Verbal Framing Research Articles

Transnational Mediation of Sports: Attention and Verbal Framing of Men’s Handball Teams and Athletes on Danish, German, and Romanian Online Sports News Sites

Handball’s mediation and framing in the media can be linked to the popularity and likeability of the sport. The research question is how online sports news sites portray men’s handball teams and athletes in terms of popularity, likeability, and associated verbal framings. Attention is analyzed from the perspectives of frequency of media coverage via the quantitative data in Danish, German, and Romanian most read sports news sites (Denmark - Exstra Bladet, Germany - Kicker, Romania - Gazeta Sporturilor), Madrigal’s fandom idioms dimensions and the ‘News Factors’ by Harcup and O’Neill. The time frame for the analysis covers the men’s European Handball League in 2021-22. From a population size of sports news articles N = 1100, considering a confidence level of Z = 95% with a margin of error of MOEi = 5% and a sample proportion pˆ =0.5. A sample size of n = 285 articles was defined, from which this paper includes a first batch of n1 = 41 articles from this ongoing research.

VISUAL LANGUAGE OF MULTIMODAL TEXT: PRAGMATICS OF COLOR (The Russian-Ukrainian War in the Covers of World Publications)

The given article raises issues closely related to interrelationships, interdependence and pragmatics of colors in multimodal texts. Magazine covers were selected for analysis due to the lack of a comprehensive study of the cover as a multimodal text in both domestic and global multimodality. The purpose of the article is to clarify and describe the pragmatic potential of color as a key component of the visual-graphic text for expressing the information encoded in it. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to find out the essence, specificity and functions of the cover as a multimodal text consisting of heterogeneous components; to identify the potential of color for symbolization of information and the process of decoding meanings presented on the cover with the usage of color; to analyze the peculiarity of the embodiment of the main realities within Russian-Ukrainian war on the cover by means of color and their connection with pragmatic tasks. The current study was conducted on the material of the world publications covers, including “Time”, “The Economist”, “Society”, “Elle”, “Vanity Fair”, “Womankind”, “The Guardian Weekly”, “The New Yorker”, “The Washington Examiner”, “Tygodnik Powszechny”, etc., which illustrate the urgent problems of modern society and realities of the Russian-Ukrainian war as well. The study confirmed that the main function of the сover is the reader’s attraction and increasing numbers of possible and potential sales. In addition to attracting the attention of the potential reader, the cover represents key information depicted on it by means of heterogeneous elements, that is, various semiotic codes. A magazine cover can be interpreted as a multimodal text, particularly complex of verbal and visual components, which have a strong pragmatic potential. The main visual characteristics of the cover include color, layout, prominence, framing, and photographs. Constitutive elements interact with each other and form a single semantic and informational coherence and cohesion. Color plays an important role in coding and presenting information on a magazine cover. Based on the dominance of a certain color range, the surveyed covers were ranked into several groups: 1) сovers that are done in colors of the Ukrainian flag; 2) сovers made in a crimson-grey color paradigm; 3) сovers made in a red color paradigm; 4) сovers with a black background. It was found that each of the distinguished groups contains coded information on events that illustrate the course of the war on the territory of Ukraine and the reaction of the world community to it. By decoding the visually and verbally presented meanings, the key ones were revealed, including grief, death, sadness, blood, despair, confusion. Instead, light colors and yellow-blue splashes symbolize hope for peace. By means of different semiotic codes, on the one hand, the support of the Ukrainian people is represented, and on the other hand, the condemnation of Russian aggression, the inhumane behavior of the Russian occupiers on the temporarily occupied territories and the total conviction of the current Russia leader are depicted. According to the results of the conducted research, despite the peculiarity of the text space and the form of verbal part presented in covers, it is the context and its integrity that is the text’s key aspect. This is quite explainable by the fact that the meaning of the fragment is clear and acceptable to the reader only in the case of inseparable perception of both verbal and non-verbal means in a multimodal text, in particular in covers. Color as an essential element of the visual component on covers makes it possible to perceive and interpret the key idea embedded in the analyzed multimodal samples. Verbal framing can be considered additional and such that it enhances the overall pragmatic effect.

Information provision and decision-making in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: A qualitative study of patient experience.

Shared decision making (SDM) refers to patients and health care professionals working together to reach a decision about treatment/care. In abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treatment options are influenced by patients' clinical characteristics, their preferences, and potential trade-offs between alternative interventions. This is a prime example of where SDM is essential to ensure the right decision is made for the right patient, yet we have little understanding of what happens in practice. This study explored patient experiences to understand SDM practice in AAA surgery. We used a qualitative approach to describe, and identify improvements to, current treatment decision making in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. Two groups of patients were interviewed: those at the point of discussing treatment options (with corresponding digitally recorded consultation data) and following surgical intervention from one hospital. Framework analysis was used. Fifteen patients were interviewed, seven at the point of discussing treatment options and eight following surgical intervention. Timing, format and sources of information, verbal framing of interventions and level of patient engagement were key themes. Four areas for improvement were identified: earlier provision and more detailed written information along with signposting to quality on-line information; both intervention options, risks, benefits, and consequences, were not always discussed; some clinicians were somewhat directive in the decision-making process; and patients' treatment values/preferences were not explored-the only example was in one of the eight recorded consultations. Patients could feel overwhelmed by the information and decision and fearful of the impending surgery. More emphasis should be placed on the provision of full information and the exploration of patient values and preferences for treatment. Clinician training and support for patients, including decision aids, could facilitate the decision-making process. Providing written information earlier and guidance on reliable on-line resources would benefits patients and their families.

Short video marketing and travel intentions: The interplay between visual perspective, visual content, and narration appeal

Social media short videos represent a powerful tool for tourism destination promotion. However, little research has investigated their effect on tourist travel intentions. Drawing on the construal level theory and the elaboration likelihood model, this study investigates the interactive effects between visual and verbal framing of promotional tourism short video on travel intention through two scenario-based experiments. Study 1 examined the interaction effect between visual perspective and visual content. The results indicated that the match between first-person (versus third-person) perspective and activity-centric (versus site-centric) content fosters higher travel intention through enhancing imagery fluency. Study 2 further examined the moderating role of narration message appeal and revealed that first-person perspective with activity-centric content leads to higher travel intention when paired with rational (versus emotional) narration messages, with affect intensity playing a significant mediating role. These findings contribute to knowledge on short video marketing and provide valuable insights for tourism marketers.

Ordinality and Verbal Framing Influence Preschoolers’ Memory for Spatial Structure

ABSTRACT During the preschool years, children are simultaneously undergoing a reshaping of their mental number line and becoming increasingly sensitive to the social norms expressed by those around them. In the current study, 4- and 5-year-old American and Israeli children were given a task in which an experimenter laid out chips with numbers (1–5), letters (A-E), or colors (Red-Blue, the first colors of the rainbow), and presented them with a specific order (initial through final) and direction (Left-to-right or Right-to-left). The experimenter either did not demonstrate the laying out of the chips (Control), emphasized the process of the left-to-right or right-to-left spatial layout (Process), or used general goal language (Generic). Children were then asked to recreate each sequence after a short delay. Children also completed a short numeracy task. The results indicate that attention to the spatial structuring of the environment was influenced by conventional framing; children exhibited better recall when the manner of layout was emphasized than when it was not. Both American and Israeli children were better able to recall numerical information relative to non-numerical information. Although children did not show an overall benefit for better recall of information related to the culture’s dominant spatial direction, American children’s tendency to recall numerical direction information predicted their early numeracy ability.

Effects of Communication Style on Competence Evaluations of Soccer Referees: Procedural Versus Relational Framing

Good communication skills are important for soccer referees, but it remains unclear what exactly constitutes good referee communication. In this article, we focus on the role of verbal framing by soccer referees by contrasting the effects of procedural frames (focusing on rules and regulations) and relational frames (focusing on relational aspects) on perceptions of referee competence. We conducted an experiment ( N = 97) in which soccer referees used either procedural or relational frames to communicate about different types of in-game situations (yellow card and offside) to players. Results demonstrate that spectator perceptions of impartiality and confidence did not differ depending on the type of frame used. However, relational (vs. procedural) frames did increase spectator perceptions of respectfulness and communication skills. Soccer referees are recommended to use relational over procedural frames when communicating to players during a match.

"Will you?" versus "can you?": Verbal framing moderates the effect of feelings of power on consumers' reactions to waiting.

Having to wait for service or the delivery of a product is often unavoidable. At the same time, it is unpleasant and can decrease consumers' satisfaction with the consumption experience and their willingness to patronize the service provider in the future. How does a service provider unwittingly influence these negative reactions? We found that subtle differences in how a request to wait is phrased can have quite different effects, depending on consumers' feelings of social power. Consumers who are asked, "Will you wait?" infer that a positive response to the question would constitute a restriction on their freedom. In this case high-power consumers, who are more resistant to the restriction, are less likely to wait than their low-power counterparts. In contrast, consumers interpret "Can you wait?" as asking whether they have the ability to exercise self-control. In this case, high-power consumers, who perceive themselves to be better at self-control, are more willing to wait in order to demonstrate this control than their low-power counterparts are. Five studies provide converging evidence of these differences and the processes that underlie them. The effects generalize over different operationalizations of power and are evident in actual waiting behavior and in situations outside the laboratory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Negations in uncertainty lexicon affect attention, decision-making and trust

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) currently communicates uncertainty using a lexicon that features four negative verbal probabilities to convey extremely low to medium probabilities (e.g. unlikely). We compare a positive probability lexicon with the IPCC lexicon in a series of psychology experiments. We find that although the positive and negative lexicons convey a similar level of probability, the positive lexicon directs more attention towards the outcome occurrence and encourages more cautious decisions: in our role-playing experiment, it reduced the number of type 2 errors, i.e. failures to make needed precautionary interventions. Whilst participants considered the negative lexicon more useful in making a decision, they trusted the positive lexicon more and blamed information providers less after making an incorrect decision. Our results suggest that the negative verbal framing of probabilities used by the IPCC is not neutral and has implications for how climate information is interpreted by decision-makers.

Verbal framing and statistical patterns influence children’s attributions to situational, but not personal, causes for behavior

Adults from Western cultures attribute others’ behavior to personal causes more readily than situational causes; however, little research has explored the developmental origins of this attributional bias. Research has shown that children can use both the statistical patterns present in observed behavior, as well as the verbal framing of the behaviors, to infer personal causes. However, research has not explored whether children also use these factors to infer situational causes. The present study examined the impacts of statistical patterns and verbal framing on four- and six-year-old children’s (n = 218) attributions to personal and situational causes for behavior, as assessed by their explanations for characters’ interactions with toys. In a factorial design the statistical pattern of characters’ behaviors suggested either a personal or situational cause (or neither), and the experimenter’s verbal framing of the behaviors suggested either a personal or situational cause (or neither). Across age groups, children showed a bias toward providing personal explanations. Both statistical pattern and verbal framing influenced causal attributions, but both impacts were asymmetric such that situational cues increased situational explanations relative to neutral cues, but there was no difference in children’s explanations following personal and neutral cues. These results suggest that verbal framing and statistical patterns impact children’s developing social causal attributions, specifically with respect to situational causes, and also that a personal attribution bias emerges early in development.

Dictator’s Instagram: personal and political narratives in a Chechen leader’s social network

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to explore how social networks, Instagram in particular, can be utilized by an autocrat in order to construct and promote the image of a charismatic leader. To do so, we conduct a topic modelling of 6854 Instagram posts made by Ramzan Kadyrov, the dictatorial head of the autonomous Chechen Republic in the Russian Federation. We then analyze the verbal framing of 24 dominant topics. The study concludes that the main rhetorical device that Kadyrov employs is a merging of personal and political themes throughout his posts. He personalizes political discussion by discussing public interest topics through the prism of his own personal life, and inserts political discourse into personal, intimate posts about his family, pastimes, and friends. The study shows that this tactic, often understood by media researchers as an oppositional device for harnessing popular support against an autocratic state, can be just as successfully employed by an autocratic leader. Kadyrov, who in his Instagram combines the tactics of a populist politician and an internet celebrity, has shaped a personality that can be best described as a “flirting populist” (Vezjak, Boris. 2018. “Dobro zmaguje: predsednik kot krščanski populist.” In Media Res (personal blog), https://vezjak.com/2018/01/02/dobro-zmaguje-predsednik-kot-krscanski-populist/), which, as we suggest, is a new, online technology-enhanced type of a political figure.

Framing Climate Uncertainty: Frame Choices Reveal and Influence Climate Change Beliefs

AbstractThe public debate around climate change is increasingly polarized. At the same time, the scientific consensus about the causes and consequences of climate change is strong. This inconsistency poses challenges for mitigation and adaptation efforts. The translation of uncertain numerical climate projections into simpler but ambiguous verbal frames may contribute to this polarization. In two experimental studies, we investigated 1) how “communicators” verbally frame a confidence interval regarding projected change in winter precipitation due to climate change (N = 512) and 2) how “listeners” interpret these verbal frames (N = 385). Both studies were preregistered at the Open Science Framework. Communicators who perceived the change as more severe chose a concerned rather than an unconcerned verbal frame. Furthermore, communicators’ verbal frames were associated with their more general beliefs, like political affiliation and environmental values. Listeners exposed to the concerned frame perceived climate change–induced precipitation change to be more severe than those receiving the unconcerned frame. These results are in line with two pilot studies (N = 298 and N = 393, respectively). Underlying general beliefs about climate and the environment likely shape public communication about climate in subtle ways, and thus verbal framing by the media, policymakers, and peers may contribute to public polarization on climate change.

Crossing the chasm: Leadership nudges to help transition from strategy formulation to strategy implementation

Top managers tend to focus on strategy formulation and planning but fail to embrace the problem-solving complexity of strategy implementation. This can lead to implementation failures that are reflected in misaligned organizations that seem to know where they want to go but cannot seem to get there. We posit that one reason for the ineffective transition from strategy formulation to strategy implementation is that planning is associated with a different set of thought processes and emotional experiences than is required for strategy implementation. We integrate research from management (strategy implementation and change management) with that from psychology (self-regulation and nudges) to identify the transition from strategic planning to implementation as a roadblock that prevents effective strategy implementation. We then present six leadership nudges that aid this transition. The first set of nudges are willpower-enhancing nudges that rely on increasing willpower to help transition from planning to implementation: Remove the distraction to plan, develop implementation intentions, and use verbal framing. The second set are desire-reducing nudges that work to decrease the desirability of planning and in so doing facilitate the transition to implementation: Highlight the end game, leverage a crisis, and celebrate small wins.

Fairness as a social cue and verbal framing in risky choices: An examination of the ambiguity and ambivalence hypothesis

This research explores how fairness, as a social cue, affects one’s preference when making a choice between differently framed outcomes. To achieve this, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, we analyzed how the perception of fairness embedded in options for addressing a life-or-death problem (based on the Asian disease problem), framed either in terms of lives saved or lives lost, affects behavioral decision making. As existing data suggests that perceived fairness may mediate the effect the framing of a situation has on the decision made. In Study 2, we manipulated the fairness perception of “sure” options in order to investigate how participants’ choice preferences would consequently vary. We found that the framing effect only occurred when the distribution method was fair; it did not occur for distribution methods that were less fair. This result suggests that people assign differing priorities to social and verbal cues; when making the Asian disease problem decision, participants set the social cue of fairness as a high priority. We also found that verbal framing of choice outcomes as secondary cues is more effective in cases when using primary cues leads to conflicting preferences; this is consistent with the prediction of the ambiguity and ambivalence hypothesis, which provides an approach for exploring the social context mechanisms underlying inconsistency and bias when making risky choices.

Imagen y comunicación política en Instagram. Celebrificación de los candidatos a la presidencia del Gobierno

This proposal emerges from Sartori’s postulate about the primacy of the image. On the basis of this initial idea, the transcendence of the visual image is acknowledged in the perception of the political scene. The objective is to apply this idea to the social network Instagram. We study the conjunction between visual and verbal framing in the content published by five candidates for the presidency of the Government of Spain; data retrieval began with the call for elections in 2015 and continued until the final inauguration session in October 2016. Our study aims to verify a hypothesis centered on the fact that leaders share videos and photographs to humanize their figure. Furthermore, the content analysis of 885 images reveals a growing process of celebrification of politicians active in Instagram, allowing for the discovery of dichotomies that operate in such a process.

Leader opportunity versus threat verbal framing and nonverbal emotional expressions impact followers' creative performance

A core function of leadership is to motivate followers, yet little research describes mechanisms by which leaders impact their followers' motivation. The purpose of this paper is to present and test a novel theory of leaders' influence on follower creative performance based on approach-avoidance motivation theory (Carver & Scheier, 1998) and self-regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 2000). Two forms of leader approach-avoidance communication behavior, verbal framing and nonverbal emotional displays, are hypothesized to impact follower creative performance. Two experimental studies provide support for the theoretical model using distinct leadership stimuli and creative performance tasks.

Framing Malaysia in the News Coverage of Indonesian Television

During the administration period of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), Indonesia-Malaysia relationship became worse due to certain issues. There are three important issues affected relationship between Indonesia-Malaysia—political issue (Ambalat issue), economic issue (Indonesian migrant worker-TKI) and cultural issue (Pendet dance). The question rise up in Indonesia- Malaysia relationship caused by the response and the sensitively from Indonesian which affected by the media framing, included media television. This research is to identify how framing is created and identify the media television framing. This research uses framing analysis of ‘Television News’ model developed from Gamson & Mogdiliani (1989) model and uses the inductive qualitative analysis process developed from the model of Van Gorp (2005/2010). The model refers to the identification method in verbal framing or nonverbal framing with the matrix method. In-depth interviews were conducted to 12 peoples—each four from television stations Metro TV, TV One and TVRI. Each of them consists of a reporter, cameraman, producer and redaction leader. This in-depth interview proposed to know ‘how’ and ‘why’ the verbal and nonverbal framing is done by the stations. Triangulation between framing analysis of ‘television news’ model, in-depth interview and the observation shows that the basic ideology such as nationalism from the media owner affect the media framing on Malaysia. They also emphasize on the nonverbal framing strategy by using camera angle, graphic, cartoon or illustration and sound bite to frame issues related to Malaysia. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2s1p45

Neural substrates of framing effects in social contexts: A meta-analytical approach

ABSTRACTWe hypothesize that framing effects (risk-averse in the positive frame and risk-seeking in the negative frame) are likely to occur when ambiguous social contexts result in ambiguous or ambivalent risk preferences, leading the decision-maker to search for more subtle cues, such as verbal framing. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we examined framing effects in both unambiguous homogeneous group and more ambiguous heterogeneous group contexts. We began by conducting a meta-analysis and identified three regions of interest: the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left anterior cingulate (ACC)/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the left amygdala. Our own fMRI data were collected while the participants made choices between a sure option and a gamble framed in terms of the number of lives to either save or die. The framing effect was evident in a heterogeneous context with a mixture of kin and strangers, but disappeared in a homogeneous group of either all kin-members or all strangers. The fMRI results revealed a greater activation in the right middle/inferior frontal gyrus under the negative than the positive framing, and less ACC/vmPFC deactivation under positive framing in the heterogamous/ambiguous context. The activation of the amygdala was correlated with greater risk-seeking preference in homogeneous kinship contexts.

Multiple Framing: Verbal, Facial, and Vocal Cues in Risky Choice

AbstractVerbal framing effects have been widely studied, but little is known about how people react to multiple framing cues in risk communication, where verbal messages are often accompanied by facial and vocal cues. We examined joint and differential effects of verbal, facial, and vocal framing on risk preference in hypothetical monetary and life–death situations. In the multiple framing condition with the factorial design (2 verbal frames × 2 vocal tones × 4 basic facial expressions × 2 task domains), each scenario was presented auditorily with a written message on a photo of the messenger's face. Compared with verbal framing effects resulting in preference reversal, multiple frames made risky choice more consistent and shifted risk preference without reversal. Moreover, a positive tone of voice increased risk‐seeking preference in women. When the valence of facial and vocal cues was incongruent with verbal frame, verbal framing effects were significant. In contrast, when the affect cues were congruent with verbal frame, framing effects disappeared. These results suggest that verbal framing is given higher priority when other affect cues are incongruent. Further analysis revealed that participants were more risk‐averse when positive affect cues (positive tone or facial expressions) were congruently paired with a positive verbal frame whereas participants were more risk‐seeking when positive affect cues were incongruent with the verbal frame. In contrast, for negative affect cues, congruency promoted risk‐seeking tendency whereas incongruency increased risk‐aversion. Overall, the results show that facial and vocal cues interact with verbal framing and significantly affect risk communication. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Verbal framing of statistical evidence drives children’s preference inferences

Although research has shown that statistical information can support children’s inferences about specific psychological causes of others’ behavior, previous work leaves open the question of how children interpret statistical information in more ambiguous situations. The current studies investigated the effect of specific verbal framing information on children’s ability to infer mental states from statistical regularities in behavior. We found that preschool children inferred others’ preferences from their statistically non-random choices only when they were provided with verbal information placing the person’s behavior in a specifically preference-related context, not when the behavior was presented in a non-mentalistic action context or an intentional choice context. Furthermore, verbal framing information showed some evidence of supporting children’s mental state inferences even from more ambiguous statistical data. These results highlight the role that specific, relevant framing information can play in supporting children’s ability to derive novel insights from statistical information.

Can older adults resist the positivity effect in neural responding? The impact of verbal framing on event-related brain potentials elicited by emotional images.

Older adults have demonstrated an avoidance of negative information, presumably with a goal of greater emotional satisfaction. Understanding whether avoidance of negative information is a voluntary, motivated choice or an involuntary, automatic response will be important to differentiate, as decision making often involves emotional factors. With the use of an emotional framing event-related potential (ERP) paradigm, the present study investigated whether older adults could alter neural responses to negative stimuli through verbal reframing of evaluative response options. The late positive potential (LPP) response of 50 older adults and 50 younger adults was recorded while participants categorized emotional images in one of two framing conditions: positive ("more or less positive") or negative ("more or less negative"). It was hypothesized that older adults would be able to overcome a presumed tendency to down-regulate neural responding to negative stimuli in the negative framing condition, thus leading to larger LPP wave amplitudes to negative images. A similar effect was predicted for younger adults, but for positively valenced images, such that LPP responses would be increased in the positive framing condition compared with the negative framing condition. Overall, younger adults' LPP wave amplitudes were modulated by framing condition, including a reduction in the negativity bias in the positive frame. Older adults' neural responses were not significantly modulated, even though task-related behavior supported the notion that older adults were able to successfully adopt the negative framing condition.