more elicitable in some senses (e.g., vision) than in other senses (e.g., olfaction). We found such differences in an RIT in which food items were presented as orthographic stimuli or as drawings. Although subjects were instructed to suppress mental imagery, involuntary imagery still arose: Olfactory (effect in ∼40% of trials), taste (∼54%), touch (∼60%), and visual/auditory (∼79%). Of theoretical import, effects were comparable when the eliciting stimuli were orthographs or visual objects.

Словесно-образний аналіз літературного твору в школі: первинний рівень застосування

The article outlines the initial stage of implementing the verbal imagery analysis in the secondary school and determines the corresponding system of students’ knowledge andskills. Such analysis can be used both as an independent activity and in combination with other activities. It is designed with due consideration of all literary genres. The authorelaborates the technique of this activity, explaining its algorithmic model, the purpose of its usage, and offers his own definition of it. He has identified a number of activities which don’t require providing theoretical information on the linguistic organization of a literary text but still enable the students to perceive and comprehend the verbal textual structure from the viewpoint of its semantic richness and aesthetic expressivity. These activities include expressive reading and its preparatory stages, reflection on and interpretation of literary tropes, compiling glossaries of an author’s literary expressions, lexical and phraseological commentary, comparing word meaning, replacing the author’s expression by own verbal constructions, choosing synonyms for author’s expressions, determining the associative and semantic content of a verbal image, “editing” the author’s language, “stylistic experiment”, comparing different versions of a text, different authors’ languages, verbal means of literature and the means of other arts, as well as students’ choice of expressions to be used in essay writing. The author sees the listed activities and the verbal imagery analysis as a whole as offering ample opportunity to improve the linguistic and communicative skills of students as part of their psychological development. Moreover, they ensure realization of one of the key methodological principles – the study of literature which takes into account its verbal and artistic nature.

Light Filters In: Poems by Caroline Kaufman

Reviewed by: Light Filters In: Poems by Caroline Kaufman Karen Coats Kaufman, Caroline Light Filters In: Poems; illus. by Yelena Bryksenkova. Harper/HarperCollins, 2018 [224p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-06-284468-2 $14.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-06-284469-9 $9.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 7–10 Teenaged author Kaufman is probably better known as Instagram celebrity @poeticpoison, and here she poetically chronicles her path through an adolescence plagued by depression, self-harm, and abusive relationships through to self-aware and sustainable coping strategies. She begins with an author’s note highlighting what may be triggering content, but her warmly conversational tone suggests assurance and solidarity with readers that she sees as allies in brave combat against overwhelming darkness. Her poetic journey is progressive, broken into chapters entitled “the night persists,” “the dawn breaks,” “the twilight grows,” and “the sun rises.” The clearly voiced, readable poems alternate among free verse, haiku, rhymed quatrains, and prose poems, some mimicking scripts, some broken into the components of a lab report, others headed by the names of planets, the totality suggesting a teen attempting to impose order on personal chaos using the tools on offer in her daily life. Simple sketches complement the verbal imagery through literalizing metaphors and contribute to a sense of unfinished adolescence. The hinted-at abuses and relationship traumas are vague enough to map onto various [End Page 433] reader experiences, and while some of the metaphors are past their freshness date, their very familiarity is what offers hope that someone has been there before and that the path out of darkness is not so bewilderingly original as to be untraceable. Copyright © 2018 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

EXPRESSIONIST NOVEL IN UKRAINIAN LI-TERATURE: GENRE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM (BASED ON A NOVEL BY VOLODYMYR VYNNY-CHENKO «TAKE THE FLOOR, STALIN!»)

Based on a study of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s nov-els «Sunny machine» and «Take the Floor, Stalin!» the article proves the thesis, that an expressionist novel is a genre form of a modernist novel. The novels implement the artist’s idea to express his own perception, to inter-vene with the course of historical events by the expressive portrayal of his own vision of the events. A subjective narration, fragmentation of a storyline, modernist image sys-tem, enhanced expressiveness of verbal imagery show that novels that being explored are in fact the expressionist works. It is proved that expressionist novel has actualized utopian!satirical forms of a Renaissance novel.

Spatiotemporal properties of magnetic fields induced by auditory speech sound imagery and perception.

Brain computer interface (BCI) technologies, which enable direct communication between the brain and external devices, have been developed. BCI technology can be utilized in neural prosthetics to restore impaired movement, including speech production. However, most of the BCI systems that have been developed are the "P300-speller" type, which can only detect objects that users direct his/her attention at. To develop more versatile BCI systems that can detect a user's intention or thoughts, the brain responses associated with verbal imagery need to be clarified. In this study, the brain magnetic fields associated with auditory verbal imagery and speech hearing were recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG) carried out on 8 healthy adults. Although the magnetic fields lagged slightly and were long-lasting, significant deflections were observed even for verbal imagery, in the temporal regions, as well as for actual speech hearing. Also, sources for the deflections were localized in the association auditory cortices. Cross-correlations were calculated between envelopes of the imagined/presented speech sound and the evoked brain responses in the temporal areas. Measurable correlations were obtained for the presented speech sound; however, no significant correlations were observed for the imagined speech sound. These results indicate that auditory verbal imagery undoubtedly activates the auditory cortex, at least, and generates some observable neural responses.