Verbal Context Research Articles

Perceiving emotions in visual stimuli: social verbal context facilitates emotion detection of words but not of faces

Building on the notion that processing of emotional stimuli is sensitive to context, in two experimental tasks we explored whether the detection of emotion in emotional words (task 1) and facial expressions (task 2) is facilitated by social verbal context. Three different levels of contextual supporting information were compared, namely (1) no information, (2) the verbal expression of an emotionally matched word pronounced with a neutral intonation, and (3) the verbal expression of an emotionally matched word pronounced with emotionally matched intonation. We found that increasing levels of supporting contextual information enhanced emotion detection for words, but not for facial expressions. We also measured activity of the corrugator and zygomaticus muscle to assess facial simulation, as processing of emotional stimuli can be facilitated by facial simulation. While facial simulation emerged for facial expressions, the level of contextual supporting information did not qualify this effect. All in all, our findings suggest that adding emotional-relevant voice elements positively influence emotion detection.

The Identical Grammatical Elements In Surat Al-Baqara - Their Benefits And Effects

This linguistic research studies the syntactic elements in the Qur’anic sentence in Surat Al-Baqara, In this study, the researcher relied on the phenomenon of “congruence” in language, which is the major grammatical phenomenon for its dependence on: {presumption: (number: singular, and twofold, and plural), (type: masculine, and feminine), and (appointment): unidentified and identified), and (the parsing: Al-Rrafe, Al-Naseb, and Al-Jarr), and the function of each of these clues is to involve two grammatical elements that are inseparable and more to coincide with them, to strengthen the link between them. Consequently, the reader or interpreter reaches the most accurate meanings of those elements that are identical in their contexts as it seems that each of these four clues is distributed among other smaller clues, without departing from the function of conjunction: (The main) is the same as the original one, as a presumptive function: (the number) matches two grammatical elements that are inseparable or more in: (singularity, twofold, or plural), The function of presumption: (the type) is the same, but in: (masculinization or feminization), and the function of presumption: (appointment) is the involvement of two syntactic and more grammatical elements in: (identified or unidentified) and the context of articulation is very much the same. However, its function is weaker than the peers, as it is a verbal context on the body of syntactic and non-syndic elements in the Arabic sentences –this is the consistent structures of the Arabic sentences, whether Quranic or non-Quranic, and a special feature of this language that distinguishes them from other languages. The phenomenon of congruence is considered the major syntactic phenomenon, and it is a dominant feature of the two types of complex sentences: nominal and verbal, there is no sentence that comes from its circle, to match its components verbally or morally, or verbally and morally, completely or incompletely, and as it eliminates many syntactic and rhetorical differences resulting from these discrepancies. It is the easiest way to quickly reach the precise meanings of sentence structures.

Brain mechanisms of eye contact during verbal communication predict autistic traits in neurotypical individuals

Atypical eye contact in communication is a common characteristic in autism spectrum disorders. Autistic traits vary along a continuum extending into the neurotypical population. The relation between autistic traits and brain mechanisms underlying spontaneous eye contact during verbal communication remains unexplored. Here, we used simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking to investigate this relation in neurotypical people within a naturalistic verbal context. Using multiple regression analyses, we found that brain response in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and its connectivity with the fusiform face area (FFA) during eye contact with a speaker predicted the level of autistic traits measured by Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ). Further analyses for different AQ subclusters revealed that these two predictors were negatively associated with attention to detail. The relation between FFA–pSTS connectivity and the attention to detail ability was mediated by individuals’ looking preferences for speaker’s eyes. This study identified the role of an individual eye contact pattern in the relation between brain mechanisms underlying natural eye contact during verbal communication and autistic traits in neurotypical people. The findings may help to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of atypical eye contact behavior during natural communication.

Sensitivity to syntactic violation and semantic ambiguity in English modal verbs: A self-paced reading study

AbstractThe present study is, to our knowledge, the first self-paced reading experiment to investigate the effects of syntactic violation and semantic ambiguity on processing English modal auxiliaries. Forty undergraduate students, native speakers of English, took part in the study and read 36 target sentences, each containing a modal verb in context. Two of the most frequent English modals,canandmay, were used in three distinct categories of modal expression: agent-oriented/ability, epistemic possibility, and speaker-oriented/permission. The two modal auxiliaries were manipulated such that they were either congruent or incongruent with the context, or in the case of permission felicitous or infelicitous relative to the context. We found that incongruent modal use in an agent-oriented context resulted in a reading penalty that was observed in a spillover on the segments following the modal and the lexical verb. Incongruent modal use to express epistemic possibility significantly affected reading times immediately after the modal auxiliary, and also spilt over to the following segments. Reading times in sentences expressing speaker-oriented modality were not affected by inconsistency in the use of the modal verb unmarked for formality in a formal context. The substantive and methodological implications of findings are discussed.

From the Shadows of Meanings: The Genitive in Qur'anic Eloquence

There is no doubt that anyone who studies the Qur'anic eloquence and endeavours to explore its miraculous nature would find a lot of marginal examples of Qur'anic use. This paper, therefore, aims at exploring the examples of genitive construction in the Qur'anic eloquence which most of the syntax books limited to two meanings: to descend to; and to tend to, such as ضفت الرجل ضيافة Dhiftu-arrajala dhiyafatan (I became a guest to the man). It also means the predication of a noun to another one. However, the genitive goes beyond these two uses in Qur'anic expressions to marginal indications through eloquence, verbal contexts, reasons of suras (qur'anic chapters) revelation, generality and particularity, etc. they are the examples of (Indication of honoring a guest, the exaltation of the genitive, over statement, exaggeration and hyperbole, necessity of tenderness, necessity of variation between two things, necessity of absorption, explication and exploring things, expansion of meaning, possession of a thing, reference to gender, ambiguity and scolding.

AD HOC CATEGORIES IN THE EKPHRASTIC SPACE OF JOHN BERGER'S ESSAYS ABOUT PAINTING: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

AbstractThe study presents a cognitive linguistic analysis of the process of ad hoc category construction as a meansof ekphrasis in John Berger's essays about painters' works of art. After offering a theoretical description of an adhoc category as contrasted with a natural category, the paper proceeds with a detailed analysis of how an ad hoccategory is constructed in one of Berger's essays. It then examines the typical features of the process of ad hoccategory creation in the ekphrastic space of the essays.RésuméThe purpose of this study is to reveal the linguocognitive characteristics of the ad hoc categoriesin the ekphrastic space of Berger's essays. The methods applied in the research are conceptualsemantic and contextual interpretative analyses as well as analysis in terms of conceptual metaphors.The material of the study is Berger's essays about 20th-century painters. Ultimately, this studydetermines that ad hoc category construction in the ekphrastic space of Berger's essays is alwaysconnected with generalising ekphrasis comprising a whole body of a painter's work rather thansimple ekphrasis directed towards one picture. Also descriptive ekphrasis is important for the creationof the ad hoc categories, and interpretative ekphrasis bears a crucial role in this process. The propertythat establishes the identity of an ad hoc category is always given an explicit verbal representation.When the identifying property is used to characterise the painter whose work is the prime focusin the essay, this property is unambiguously presented in semantically rich verbal contexts larger thanone sentence, but when the ad hoc category identifying property is used to represent an artist who onlyreceives a cursory mention, this property is given very briefly. The implicit members of the ad hoccategories tend to remain implicit, thus highlighting the achievements of the painter under discussion.According to this study, there are three subtypes of the ad hoc categories in the ekphrastic spaceof Berger's essays: a completely novel one, a category that is developed through reconsiderationof a well-established category, and a category in doubt. The existence of such subtypes signifies thathuman categorisation is a flexible process with natural categories and completely novel categoriesat the extremes of a range of categorical possibilities.

Judging memory: strong verbal confidence and lineup context influence inferences about eyewitnesses

ABSTRACT Recent research demonstrated that people readily integrate contextual information when interpreting eyewitnesses’ verbal expressions of confidence. Identifications justified by memory for a facial feature that appeared not to discriminate between lineup members reduced mock jurors’ judgments of perceived eyewitness confidence, but seemingly discriminative justifications were rated similarly to statements mentioning confidence alone. This suggests that participants may assume confident witnesses already have a good basis for their identification. In Experiment 1, participants rated the extent to which various factors influenced witness confidence. In Experiment 2, participants made judgments about the presumed witnessing and retrieval conditions (e.g. amount of attention to the perpetrator) for statements that varied with respect to the degree of witness confidence, type of justification and feature discriminability of the suspect. Results suggest that people believe that confident identifications are the product of relatively favorable conditions, although these inferences are influenced by the lineup context. These beliefs have the potential to impact how jurors assess the credibility of eyewitnesses. Furthermore, our findings have implications for ways of reducing bias when jurors evaluate eyewitness identification evidence.

Dialogic functions of repair by lexical synonymy in the process of writing and rewriting of an opinion article

This article presents a study that aims to identify and analyze dialogic functions of repair by lexical synonymy in the process of writing and rewriting of an opinion article. The data were collected in the Research Laboratory entitled 'Workshop of Reading, Writing and Rewriting of Opinion Articles', an activity of the Research Group UTFPR-CNPq LAD'Humano, in 2015. The opinion articles were written by first term undergraduate students of the Letters Teacher Certification Program in Portuguese-English of the Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Brazil, Pato Branco Campus. The writing of the texts was recorded by the software AutoScreen Recorder and Inputlog. The analyses are mainly based on Bakhtin, Volosinov, and Vygotsky and show that repair by lexical synonymy has the dialogic functions of addressing the target audience of the text, of textual adjustment, of giving the desired content to discourse and of acting in the process of construction of the writer's image. As "the meaning of the word is completely determined by its context" (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV, 2014, p.109), it is the verbal and extraverbal context of a certain word choice that will contribute or not to building the meaning intended by the writer, and that is why synonymy study in the process of writing is important.

Formation of Adherent Negative Assessment of Media Neologisms

The features of the formation of an adherent negative assessment of neologism on the material of the headlines of electronic media are considered. The results of structural-semantic, contextual and pragmatic analysis of media neologisms expressing an adherent negative assessment are presented. The analysis of the main methods of forming an adherent negative assessment of neologisms under the influence of narrow (title context) and wide (context of an integral media product) verbal contexts, as well as under the influence of extra-linguistic conditions of use (communicative-pragmatic settings of the author, features of the subject of evaluation, specificity of the value system). It is concluded that the adherent negative evaluation of the neologisms is formed in the context due to the updating and intensification of the negative evaluation components of the semantics of the producing word, at the same time, due to the conditions of use, it is possible to de-intensify the estimated semantics of the structural components of the neologism, up to the neutralization of the evaluation of the neologism, as well as reversal (change of sign) of the assessment from positive to negative. Cases of the formation of adherent negative evaluation semantics in neologisms created on the basis of evaluation-neutral components are also analyzed. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying its results in journalistic practice, as well as in the practice of teaching university courses in morphemic, lexicology and special courses on the study of the language of the media, pragmalinguistics.

Słowo podstawowym narzędziem gregoriańskiej techniki kompozytorskiej w adaptacji wzorców modalnych do nowych tekstów

W artykule Autorka pyta się jak powstały melodie gregoriańskie? W jaki sposób zostały one zapisane? Czy zapis może być narzędziem do głębszego zrozumienia tekstu? Autorka wchodzi w ten sposób w tajniki gregoriańskiej techniki kompozytorskiej; polega ona przede wszystkim na wykorzystywaniu tych samych formuł albo nawet całych melodii do różnych tekstów, w czym wyraźnie widać, że kompozytor gregoriański „myślał słowem”. Każdy nowy tekst zawiera inny rytm werbalny, wynikający z natury słów, a to nadaje tej samej melodii nowy sens i nowe znaczenie w nowym kontekście słownym. Aby przekonać się o prawdziwości tego stwierdzenia i wyrafinowaniu zabiegu kompozytorskiego nie wystarczy spojrzeć tylko notację watykańską; trzeba sięgnąć do notacji adiastematycznej, która przekazuje rytm przebiegu melodycznego. Porównanie ze sobą tych samych melodii w różnych kontekstach słownych z różnym rytmem pokazuje nam, że ta sama melodia staje się dla kompozytora „pretekstem” do wyrażenia czegoś więcej. W artykule zostały przeanalizowane trzy melodie (graduały) bazujące na wzorcu modalnym piątego modusu, czyli tritusa plagalnego (Christus factus est, Exiit sermo, Ecce sacerdos magnus), Na ich przykładzie Autorka pokazuje, w jaki sposób wzorzec modalny tritusa plagalnego został zaadaptowany do nowego tekstu.

Predicate derivations in Thulung

Abstract In this article, I describe a subset of complex predicates in Thulung (Kiranti, Nepal) which I call “predicate derivations” (after Post, Mark. 2010. Predicate derivations in the Tani languages: root, suffix, both or neither? In Mark Post & Stephen Morey (eds.), North East Indian linguistics, 175–197. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India). I argue that these constructions in Thulung are built on grammaticalized elements that can be synchronically considered to be derivational. I focus on their morphology, placing it within the context of simplex verbs, and highlighting certain features – multiple exponence, allomorphy of the derivational suffixes similar to that of simplex verbs – which suggest strongly a development from serial verb constructions. I discuss their functions, which cover valence changes, as well as the marking of associated motion and aspect/Aktionsart. Complex predicates are seen as a feature of South Asian languages, but the types found in Tibeto-Burman languages appear to be quite different, morphologically, from what is found in Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages. This article therefore represents a language-specific description as a contribution to cross-linguistic research on the topic.

"Few" or "Many"? An Adaptation Level Theory Account for Flexibility in Quantifier Processing.

Quantifiers (e.g., “many,” “some,” “at least seven,” “more than half”) are words characterizing amounts or numerosities by reference to an internal threshold, or degree. For some quantifiers, this degree is not uniquely defined: It varies for external contexts (“many lions”/“many flies”) but may also be shifted within an individual (“many fries” for a hungry/full person). Previous studies showed that manipulation of the degree for one quantifier can impact that of other quantifiers. In this study, we tested whether such changes can occur by mere habituation, as formalized in the Adaptation Level Theory by Helson (1948) for sensory stimuli such as brightness or weight. To this end, participants read a quantifier statement and then judged whether a visual display with varying amounts (20–80%) of blue and yellow circles matched that statement. In Block 1, we identified which proportion of circles of a given color was judged by participants as “many” or “few.” In Block 2, we modified the presentation of stimuli such that (1) only the quantifier “many” was used and (2) only low proportions of circles of a given color were presented, thus changing the base rate at which proportions were encountered together with “many.” The hypothesis was that the internal degree of what is interpreted as “many” would be shifted downward and that this shift would also affect judgments of “few.” Block 3 was identical to Block 1, serving as a test for the expected effect on the degree/threshold for/across all proportions. The findings were as expected: The probability of accepting 40% as “many” was increased during Block 2, indicating adaptation. Likewise, the probability function for “few” was shifted in a parallel fashion around the proportion 40%. These findings complemented earlier studies demonstrating intra-individual flexibility in quantifier processing. They show that this flexibility can even be observed in the absence of explicitly stated verbal contexts or reinforcements, in line with the Adaptation Level Theory formulated originally for magnitudes, i.e., non-linguistic representations of quantities.

Diagrammatics and the Visualization of Legal Data in Proactive Legal Design

The visualization movement in Proactive Law seeks to transform legal communications to improve access to law for disadvantaged, illiterate, and less-than-fully literate persons, and to improve the understanding of legal relationships and agreements for all persons through illustration, simplification, engagement, and inclusiveness in the text and visual components of the communication. Guided by principles of visual legal rhetoric and visual literacy and with the goal of transparency, Proactive Law and Legal Design seeks to build knowledge and understanding in all audiences of legal communications. The goal with regard to contractual relationships and agreements is to better carry out the present will and intentions of the parties and to anticipate their future needs through legal instruments that secure a clearer understanding of terms of the relationship. This article focuses on one mode of visual legal communication: diagrammatics and the visualization of legal data. By legal data, I mean facts, processes, procedures, timelines and time periods, statistics, mathematical calculations, accounting, formulas, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of research, interviews, polls, surveys, and other scientific information. The lens will be applied to evaluate and critique five aspects of proactive visual legal instruments: • Immediate Visual Context, • Immediate Verbal Context, • Visual Cultural Context, • Mise en Scene and Arrangement, and • Visual Rhetoric, Ethics and Professionalism My primary motivation for the visual legal rhetoric scholarship I have researched and published is to inform and educate lawyers, judges, law students, and law professors about the need to become more visually literate in this contemporary visual, digital world of law practice, and then further to explain and demonstrate that visual literacy requires not only the ability to read and comprehend visual works, but also the skill to design works and critically analyze the meaning and implications of works offered by others. That is why in my works I use the same steps of analysis I have developed to examine not only the visual elements of works (visual context and mise en scene design) but also the verbal context of multimodal works (text plus visuals), and the visual cultural context (the ability of works to be understood across language and cultural barriers).

Cartoon Contracts and the Proactive Visualization of Law

The goal of this Article is to apply the lens of visual legal rhetoric and visual literacy to the current visualization movement in Proactive Law and Legal Design in their efforts to promote visual, non-verbal communication in contracts through cartoon, comic book, and highly pictorial legal instruments. The lens will be applied to evaluate and critique five aspects of proactive visual legal instruments: • Immediate Visual Context, • Immediate Verbal Context, • Visual Cultural Context, • Mise en Scene and Arrangement, and • Visual Rhetoric, Ethics and Professionalism This Article will analyze whether highly visual contracts and legal instruments fulfill the potential for greater access to and understanding of contract terms particularly with regard to audiences whose language skills and cultural experience might make the comprehension and acceptance of purely verbal contracts more difficult. Although legal communication in general and contracts in particular have been dominated by text for centuries, the contemporary study of visual communication in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, data visualization and rhetorical topics of arrangement, and contemporary visual legal rhetoric demands attention to the proactive approach to law and its call for increased visualization in legal communication. When visuals can overcome barriers in communication that words alone cannot, contracts and other legal instruments can be made more universal in their application, interpretation, performance, and enforcement.

A New Methodology for the Analysis of Visuals in Legal Works

To be published at 15 Florida Int'l Univ. Law Review (2021) The goal of this Article is to introduce a comprehensive methodology for analysis of visuals used for communication in legal works, by which I mean transactional and litigation documents, legal instruments, primary and secondary sources of law, and legal informational materials. To date, the scholarship on visuals in legal communications has been heavily descriptive, with some forays into the ethical and practical considerations of the use of “visualized” legal works. No one has yet devised a comprehensive analytical methodology that draws upon the disciplines of visual literacy, visual cultural studies, visual rhetoric, and mise en scene analysis to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of actual examples of highly visual legal documents and critique their efficacy and propriety in a variety of legal settings. This Article will fill that gap in the literature. The new methodology evaluates the following aspects of visual legal works: • Immediate Visual Context o Analysis of Meaning o Taxonomy of Purpose and Function • Immediate Verbal Context • Visual Cultural Context • Mise en Scene and the Rhetorical Topic of Arrangement • Visual Rhetoric and the Ethical and Professional Propriety of the Work. Lawyers, judges, and law students typically do not receive training in visual literacy regarding the reading and interpretation of visual images, and much less so in the design principles required to create the most effective visuals for legal communications and legal instruments, such as contracts. This condition persists in spite of the fact that visual images can communicate across language and cultural barriers, taking advantage of the enormous speed and power of visual communication. In equal measure, knowledge and understanding of these principles will enable lawyers to design and use effective visuals, and to challenge or respond to the visual legal communications proffered by their opponents in litigation or negotiation, or their counterparts in a transaction. My intent in this Article and the methodology it presents is to examine visual elements as visuals, not as a translation or alternative form of verbal communication. The approach of trying to translate visual works into verbal arguments or verbal elements of legal reasoning limits the scope and the effectiveness of the visual works, because communication through visuals employs a separate visual language, and not in a literal or verbal sense. The methodology proposed in this Article is a set of tools that can help verbally-oriented law-trained writers to become better readers, evaluators, and creators of visual communications in the law.

Formation of functional-role communication clusters based on morphological features of the verbal context

This work combines two approaches to the definition of the author’s style: statistical and linguistic (method of morphological analysis). The average data of the authors obtained on the basis of statisticalmorphological analysis are taken as an indications vector. The article shows that this technique allows to recognize the author’s style of the work with sufficient accuracy, on an average about 88 percent. It is shown that the closest measure of proximity to this technique is the Euclid distance. The prospects for the development of this approach areoutlined.

Contextuality in the Russian language

The modern scientific paradigm of linguistics that replaced comparative historical and linguistic-centric paradigm is focused on the relationship between language and reality which is inherently asymmetric in nature. In this situation, the problem of an accurate and complete mutual understanding of the participants of communication becomes more and more urgent. This problem considered in the framework of cultural studies suggests the division of cultures into high context cultures, i.e. those where the behavior of communication participants does not directly express their goals and intentions, and low context cultures, implying direct and frank manifestations of those intentions. The author applies the idea of high and low contextuality to the Russian language, setting the task of identifying those typical manifestations of Russian discourse in which the linguistic signs show a high dependence on the situational and verbal context, and in this way, by virtue of the language structure, cause difficulties for mutual understanding. From this point of view, the study investigates the polysemy of Russian words and grammatical forms, as well as the conditions in which their unambiguous understanding is or is not achieved. It emphasizes the insufficiency of merely stating the possibility of several solutions and the need for algorithms that provide the only (or not the only) correct solution. The author sees another obstacle for successful communication in hyperonyms that do not have a distinct hyponymic content for each participant of communication. The third obstacle is the omission of the verbal designation of modifying and / or substantial characteristics of reality. The article emphasizes that those who speak Russian, in principle possessing the resources necessary for overcoming these difficulties, seek to use them effectively only in certain specialized areas (science, sports, trade) and do not care about the maximum adequacy of language units and reality in everyday and political discourse. In conclusion, the article describes how to take into account the noted features of the Russian language when consciously learning Russian as a native language, as well as when teaching it as a foreign language.

القرینة اللفظیة المساعدة على معرفة الحکم النحوی ودرجته دراسة ترکیبیة

الملخص اللفظية المساعدة على معرفة الحکم النحوي ودرجته دراسة تدور فکرة البحث حول القرينة اللفظية المساعدة على معرفة الحکم النحوي ودرجته – دراسة ترکيبية وتتبع هذه في أبواب النحو ومسائله، للوصول إلى جواب عن الأسئلة الآتية: - في أي أبواب النحو وجدت هذه القرينة؟ - في أي مسائل هذه الأبواب وجدت هذه القرينة؟ - کم کانت النسبة بين ارتباط معرفة الحکم بالقرينة وارتباط معرفة درجة الحکم بها؟ - ما أکثر القرائن اللفظية التي رصدها المقعد لتساعد الدارس على معرفة الحکم النحوي درجته، وفي أي المسائل وجدت هذه القرائن؟ - ما الفکرة – أو الأفکار – النحوية التي قد تکون وراء ربط معرفة حکم نحوي معين أو درجته بقرينة لفظية معينة؟ والدراسة ترکيبية، تعتمد المنهج الوصفي، حيث تورد نصوص النحاة في کل مسألة کما هي في کتبهم، ثم تقوم بتحليلها والتعليق عليها، وتخرج منها بملاحظات ونتائج. وقد رتب البحث مسائله وفق ترتيب ألفية ابن مالک لأبواب النحو وترتيبه المسائل داخل کل باب. الکلمات المفتاحية: اللفظية - رصد – ربط - المقعد – الدارس– درجة الحکم – تضافر القرائن - تعدد المعنى الوظيفي. دکتور / حسين رفعت حسين عواد أستاذ النحو والصرف والعروض المساعد جامعة الملک خالد ـ المملکة العربية السعودية Email : hosenawad@kku.edu.sa Summary Verbal Context Helping to Know Grammar Governance and its Syntactic Study The idea of the research revolves around the context helping to know the grammatical rule and its degree - a synthetic and follows this chapter in the sections of grammar and questions, to reach an answer to the following questions: - In which doors as found this presumption? - In what matters these doors found this presumption? - How was the ratio between the knowledge of the rule and the relationship of knowledge of the degree of governance? - What are the most verbal clues that the seat monitored to help the student to know the grammatical judgment degree, and in what matters found these clues? - What idea - or ideas - grammatical that may be behind linking the knowledge of a particular grammatical rule or degree to a certain verbal presumption? The study is synthetic, adopts the descriptive method, where the texts of grammarians in each issue as they are in their books, and then analyzed and commented on, and come out with observations and results. The research arranged its issues according to the order of the millennium Ibn Malik for the sections of the grammar and arranged issues within each section. Keywords: verbal context - monitoring - linking - the seat - the student - the degree of governance - the synergy of clues - the multiplicity of functional meaning . Dr. Hussein Refaat Hussein Awwad Professor of grammar, morphology and assistant presentations King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia Email: hosenawad@kku.edu.sa

Processing of Action and Sound Verbs in Context: An FMRI Study.

Recent theories propose a flexible recruitment of sensory and motor brain regions during conceptual processing depending on context and task. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the influence of context and task on conceptual processing of action and sound verbs. Participants first performed an explicit semantic context decision task, in which action and sound verbs were presented together with a context noun. The same verbs were repeatedly presented in a subsequent implicit lexical decision task together with new action and sound verbs. Thereafter, motor and acoustic localizer tasks were administered to identify brain regions involved in perception and action. During the explicit task, we found differential activations to action and sound verbs near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. During the implicit lexical decision task, differences between action and sound verbs were absent. However, feature-specific repetition effects were observed near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. The present results suggest flexible conceptual representations depending on context and task. Feature-specific effects were observed only near, but not within corresponding sensorimotor brain regions, as defined by the localizer tasks. Our results therefore only provide limited evidence in favor of grounded cognition theories assuming a close link between the conceptual and the sensorimotor systems.

Towards Evaluation in Scientific Reviews (Based on German Linguistics)

The present paper considers evaluative aspect of a German linguistic review as a certain type of expert text. Expert evaluation is regarded in the context of its role in collective intersubjective process of verification and critical review of knowledge aimed at implementing it in the scientific scope of the subject. Special focus is put on regulatory character of expert evaluation. When exercising evaluation, reviewers as representatives of the scientific expert community united by its aims and tasks, rely on collectively elaborated and shared criteria of scientific rationality. The article also identifies the key role of institutional, sociocultural and internal verbal context when revealing means of expression of evaluative meanings and axiological contrast of evaluation in the text structure. Major ways of implicit display of evaluation are categorized in the concept of cognitive strategy; typical strategies are illustrated by examples of their context realization. Methods involved in the study (structural and propositional text segmentation, component analysis of lexical units, contextual and linguo-epistemic analysis) being the elements of complex methodology allowed to produce general evaluative profile of scientific reviews in German linguistics