Verbal Fighting Research Articles

Destructive Workplace Deviance in the Farming Sector, South Africa

In today's world of work, understanding destructive deviant workplace behaviours becomes more significant for organisations as they attempt to recover from the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Destructive deviant behaviour in organisations has received more focus in recent years due to its negative repercussions, which inhibit growth. However, it has rarely been studied in the farming sector, even though the sector is considered to be the main contributor towards bringing economic stability, especially in Africa. This paper explores the forms of farmworkers’ destructive deviant behaviours that threaten the well-being of the farms in order for management to be in a better position to effectively manage them. A narrative approach to inquiry was adopted in order to understand the farmworkers’ views and experiences in relation to their engagement in various forms of destructive deviant behaviours at their workplace. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 39 farmworkers. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data and twelve themes were created in relations to the forms of destructive deviant actions that farmworkers engaged in. These themes include; putting little effort, incomplete work, sleeping on duty, extending break, using wrong working methods, ignorance of safety procedures, being under influence of alcohol, late coming, verbal fights, physical fights, theft and abscondment. The themes were further grouped into two categories, namely, interpersonal deviance and organisational deviance. An insight in relation to the various forms of destructive workplace deviance can enable management to develop appropriate managerial strategies that would minimise workers’ tendencies to engage in destructive deviant behaviours and jeopardise the well-being of organisations.

Effects of interparental conflict on children's depression in the context of COVID-19: Does parent–child conflict play a role?

BackgroundThe prevalence of depression among children has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. ObjectiveThrough focusing on verbal fights, the most common form of family conflict, this study examined the association between interparental conflict and children's depression and explored the mediating role of parent–child conflict. Participants and settingA total of 1005 children (47.0 % females) aged between 9 and 12 years old constituted the analytical subjects, who had been drawn from the 2020 survey of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). MethodsDescriptive statistics were obtained, and bivariate correlation analysis and mediation analysis were performed. ResultsAccording to the Spearman correlation analysis, interparental conflict and children's depression were positively correlated (ρ = 0.214, p < 0.01); moreover, parent–child conflict was significantly positively associated with both interparental conflict (ρ = 0.450, p < 0.01) and children's depression (ρ = 0.224, p < 0.01). Additionally, mediation analysis demonstrated that, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, parent–child conflict operated as a mediator between interparental conflict and children's depression. More specifically, parent–child conflict accounted for 47.6 % of the total effect of interparental conflict on children's depression. ConclusionsThese findings suggested that frequent conflicts between parents predicted increased parent–child conflict, which, in turn, elevated the risk of depression for children. To reduce the risk of children's depression, it is necessary to create a good environment and build a harmonious relationship within the family. At the same time, specific supportive services, such as family therapy, filial therapy, and couple relationship education, should be provided.

Does the Cards against Calamity Learning Game Facilitate Attitudes toward Negotiation, Civics, and Sustainability? Empirical Findings from Greek Graduates

Learning games for instruction constitute a progressively important, mutually universal challenge for academics, researchers, and software engineers worldwide. Embracing no definite rules for encouraging negotiation, civics, and sustainability game-based learning and agency decisions, this study investigates negotiation/conflict and civics/sustainability-related attributes, as examined through the use of a learning game in a college environment. The author elaborates on the negotiation/conflict and civics/sustainability-related knowledge, attitudes, and skills of 60 Greek non-public college post-graduate students, explored post-gaming, and compared with classroom instruction as part of a negotiation/conflict management module in business psychology sessions in 2019/2020. The findings indicate the integrative negotiation/conflict resolution management and positive civics/sustainable development-associated attitudes of learners post-gaming when compared with lecture instruction. Cooperation, civic action, seeking knowledge about political/societal issues, and gains in problem-solving skills predicted civic responsibility attributes post-gameplay. Non-working status significantly affected the “argument”/verbal fight negotiation/conflict management perceptions of students with non-voting in elections status post-gaming, while working significantly influenced “walk away”/neutral negotiation/conflict resolution attitudes in participants with non-voting in elections status after gameplay. Non-voting in elections attributes significantly impinged on “argument”/verbal fight negotiation/conflict management attitudes for Athens municipality students after gaming. The learning game-based negotiation/conflict management- and civic/sustainability spectrum-related positive effects are reviewed alongside academic and management outcomes, and directions for future research are presented in light of global learning game negotiation/conflict resolution and civics/sustainability-related teaching and learning.

Prevalence, increase and predictors of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, using modern machine learning approaches.

BackgroundWe are facing an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is causing detrimental effects on mental health, including disturbing consequences on child maltreatment and intimate partner violence.MethodsWe sought to identify predictors of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence from 380 participants (mean age 36.67 ± 10.61, 63.2% male; Time 3: June 2020) using modern machine learning analysis (random forest and SHAP values). We predicted that COVID-related factors (such as days in lockdown), parents’ psychological distress during the pandemic (anxiety, depression), their personality traits, and their intimate partner relationship will be key contributors to child maltreatment. We also examined if there is an increase in family violence during the pandemic by using an additional cohort at two time points (Time 1: March 2020, N = 434; mean age 35.67 ± 9.85, 41.69% male; and Time 2: April 2020, N = 515; mean age 35.3 ± 9.5, 34.33%).ResultsFeature importance analysis revealed that parents’ affective empathy, psychological well-being, outdoor activities with children as well as a reduction in physical fights between partners are strong predictors of a reduced risk of child maltreatment. We also found a significant increase in physical punishment (Time 3: 66.26%) toward children, as well as in physical (Time 3: 36.24%) and verbal fights (Time 3: 41.08%) among partners between different times.ConclusionUsing modernized predictive algorithms, we present a spectrum of features that can have influential weight on prediction of child maltreatment. Increasing awareness about family violence consequences and promoting parenting programs centered around mental health are imperative.

Intimate partner violence among Jordanian pregnant women and its predictors.

AimTo determine and compare the level of prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) at 12 months before pregnancy and during pregnancy and to identify the predictors of physical IPV.DesignA cross‐sectional, correlational design was used for data collection and analysis.MethodsConvenience sampling was used to recruit 247 women for the study. The women's IPV experience was measured by the Arabic version of the World Health Organization's Domestic Violence Questionnaire Screening Tool.ResultsThe women reported that they experienced substantial levels of different types of IPV during pregnancy: 93.1% control, 66% psychological, 31.2% physical and 8.9% sexual. The levels of psychological, physical and sexual IPV during pregnancy were statistically significantly lower than those before pregnancy. In the case of physical IPV, women's age and verbal fighting were independent positive predictors, while women's educational level, husbands' educational level and level of mutual understanding were independent negative predictors. It is therefore recommended that policymakers focus on providing marital advice and marriage counselling and on empowering women by education in order to tackle IPV during pregnancy.

Longitudinal Analysis of Short-term Changes in Relationship Conflict During COVID-19: A Risk and Resilience Perspective.

This study uses a risk and resilience framework to examine short-term self-reported changes in relationship conflict early in the COVID-19 pandemic (March and April 2020). Longitudinal data from U.S. adults in a romantic relationship (N = 291) were collected via three waves of an online survey. Participants self-reported anxiety, depression, increased alcohol use, and dyadic coping since the pandemic. Relationship conflict variables included whether the participant reported that they and their partner "had disagreements related to the Coronavirus," "had more disagreements than usual," "had more verbal fights than usual," and "had more physical fights than usual" in the past two weeks. Analyses controlled for sociodemographic characteristics as well as days spent in lockdown and employment change due to COVID-19. Results indicated that couples' disagreement and verbal fighting scores increased from Time 1 to Time 2, but disagreements related to COVID-19 and physical fighting did not. Couples with higher levels of dyadic coping reported fewer fights and disagreements on average. However, dyadic coping did not buffer participants from increases in relationship conflict. Increased alcohol use since the pandemic was positively associated with disagreements related to COVID-19, disagreement scores, and verbal fighting scores. More days spent in lockdown was associated with increases in disagreements related to COVID-19. The conditions created by COVID-19 may contribute to worsening relationship conflict, even among couples who start with high levels of dyadic coping. Depression and alcohol use may contribute to poorer relationship quality during the pandemic. There is need for enhanced intervention and mental health supports to mitigate the potential effects of the pandemic on couples' relationship functioning.

Intimate Partner Violence Against Pregnant Jordanian Women at the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic's Quarantine.

In Jordan, women experience considerable levels of different types of violence. The emerging data from different countries indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV) has intensified since the COVID-19 outbreak. The main purpose of the current study is to find out whether there is any difference in the incidence of IPV during and before the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine and whether any sociodemographical factors are related to the incidence of IPV against pregnant women during quarantine. A cross-sectional, correlational design was in this study. The snowball sampling technique was adopted to select the participants, which produced a nonrepresentative sample of 215 pregnant women. The participants completed the Arabic version of the World Health Organization's Domestic Violence Questionnaire Screening Tool (DVQST). We found that women were exposed to different types of IPV before and during the quarantine. The most prevalent form of IPV was control and humiliation (n 172, 80%) and the least prevalent was sexual violence ((n 33, 15.3%), (n 24, 11.2%), respectively). However, there were statistically significant lower DVQST scores during the COVID-19 quarantine than before the quarantine. All types of IPV are significantly correlated with each other and with relationship problems (marital conflict, verbal fighting, understanding each other). While the findings are not generalizable to the general population of pregnant women in Jordan because the sample consisted only of women of high socioeconomic status due to the use of a nonprobability sampling technique, national campaigns should be developed and implemented in order to reduce IPV and change community behaviors and attitudes toward violence against women. It is also recommended that policymakers develop plans to help pregnant women during quarantine by, for example, training care providers on how to access vulnerable women.

Upadek retoryki, wzlot erystyki, czyli piękna teoria i niecne praktyki

The contemporary political scene, especially the public debate, is dominated by eristic forms of argumentation, i.e., verbal fights per fas et nefas — by any persuasive means, not only regardless of ethics and respect for dignity of adversary, but also regardless of the adequacy of arguments. Although classical rhetoric is not considered by everyone (following Plato’s example) as the best means of achieving the truth (here the Socratic dialectic and dialogic method are considered more appropriate), the effective and honest rhetoric is based on reliable arguments, although it does not avoid pathos, and therefore emotions. Social media do not improve, but worsen the quality of public debate, and in turn, the constantly increasing flood of insignificant, not to mention even false media information, does not form a conscious citizen, but a political ignorant. Father Professor Leon Dyczewski, with his life-long scientific and didactic activity in the field of media and journalism, criticized this trend of degradation of the media, the public sphere and journalism, even at a time when it was not dominant, but inferior, or rather marginal. Especially now, his works deserve all the more remembrance and continuation not only as a form in memoriam, but also in the form of a creative and updating continuation.

The Research on “Fight” Culture in Chinese Traditional Games

In traditional Chinese games, there is a basic element of which is similar to the competition culture in western games, but deeply influenced by traditional Chinese culture and develops to a culture with Chinese characteristics. As for the tradition Chinese games, there are different kinds of games with element, such as the game of verbal fight and martial fight, which have different emphasis and evolution process. Most of traditional Chinese games with fight element have characteristics of long history and rich cultural heritage, educational significance being more important than entertainment, and abundant seasonable games. As an important part of folklore, these games with “fight” element reflect the cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation with its unique existence, including the contradiction between the cultures of constantly fighting for self-improvement and harmony, emphasis on collectivism, emphasis on practice over theory, obvious gender distinction, obedience to the authority of rules. In this paper, the author will analyze the traditional Chinese games, especially those games with cultural elements, and explore the characteristics of such games and the cultural background and national spirit reflected, so as to provide a reference for the further development and dissemination of traditional Chinese games today.

Drama of O. P. Chugui: A staging of the play "The Cathedral" by O. Honchar

The article analyzes the quality of the translation of the epic composition to the dramatic, degree of preservation by the author of the dramatization of the ideological and artistic content of the novel by one of the most prominent writers of the second half of the twentieth century. It is noted that the drama "The Unconquered Cathedral" is the most adequate epic canvas of O. Gonchar and at the same time fully corresponds to the requirements of dramatic poetics, because the author managed to convey the problems and deep ideological content of the novel, a feature created by the prose writer of many-sided characters, the greatness and beauty of the Ukrainian language. O. Honchar focused on the Cossack cathedral, which was located on the territory of the Dnipropetrovsk region and was kept as an architectural monument, undergoing constant attempts to liquidate officials, despite local residents' protests. The novel was called the "Cathedral" and, of course, could not but attract the attention of the theater figures. However the "Cathedral" staging was made possible only after Ukraine gained independence. However, note that the novel classic of Ukrainian literature nevertheless is a typical epic product, which consists of 26 sections covering 270 pages. It is dominated by a detailed story, whose dialogues make up only 15 percent of the total volume, which is clearly not enough to create a full-fledged screenplay. In our opinion, the author of the screenwriting successfully coped with this task. His dialogues meet all the requirements of the dramatic genre. They are an expressive verbal fight, and not the usual conversation of actors, which is often found in prose writings. In the novel, O. Gonchar, they, though not much of a place, are basically dramatic. That is why almost all of them are carefully transferred to staging.

Aspectos socioemocionales en adolescentes con talento matemático residentes en Lima

A descriptive and comparative study is conducted in order to compare the self-esteem and social skills in adolescents with mathematical talent according to their sex. The participants were 16 men and 13 women, between the ages of 12 and 16 years old, living in Lima and coming from the capital and provinces. The Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) to children and adolescents by Coopersmith and the List of Checkup of Social Abilities by Goldstein were used as instruments. The results in general, show low levels of self-esteem and average level of social skills in men and women. Women present higher expectations in the terms of study and they are more satisfied with their performance in mathematic. Also, they have skills developed in the defend of their rights, negotiate, avoid physical and/or verbal fights. As well as to establish goals, solve problems according to the importance, take decisions and the skills of focus in a task.

The J/Jota in Jenni

The J/Jota in Jenni Deborah R. Vargas (bio) Jenni Rivera was to banda music as banda music was to the cultural imaginary of 1990s Los Angeles, Mexico.1 Born Dolores Janney Rivera Saavedra on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California, to Pedro and Rosa—undocumented immigrants from Sonora and Jalisco, Mexico—Jenni was the eldest of six children.2 As her career unfolded, Jenni was anointed by her fans and the music press alike as "la diva de la banda," and at the time of her passing in December 2012, she was arguably one of the most powerful music icons in Mexican banda, narcocorrido, and ranchera music. In the years before her untimely death, Jenni was gaining recognition by an even wider Spanish-language viewing public through producing and appearing on the television shows I Love Jenni and La Voz, Mexico's version of The Voice. Jenni Rivera had an especially strong fan base among mexicanas across Mexico and Mexican ranchera and narcocorrido music fan bases in cities across the [End Page 26] United States, including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Phoenix.3 Mexicanas seemed especially drawn to Rivera's way of openly and assertively recounting the challenges in her life conveyed in her musical and personal narratives. Songs such as "Escándalo" (Scandal), "Las traficantes" (Drug traffickers), and "Mi vida loca" (My crazy life) represented her disregard for following the rules of mujeres decentes, or decent women; rather, she seemed to approach her cultural work in the manner she had worked during her entire life, churning out, cranking out, and calling out. Her approach to making music conveyed struggle and an unrelenting exertion of labor that symbolized a notable Latina welfare-class immigrant tenacity. Her fans adored Jenni for the ways her journey to stardom was flawed and unrefined and for the manner in which she seemed always messy, the vernacular for a life in disorder and chaos. As the outpouring of public grief demonstrated at the time of her death, Jenni had amassed a devoted following, a fandom whose characteristics (mostly Mexican immigrant and working/welfare-class mexicanas) connected with gendered representations produced in Jenni's musical performances, especially the irreverent figures produced in songs like "La Chacalosa" and "Las Malandrinas." These two songs, in particular, emblematized a mexicana subjectivity fashioned through indecent, graceless, and brusque performances of femininity. In fact, Jenni's media representation—produced through her own life narratives in interviews as well as in song—was consistently shaped by suspect discourses. While the 1980s and 1990s especially have been explored in terms of remarkable queer musical sound analysis—ranging from music by Prince, Madonna, and Wham, not to mention the house music that fuels queer clubs and PRIDE festivals—this essay contributes a focus on Spanish-language Mexican musical genres to such studies that overwhelmingly distinguish non-English-language music as other to the discursive construction of US pop music. Here, I consider the potential of queer cultural politics in relationship to popular music by paying particular attention to the ways neoliberalism and Mexican immigration created the context for the emergence of "la diva de la banda" and her aberrant mexicana [End Page 27] femininity. Given the twenty-year anniversary of Cathy Cohen's prominent essay "Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?" I return to Cohen's remarkable theorization of "queer" to consider non-normative mexicana gender and sexuality, made possible by Jenni's music performances, which, drawing from Cohen, we may recognize as "some of whom may fit in the category heterosexual … [yet] are not perceived as normal, moral, or worthy."4 Moreover, constructions of normativity within dominant same-sex civil rights agendas have required us to think of queer sites, performances, vernaculars, and cultural politics in spaces and sites not always marked by same-sex identity categories.5 This essay, then, is a queer gesture to symbolically add the uncompliant femininities of malandrinas, indecentes, and maleducadas to Cohen's queer worlds of punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens. Rivera, whose irreverent popular cultural representation was shaped as much by song lyrics about shameless women as by personal life dramas (including verbal fights with record industry people and...

To Denounce, or Not To Denounce: Survey Experiments on Diplomatic Quarrels

Despite widespread concern over heated diplomatic debates and growing interest in public diplomacy, it is still incompletely understood what type of message is more effective for gaining support from foreign public, or the international society, in situations where disputing countries compete in diplomatic campaigns. This study, through multiple survey experiments, uncovers the effect of being silent, issuing positive justification, and negative accusation, in interaction with the opponent’s strategy. We demonstrate that negative verbal attacks “work” and undermine the target’s popularity as they do in electoral campaigns. Unlike domestic electoral campaigns, however, negative diplomacy has little “backlash” and persuades people to support the attacker. Consequently, mutual verbal fights make neither party more popular than the other. Nevertheless, this does not discourage disputants from waging verbal fights due to the structure similar to the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma. We also find that positive messages are highly context-dependent—that is, their effects greatly depend on the opponent’s strategy and value proximity between the messenger and the receiver.

Cathartic Masculinity in North India and Alternative Meanings of Consumption

Delhi-NCR of India has consistently reported one of the country’s highest rates of sexual violence against women, and media has painted Delhi-te men with broad brushstrokes of being inherently aggressive, sexist and a poster-picture of hegemonic masculinity-type. In our study in a University-setting of North Indian men aged 19-32, we find an alternative Cathartic Masculinity type emerging. They are attractive heterosexual men with considerable female fan-following, yet, avoids physical or verbal fights, sensitive in personal relationships, staunch believer of equality between men and women, disciplined hard-working, with suave refined taste without taking metrosexual hues, and believes in an almost Mughal-kind of adab or cultured refined behavior. Consequently their consumption takes different meanings, e.g. sports is not about bodily dominance or aggression, but is almost meditative; pursuit of good things in life like travel or food is not about flaunting but rather satisfies the need for discovering new things, whether it be in a humble rustic small-town setting of India, or the quaint towns of quaint foreign countries. They aspire to balance between personal relationships, home and professional pursuits; and would like to be involved in child-care, cooking and other household chores, even be a house-husband if need be, for better relationships, and being a caring husband and father. Efforts are spent towards discovering and bettering self through hard work and discipline rather than dominating women or men around them.

Brand crisis communication through social media

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how companies make use of social media communication to turn crises into opportunities and how consumers respond to this brand management strategy, and evaluate the effects of this kind of advertising campaign. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses the textual analysis method to examine the verbal fight between two brand competitors on Sina Weibo. An interpretative analysis approach is adopted to analyze a series of micro-blog messages and relevant responses and comments. A statistical analysis is conducted to reveal the public opinion on this case. Findings – The brand crisis due to trademark dispute has been successfully turned into an advertising campaign, which received eager and favorable responses from the consumers. In the name of making apologies, the company in crisis availed itself of the Weibo platform to make a veiled protest against the verdict of the Court. The technique “acting cute” was proved to be effective in diminishing the negative effect of a brand crisis and winning public sympathy and support. Research limitations/implications – The research findings may provide insights into the interplay between brand advertising and corporate crisis communication on the platform of social media. Practical implications – This study can inform practitioners of useful techniques to deal with brand crises via social media. Originality/value – The value of this study lies not only in its contribution to the body of knowledge on online crisis management with a case of Chinese companies, but also in its validation of the interplay between crisis communication and advertising.

Characteristics of Violence Among High-Risk Adolescent Girls

IntroductionRecent evidence demonstrates increasing rates of involvement with violence among adolescent girls. The objective of this study was to describe the types and sources of violence experienced within social contexts of adolescent girls at high risk for pregnancy. MethodQualitative data for this analysis are drawn from intervention summary reports of 116 girls participating in Prime Time, a youth development intervention for adolescent girls. Descriptive content analysis techniques were used to identify types and sources of violence experienced by girls within their daily contexts. ResultsTypes of violence included physical fighting, witnessing violence, physical abuse, gang-related violence, verbal fighting, verbal abuse, and sexual abuse. Sources of violence included family, peers and friends, romantic partners, community violence, and self-perpetrated violence. Many girls in this study experienced violence in multiple contexts. DiscussionIt is imperative that efforts to assess and prevent violence among adolescent girls include paying attention to the social contexts in which these adolescents live.

A battle of languages: Spirit possession and changing linguistic ideologies in a Sepik society, Papua New Guinea

In October 2009, a dramatic event shook the existing sociolinguistic setting in Kanjimei village in East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea. Possessed by a Christian spirit, a woman harshly reproached the most important village leaders. The ensuing verbal fight between ‘the spirit’ and the village prayer leader became a battle of languages: the Christian spirit spoke the community's native language, Awiakay, overpowering those in authority, who are the most frequent users of the national lingua franca Tok Pisin. As it was believed that it was the spirit of the Virgin Mary who channelled herself through the possessed woman, it was legitimate for people to discuss her words. The spirit possession thus enabled the otherwise condemned social practices: gossip and public criticism, which have the power of changing existing power relations in the village. The analysis of this event shows the complexity behind the ever‐changing linguistic ideologies.

Exploring high school learners’ perceptions of bullying

Objective: Learners’ perceptions of aspects of school life that are sufficiently serious to interfere with their schoolwork were investigated. Bullying was a form of behaviour that was singled out for inclusion and further exploration in the study. Method: Learners from three coeducational Western Cape Education Department schools were surveyed: 414 Grade 8 and 474 Grade 9 learners completed an anonymous, voluntary self-report questionnaire. Results: Factors identified as most frequently interfering with their schoolwork included classmates not listening in class, feeling overwhelmed by schoolwork, teacher absenteeism, and verbal fighting. When asked specifically about bullying, 40% of learners indicated that they frequently experienced bullying at school—although they ranked it as much lower when compared to other potentially problematic school experiences. Furthermore, although the majority of learners indicated they thought teachers considered bullying a problem, few felt there was anything that school staff could do to counteract bullying effectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that learners perceive bullying as an unavoidable part of school experience and have normalised this aggressive behaviour.

“Girls Are Worse”

This article uses a race-class-gender intersectional approach to analyze qualitative interviews with girls at two public high schools to better understand a common perception that “girls are worse” when it comes to school fights. Several different understandings of why girls fight emerged from the data. On one hand, girls’ perception of face-to-face verbal fights seemed to uphold a normative hegemonic feminine ideology. Girls fought because they were overly emotional and dramatic, or they fought over boys, adhering to a heterosexual script that is consistent with normative femininity. Yet on the other hand, sometimes girls who engaged in fights were also seen as transgressing this hegemonic ideology. They fought because they were “tomboys” or “gay girls,” this latter perception reinforcing a type of homophobic name-calling that was pervasive at the school. Finally, girls who were involved in strictly face-to-face physical fights were often constructed as “ghetto girls,” which highlighted racist stereotypes about violence in these schools. In contrast, girls themselves who had admitted to being in a face-to-face fight seemed to offer an alternative understanding of fighting. They explained fighting as a site of situated agency, where fighting was justifiable in certain contexts, especially when used as an avenue for self-defense or to gain power and respect among their cohorts.

Alcohol, gender, aggression and violence: findings from the Birmingham Untreated Heavy Drinkers Project

This paper examines the relationship between heavy drinking and aggression using quantitative and qualitative data from a Department of Health funded interview study of untreated heavy drinkers living in the largely urban English West Midlands region (n = 403). Interviews consisted of a combination of forced choice questions and semi‐structured discussion. Quantitative data showed high levels of verbal aggression, serious arguments and fights. Significant associations were found between alcohol‐related aggression, lower age, number of very heavy drinking days and lower socio‐economic status. Thematic analysis of qualitative data showed that participants considered alcohol to be heavily implicated in aggressive behaviour, but differences exist between quantitative and qualitative findings in terms of the importance of gender. Participants associated aggression with masculinity and youth, but violence involving women and domestic violence were rarely discussed.