Verbal Cues Research Articles

Recall of Autobiographical Memories Following Odor vs Verbal Cues Among Adults With Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with deficits in autobiographical memory (AM) recall, which is thought to stem from disruptions in effortful recall. Understanding whether these deficits are mitigated when recall is stimulated more directly, such as by odor cues, could inform therapeutic interventions for MDD. To evaluate whether deficits in specific AM recall in MDD are mitigated when odor cues vs word cues are used to prompt memory. This cross-sectional study assessed recall of specific AMs in response to both odor cues and word cues (in a randomized, counterbalanced order) in a repeated measures design. Data were collected between September 2021 and November 2022. The study took place at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania and included adults with a primary diagnosis of MDD, according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Data were analyzed from January to June 2023. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of specific AMs recalled in response to odor-cued memories vs word-cued memories. Additional outcome measures included ratings of arousal, vividness, repetition, and recall response time for odor-cued memories vs word-cued memories. Thirty-two adults (mean [SD] age, 30.0 [10.1] years; 26 [81.3%] female; 6 [18.8%] male) with a primary diagnosis of MDD completed the study. Participants recalled more specific AMs for odor cues than word cues (mean [SD], 68.4% [20.4%] vs 52.1% [23.3%]; Cohen d, 0.78; P < .001). Additionally, odor-cued recall was rated more arousing (mean [SD], 3.0 [0.8] vs 2.6 [0.7]; Cohen d, 1.28; P < .001) and vivid (mean [SD], 3.3 [0.7] vs 3.0 [0.7]; Cohen d, 0.67; P < .001), and was slower than word-cued recall (mean [SD], 14.5 [3.6] vs 8.9 [3.4] seconds; Cohen d, 1.18; P < .001). When compared with the population mean for word cues in healthy controls (80%), participants recalled fewer specific memories in response to words (Cohen d, 1.18; P < .001), supporting the presence of overgenerality. Notably, the percentage of specific memories recalled in response to odor cues did not differ from the healthy control population mean (Cohen d, 0.26; P = .15). In this cross-sectional study, adults with MDD recalled more specific AMs in response to odor cues compared with word cues. This study suggests that AM deficits may only be observed when verbal cues are used and provides a potential new method for increasing specific AM recall in patients with MDD.

User Engagement on Facebook: Examining the Role of Visual and Verbal Politeness Cues

ABSTRACT Nonprofit organizations have eagerly embraced Facebook as a strategic tool to reach large audiences and promote their advocacy. While there are numerous means to motivate users to engage with Facebook posts, previous studies have indicated that the use of politeness strategies may be particularly effective in increasing the number of likes, comments, and shares. A great deal of research has focused on the role of verbal politeness cues (e.g. indirect requests); however, little is known about visual politeness cues. To address this gap, we identify a set of features through which images convey politeness: i.e. direct gaze, frontal angles, eye- and high-level angles, and close-up shots. The results of a content analysis of 1,379 Facebook posts by U.S. health charities support the relevance of politeness cues, suggesting that user engagement is significantly higher when posts include indirect verbal requests and photos depicting people who gaze into the camera, who are positioned parallel to the viewer, and who are portrayed from above or at eye level. Unexpected findings are obtained for close-up shots. The paper concludes by discussing theoretical and practical implications for organizational social media communication.

Ultrasound Biofeedback Increases Abdominal Muscle Activation in Golfers With a History of Low Back Pain.

To compare activation ratios of the transverse abdominis (TrA) during an abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal obliques during a golf swing, with and without ultrasound biofeedback, and to determine intrarater reliability of these ultrasound thickness measures. Single-session crossover study. Laboratory. Sixteen adult golfers with 2 or more episodes of low back pain (LBP) in the past year. Verbal cueing alone and verbal cueing with ultrasound biofeedback. Bilateral TrA activation ratios were calculated during an ADIM with and without ultrasound biofeedback. Activation ratios of the abdominal obliques were calculated bilaterally during golf swings with and without ultrasound biofeedback. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for average thickness across all muscles and conditions for the nonbiofeedback trials. Transverse abdominis activation ratios were significantly higher when ultrasound biofeedback was provided bilaterally ( P < 0.001). Abdominal oblique activation ratios during the golf swing were also significantly higher with ultrasound biofeedback for the lead ( P = 0.014) and trail ( P < 0.001) sides. Intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.92 to 0.97 ( P < 0.001). Ultrasound biofeedback can increase activation ratios of the TrA during a supine ADIM in adult golfers with a history of LBP. Postswing ultrasound biofeedback increases activation of the abdominal obliques during a golf swing in golfers with a history of LBP. Ultrasound thickness measures of the TrA and obliques have excellent intrarater reliability.

Humorous but hateful

Abstract The paper explores the interplay of impoliteness, ethnic/religious humor and multimodality in online contexts. The argument advanced in the paper is that anti-Muslim memes are instantiations of ethno-religious humor that creatively incorporate linguistic impoliteness and visual dysphemism in manners that potentially propagate Islamophobia online. The analysis of a specialized corpus of memes suggests that multimodal impoliteness in these memes is mainly triggered by marked implicitness, reinforced by visual reference to targets. The humor-generating incongruity in these memes is often based on the anomalous juxtaposition of verbal and visual cues expressing ethnic and religious stereotypes, in ways that make the values expressed in these stereotypes easily acceptable. Such multimodal impoliteness creatively incorporates entertainment with emotional coercion, aiming at like-minded participants in the potential presence of targets. This constitutes a form of plausibly deniable incitement, meant to instigate attitude change and intimidate the victims, which consequently blurs the conceptual distinction between jocular abuse, impoliteness and hate speech.

Optimizing AI Social Chatbots for Relational Outcomes: The Effects of Profile Design, Communication Strategies, and Message Framing

With more corporations incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) tools like social chatbots into their public communication practices, we explore optimal chatbot designs for organization-public relational outcomes. Our 2 × 2 × 2 factorial web experiment with eight custom-designed chatbots showed that communication strategies (verbal and non-verbal social cues such as emoji, memes, filler words, and response delay) had a significant impact (Cohen’s d = 0.536, standardized coefficient β = 0.438) on chatbot social conversation, the central antecedent to the investigated relational outcomes such as trust in business. Furthermore, the effect of chatbot social conversation is partially mediated by perceived organizational listening, highlighting the importance of listening and its related theories and practices in automated business communication.

Facial Movement Recognition Using CNN-BiLSTM in Vowel for Bahasa Indonesia

Speaking is a multimodal phenomenon that has both verbal and non-verbal cues. One of the non-verbal cues in speaking is the facial movement of the subject, which can be used to find the letter being spoken by the subject. Previous research has been done to prove that lip movement can translate to vowels for Bahasa Indonesia, but detecting the whole facial movement is yet to be covered. This research aimed to establish a CNN-BiLSTM model that can learn spoken vowels by reading the subject's facial movements. The CNN-BiLSTM model yielded a 98.66% validation accuracy, with over 94% accuracy for all five vowels. The model is also capable of recognizing whether the subject is currently silent or speaking a vowel with 98.07% accuracy.

To Nod or Not to Nod: How Does Interviewer Nonverbal Behavior Affect Rapport Perceptions and Recall in Truth Tellers and Lie Tellers?

Researchers have often claimed that the interviewer’s nonverbal behavior such as nodding facilitates rapport building, the number of recalled details, and verbal veracity cues. However, there is no experiment to-date that isolated the effects of nodding in information gathering interviews. We thus examined the effects of interviewer’s nodding behavior on rapport perceptions and on the number and accuracy of total details provided by truth tellers and lie tellers. Participants (N = 150) watched a video recording and then reported it truthfully or falsely to an interviewer. The interviewer showed demeanor that was either supportive with nodding, supportive without nodding, or neutral. Truth tellers reported more total details than lie tellers and these effects were similar across demeanor conditions. No significant effects emerged for rapport perceptions and accuracy of total details. These results suggest that the interviewer’s nodding behavior does not affect rapport perceptions and details provided by truth tellers and lie tellers.

Beware, Not Everyone Lies the Same Way! Investigating the Effects of Interviewees’ Profiles and Lie Content on Verbal Cues

Research shows that lying is a common behaviour, and that verbal cues can be effective for lie detection. However, deception detection is not straightforward as there are several factors at play, such as interpersonal differences and the content of the lie. Consequently, the effectiveness of available cues for deception detection can vary significantly. In a pre-registered study involving 80 participants (a priori sample size analyses were conducted), we instructed participants to either tell the truth or lie about an autobiographical event and an opinion. The participants also completed questionnaires on personality traits and cognitive tasks, resulting in two participant clusters. Surprisingly, when analysing verbal behaviour, truthfulness, cluster memberships, and their interactions were not found to be significant. Only lie content affected verbal cues. Additional, non-pre-registered analyses revealed that liars displayed more micro-expressions than truth tellers, but only when describing their memories and when focusing on the latency time between the investigator’s question and the interviewee’s answer. The results were interpreted in terms of the experimental design, which encouraged only short answers from the interviewees, leaving limited room for verbal content to be effective.

The influence of state anxiety on event construction and elaboration during episodic future thinking

AbstractEpisodic future thinking (EFT) is a fundamental cognitive capacity that enables individuals to mentally simulate and prepare for possible future events. This capacity involves two distinct phases: construction and elaboration. How state anxiety affects the event construction and elaboration in EFT remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to address this issue by adopting a verbal cueing paradigm, taking into account familiarity and emotional valence. To induce state anxiety, our study employed a mental arithmetic task coupled with immediate feedback and the investigator’s supervision. Cue words were associated with either high-familiar or low-familiar future events, as well as different emotional valences (positive, neutral or negative). In the cueing task, each participant was required to construct a specific episodic event and then elaborate on it based on the provided cues. Subsequently, subjective ratings of the imagined event were collected after each imagination. The results revealed that individuals experiencing state anxiety took longer to elaborate events compared to the control group. Notably, there were asymmetric results in high- and low-familiarity conditions when considering cue words with different emotional valence. Overall, this study suggests that the influence of state anxiety on EFT is constrained to the elaboration phase and does not extend to the construction phase.

Unveiling the Language of Expression: Decoding Verbal and Non-verbal Cues in English Literature

This qualitative content analysis decodes the complex interplay of verbal and non-verbal cues in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West. Focused on characters Saeed and Nadia, the study reveals nuanced power dynamics and challenges to traditional gendered communication norms. Examining instances of conformity and resistance to gendered communication ideals, the analysis sheds light on emotional intelligence and societal negotiation. The study not only enhances understanding of character dynamics but contributes to broader discussions in literary, cultural, and gender studies. Additionally, this research invites further exploration into the evolving nature of communication in contemporary literature.

Suicide-related cognitions and emotional bias performance in a community sample

BackgroundSuicide is theorized to be connected to social interactions and feelings of belongingness. Those with suicide-related cognitions (SRCs) demonstrate attentional bias toward negative or suicide-related words, which can lead to increased feelings of rejection or alienation. As social interactions employ both verbal and nonverbal cues, there exists a gap in understanding how perception of emotional expressions can contribute to the development or exacerbation of suicidal ideation. MethodsThe current sample (N = 114, 60.5 % female, 74.6 % white) completed the Suicide Cognitions Scale-Revised (SCS-R) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess SRCs and depression severity. The Emotional Bias Task (EBT) was used to assess emotional response latency. ResultsMultiple regression analyses on EBT results showed that endorsement of SRCs and depression severity were not associated with any particular emotional response bias. However, presence of SRCs showed an association with longer latencies to identify ambiguous emotional expressions, even when controlling for depressive symptoms and age LimitationsMeasures were self-completed online. Relative homogeneity of the sample and cross-sectional design limits interpretation of the results. ConclusionsThose with more severe SRCs take longer to recognize positive, nonverbal cues. Irregular processing of positive emotional stimuli combined with bias toward negative verbal cues could worsen feelings of rejection or alienation in social interactions, therefore increasing risk of developing SI. This suggests that interventions focusing on allocation of attentional resources to process positive social cues may be beneficial for those with SRCs to reduce severity and risk of suicide.

Ideologies Celebrities Represent in Television Advertisement in Kenya: A Case of Downy Lavender

This study focuses on the ideologies that celebrities convey in television advertisement in Kenya. Celebrity endorsements have become pervasive mode of communication in advertising. The idea is intended to shape consumer perceptions on purchasing decisions. Assessing the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks in ensuring responsible portrayal of ideologies by celebrities in television advertisement, is crucial for promoting ethical advertising practices. The study therefore analyzes the modes of signification (visual and verbal cues) to uncover the underlying messages communicated through the portrayal of Lulu Hassan (news anchor) in the advertisement of Downy Lavender. By adopting a multimodal discourse analysis approach, the study investigates the linguistic and visual strategies employed to construct celebrity personas to convey specific ideologies. The study examines how the celebrity is depicted in the advertisement and the messages the celebrity endorses to influence consumer attitude and behavior. The findings reveal that the celebrity is represented in the television advertisement of Downy lavender, to highlight themes such as luxury, sophistication, freshness, and trustworthiness. These depicts the ideologies of gender norms, attitude towards luxury, beauty standards, social status and aspirations for advancement. These findings contribute to understanding the complex dynamics of advertising in Kenya’s media landscape, using celebrities. The findings are intended to provide valuable insights to advertisers on creating content for advertisement.

Rapport Building in community settings

Establishing good rapport and interpersonal relationship is crucial aspect for public health researcher to embark upon authentic information and concerns of local community that later might have a bigger public health impact in policy making. Despite of its importance, researchers often fail to favourably present themselves in front of participants. The active listening, maintaining eye contact, self disclosure, tuning in, sharing expectations and intentions, non verbal cues, persistent contact and being empathetic are some of the most common techniques of rapport building discussed in literatures. Despite the fact that they have been proved to be beneficial, they do not provide clarity on “what, when, or where”. As a result, this article suggests a step-by-step approach that a researcher might use when conducting community-based research.

The Effect of Biomechanics Information on Driver Swing Learning of Intermediate Golfers

PURPOSE This study investigates the effectiveness of biomechanics information on intermediate golfers driver swing learning. It analyzes changes in center of pressure (COP) patterns, GRF Direction Inclination, driver performance, and learners psychological responses to determine the learning effects.METHODS Subjects were 32 right-handed male golfers (handicap 15-23) who had no difficulty in performing the golf driver swing (Full swing). Four groups were selected, BF (Biomechanics Feedback group), BVC (Biomechanics Verbal Cue group), CB (Combination group), and CT (Control group), and assigned randomly. Driver swing learning showed results after 6 weeks,and a transfer test was conducted 1 week after the completion of the learning.RESULTS Analysis of COP patterns and GRF Direction Inclination indicated changes in the BF, BVC, and CB groups. Furthermore, analysis of driver distance (m), club head speed (km/h), and ball spin rate (rpm) revealed that during the 6-week acquisition phase, all three groups (excluding the control group) showed improvements in driver distance, club head speed, and ball spin rate. However, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. In contrast, the transfer test showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with the CB group exhibiting the highest driver distance. Learners' psychological responses during the learning process were trust, understanding, and satisfaction. The understanding factor was relatively higher in the CB and BVC groups compared to the BF group.CONCLUSIONS In summary, biomechanics information (BI) was effective in improving driver performance, and changesappeared in the COP pattern and GRF Direction Inclination, indicating a change in movement. Therefore, BI can be fully utilized for athletes or high-level advanced players and for motor learning for intermediate-level students.However, BI can only improve learning effects by strengthening learners' “understanding” when visual feedback forms and verbal cues are provided together.

Significance of verbal and visual cues in communicating perfume properties over the Internet

This article fills a gap in the literature by exploring e-shoppers' views on the ability of verbal and visual cues to represent scents of unknown perfumes. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with 27 consumers from Brazil, Iran, and Portugal. Results demonstrate that visual cues could complement verbal descriptions in conveying the type of scent of perfumes. In addition, this study identified a set of associations between several colors and types of scents. Overall, this article argues that consistent combinations of perfume components' symbolic and sensory verbal descriptions, colors, and images should be developed to effectively convey the scent of an unknown perfume, which can attract more e-shoppers and eventually boost online sales. Cross-cultural comparisons are also highlighted. The present study advances the knowledge of how perfume companies and e-tailors can take the advantage of implementing sensory cues to facilitate the online purchase of a typical experience product.

Interviewing to Detect Lies About Opinions: The Devil’s Advocate Approach

The verbal cues lie tellers spontaneously report during interviews are weak and unreliable (DePaulo et al., 20023; Vrij, Hartwig, &amp; Granhag, 2019). Researchers therefore asked for interview protocols to be developed that would elicit such verbal cues (Vrij &amp; Granhag, 2012). Ten years later several interview protocols have emerged (Vrij, Granhag et al., 2022), including Cognitive Credibility Assessment (Vrij, Fisher, &amp; Blank, 2017; Vrij, Mann et al., 2021), Reality Interviewing (Bogaard et el., 2019; Colwell et al., 2007), the Strategic Use of Evidence (Granhag &amp; Harwig, 2015; Hartwig et al., 2014) and the Verifiability Approach (Nahari, 2019; Palena et al., 2021). All these interview protocols focus on distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements about alleged activities. However, practitioners are also interested in detecting lies when people discuss their opinions. The Devil’s Advocate Approach is the only interview protocol we are aware of aimed to distinguish between truthful and deceptive opinions. In this article we present the (scarce) Devil’s Advocate Approach research conducted to date.

Cognitive CAMSA: an ecological proposal to integrate cognitive performance into motor competence assessment.

To profile the participants using a system of self-organizing maps (SOM) based on their motor and cognitive performance during a dual-task version of the Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment (Cognitive CAMSA). A total of 169 secondary school students (39.3% girls) volunteered to participate. The original CAMSA, cognitive CAMSA, the Corsi and Digit Span tests were used to assess (a) motor competence, (b) motor competence with cognitive load, and (c) cognitive performance, respectively. SOMs and the k-means clustering algorithm were used to establish the adolescents' dual-task performance profiles. Including decision making based on verbal and visual cues in the original CAMSA significantly increased the participants' total scores but also the time required to complete the test, while the skill score remained unchanged. However, not all the participants showed changes in their performance in the same direction during the cognitive CAMSA. Person-centered analyses by SOMs and k-means clustering identified six performance profiles with variations in the cognitive, motor skill, and time scores (H5 = 146.15, H5 = 102.68, and H5 = 108.07, respectively; all p < 0.01). The cognitive CAMSA was shown to be a feasible field-motor test for assessing motor competence with a cognitive load in an ecological setting. Some of the profiles identified in the SOM approach represented adolescents with similar motor and cognitive performance in dual-task or single-task contexts, although other participants obtained high motor competence in single and dual-tasking while their cognitive performance declined or rose more in dual-task than in single task situations. The cognitive CAMSA emerges as a tool of great potential, applicable in educational and sports environments, to know subjects' characteristics and try to individualize the interventions accordingly with their dual-task profile.

Crying victims deserve more? how victim image, facial expression, entitativity and victim story impact charity advertising persuasiveness

We propose that the choice between presenting a single victim or a group of victims in a charity ad should take into consideration the facial expression of the victim(s), entitativity, and the victim story, since these visual and verbal cues affect donors’ emotional responses and their perceived outcome efficacy, which have an impact on charitable giving behaviors. Four experiments are conducted. When a happy facial expression is presented, an ad showing a group of victims is found to be more persuasive than the same ad showing a single victim. When a sad facial expression is presented, an ad showing a single victim is more persuasive (vs. a group of victims). When presenting a group of happy-faced victims, we observe the advantageous effects of entitativity: high-entitativity (vs. low-entitativity) enhances people’s willingness to donate. However, no such differences between high- and low-entitativity are found when the ads present a group of sad-faced victims. When a victim story is included in the ad (i.e. a narrative ad), different versions of the ad are similarly persuasive regardless of victim image and facial expression. Non-profits and for-profit companies can maximize the success of their charitable campaigns by choosing the right victim image that suits their visual-verbal combination.

DENTAL-RELATED DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY IN OLDER ADULTS WITH VARIED COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

Abstract Background Decision-making is often impaired in individuals with cognitive impairments. However, how cognitive impairment affects dental treatment decision-making remains unclear. We sought to describe dental-related decision-making capacity in older adults with varied cognitive functions. Methods Sixty-five participants, including 14 healthy controls and 51 with documented cognitive impairment, were categorized into healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild dementia, moderate dementia and severe dementia. A hyperthetical dental problem along with three treatment options were presented. Participants were first asked to identify the problem, related treatment options and the pros and cons of each option. They were then asked to choose a treatment using the given funds. Visual and verbal cues were provided if participants failed to complete the task independently. Participants were scored based on their performances. Data was analyzed using the Kruskal- Wallis test and Holm method for multiple comparisons and a linear regression model for the multivariate analysis. Results Ninety-six percent of the participants with cognitive impairment showed some sorts of deficits in treatment decision-making. Sixty percent of those with MCI and 70% of participants with mild dementia could not explain pros and cons of the treatment choices, significantly higher than that in the healthy controls (10%). The decision-making capacity significantly differed across groups (p&amp;lt; 000.1). Compared to the health controls, decision-making capacity decreased 18%, 33%, 71% and 86% in the MCI, mild dementia, moderate dementia and severe dementia groups, respectively. Conclusion Dental-related decision-making deficits was highly prevalent in older adults with cognitive impairment and occurred as early as MCI.

Deep Learning Based Human Emotion Exposure Detection Using Vocal and Countenance

The subtle expression of emotions on a person's face might give insight into the ideas running through that person's head. Today's society depends on being able to read facial emotions. Faces are a universal language that humans use to communicate a common and basic set of emotions. In a variety of settings and spheres of life, emotion recognition has benefits. For the purposes of safety and health, it is beneficial and essential. Additionally, it is essential for quickly and simply determining human emotions at a particular time without actually asking. Facial expression with non verbal cues are important for interpersonal interaction. The method of determining a person's emotional state is done using a facial expression recognition system. The technique of identifying different facets of a person's facial expressions is called emotion recognition. One of the most potent and challenging jobs in social communication is identifying human emotion from video frames, or facial expressions. This system compares the captured image to the training dataset that is stored in the database, and then displays the emotional state of the image. Recognizing automatically, the human emotions in pictures and videos will be possible with the help of an algorithm that carries out the identification, extracting and evaluating these facial expressions. These systems allow detection for emotions such as joy, rage, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, neutral, and more. The applications for DL-based human emotion detection attempt to comprehend the significance of these features of body language and apply this understanding to various datasets and sources of information for the face emotion CNN pretrained module mobilenetv2 employed. This can assist in identifying and extracting facial expressions. These algorithms outperform numerous datasets of photos and videos in terms of accuracy.