Verbal Categories Research Articles

The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises applied during pregnancy on genito-pelvic pain level in postpartum period.

The goal of the study is to determine the effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises on genito-pelvic pain levels during the postpartum period. The data of the study, which was carried out in a randomized controlled experimental design, were collected in the antenatal policlinic of a public hospital from June-December 2019. There were 60 pregnant women in the experimental and control groups. Pelvic floor muscle exercises were applied to the pregnant women in the experimental group from the 30th week of gestation to the 6th week postpartum. The control group was not given pelvic floor muscle exercise training, and only data collection forms were filled in. During the study, the Descriptive Form, Verbal Category Scale, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20, and Labour and Postpartum Information Form were given to the pregnant women in both groups. After pregnant women in the experimental group performed pelvic floor muscle exercises, pain levels were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.01). Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 total score and sub-dimension scores of the experimental group were statistically significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.01). In addition, a statistically significant difference was found (p < 0.01) in the postpartum 72 h findings of the experimental group in which pelvic floor muscle exercises were applied compared to the control group. According to the result of the study, as the gestational weeks progress, the genito-pelvic pain increases. Pelvic floor muscle exercises applied during pregnancy prevent the development and progression of pelvic floor disorders in both the antenatal and postnatal periods. NCT05343520.

‘아/어 동사 연결 구성’에 대한 분석

This paper aims to examine that a structure of ‘V1-a V2’ is separated by focus particles. The categories of verb linking constructions which combine focus particles are the same in terms of the morphological identity, but not the syntactic-semantical identity. In addition, it violates the Lexical Island Constraint and causes a contradiction between form and meaning when focus particles are combined with compound verbs. It seems to be induced by the specificity of each category of the ‘V1-a V2’ and the application of variable semantic domains of focus particles. Therefore, this paper argues the phenomenon mentioned above based on Copy Theory. As a result, the higher copy of the focus particles is not realized in the PF layer due to phonological restrictions while the copies of the focus particles are realized differently depending on the discourse semantic situation in the LF layer.

Mental Verbs as a Semantic Verb Category

Bir dilin söz varlığının önemli bir kısmını oluşturan ve evrensel sözlük kategorilerinden biri olan fiiller; biçim bilgisel, söz dizimsel ve anlam bilimsel özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılabilir. Modern dil bilimi çalışmalarında fiiller, cümlenin temel unsurudur ve cümlede yönetici konumundadır. Dolayısıyla fiil sınıfları da fiillerin ilişkili oldukları üyeler ve bu üyelerin semantik rolleri ile tanımlanır. Mental fiiller de bu çalışmaların bir kısmında bir fiil kategorisi olarak yer alır ve söz dizimsel davranışları ile betimlenir. Türkiye’de yapılan mental fiil çalışmalarında ise genellikle mental fiillerin mental süreçler temelinde kendi içerisinde sınıflandırılması üzerinde durulur ve alt süreç türlerine ait fiil listeleri verilir. Ancak böyle bir yaklaşım, Türkçe mental fiil sınıfının anlam bilimsel özelliklerini tüm yönleriyle açıklamak için yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Türkiye’de ve dünyada yapılan dil bilimi çalışmalarında mental fiil kategorisi ile ilgili oluşturulan kavramsal çerçeve değerlendirilmiş ve ardından istem kuramı kısaca açıklanarak durum dil bilgisi ışığında Türkçe mental fiil tamlayıcılarının semantik rolleri belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte Türkçe mental filllerin semantik katılanları ile incelendiğinde kurabileceği anlam bilimsel yapılara dikkat çekilmiştir. Mental fiil kategorisinin anlam bilimsel özelliklerinin mental fiillerin disiplinler arası bir konu olması sebebiyle hem bilişsel psikolojinin zihinsel süreçlerle ilgili sunduğu veriler hem de dil bilimsel yaklaşımlardan hareketle ele alınması gerekir. Çalışmada Türkiye’deki araştırmalarda sunulan mental fiil listeleri bu bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece Türkçenin gerek tarihî lehçeleri gerekse çağdaş lehçeleri ile ilgili yapılacak mental fiil çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.

A randomized, open-label pilot trial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on neuropsychological functions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

BackgroundThere is enough empirical literature suggesting impairments in neuropsychological functioning in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) despite inconsistencies. AimThe aim of the index study was to study the effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) on neuropsychological functions and illness severity in drug-naïve subjects with OCD. MethodsA total of 50 subjects with diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM-5) in the age range of 18–55 years, drug naïve, without comorbid depression/anxiety disorders were randomized to receive either Sertraline or Fluvoxamine. Neuropsychological functions and severity of illness were evaluated using NIMHANS neuropsychological battery and Y-BOCS at baseline and 12 weeks posttreatment with SSRIs. ResultsAt baseline, study subjects had moderate severity of OCD and neuropsychological functions were impaired in a substantial number of subjects. More than half of the subjects were having impairment in verbal fluency and category fluency i.e., executive function impairment; the scores for DSST, DVT (assessing mental speed and sustained attention), Verbal N Back 1 error (assessing verbal working memory) WCST total trials (assessing set shifting) were found to be significantly correlated with Y-BOCS score i.e. severity of illness. Significant improvement was observed in both the illness severity and neuropsychological functions at end point. The proportion of adequate performers on various neuropsychological tests increased significantly at 12 weeks. ConclusionA substantial number of patients with OCD have neuropsychological impairments, however, the pattern of impairments does not follow any sequence. Adequate management of OCD with SSRIs leads to improvement in both illness severity and neuropsychological functions in the short term.

The effect of the verb on pronominal expression: A reanalysis

The verb is a known constraint on subject pronoun expression that has been explored using several different predictor/factor configurations. This paper expands on recent investigations of how verbs condition this phenomenom by analyzing 17,500 tokens from five locales: Barranquilla, Cali, Medellín, New York, and Xalapa. We hypothesized that verb groups do not constitute natural functional subject pronoun constraining categories. We analyze the effect of the verb with multivariate regressions testing – as random effects factors – verbs and pronominal subject+verb collocations. Results uncover – within each corpus – significant opposite tendencies between (a) verbs in the same category and (b) finite forms of a single verb. Findings support our hypothesis revealing that pronominal subject+verb collocations provide a more definitive account of how verbs condition subject pronoun expression. Findings also suggest that pragmatic/cognitive dynamics govern verb effects and provide mounting evidence that despite four decades of research, we have not found the real effects of the verb on subject pronoun expression. This research expands our analytical scope and improves the accountability of findings on this phenomenon by offering new perspectives on the lexical effect of the verb.

Expression of voice relation in the languages of different structure: is there a category of voice in Hungarian?

Introduction. This article is a development of an earlier study on the grammatical categories of the verb in Hungarian in comparison with Russian. The subject of study in this work is the grammatical category of voice, one of the most common verbal categories, typical for Russian verbs and absent in the Hungarian language, as well as the ways of its transmission when translated into Hungarian. The purpose of this work is to analyze the grammatical forms of the Hungarian and Russian verbs expressing voice relations and to establish the corresponding equivalents of the category of voice in Russian in the Hungarian language. Materials and Methods. The research material is verbal vocabulary selected from lexicographic works (dictionaries of the Hungarian and Russian languages), linguistic and journalistic sources, grammars of the Hungarian language. The article considers both the written form of the modern Hungarian language and examples from live colloquial speech. The methodological framework of this study is based on researches on general linguistics, the theory of morphology, contributing to the formulation of the problem, determining the degree of its development in the research literature, as well as familiarizing with the conceptual approaches to the voice as an ambiguously interpreted grammatical category of the verb. The methods used in the study are comparative-typological, synchronous-descriptive and functional-semantic methods. Results and Discussion. In the course of study it revealed how inflectional and derivational means helping to express the grammatical semantics of the category of voice in Russian can adequately convey the categorical meaning in the Hungarian language, in which the category of voice is absent. The comparative study of two languages helps to identify the features inherent in each of them, which generally contributes to solving the problems associated with the practice of their teaching. The results of the work based on the data of the ongoing research may be useful in the analysis of other grammatical categories on the material of various languages. Conclusion. Despite the fact that verbs in the Hungarian language do not have a passive voice, the means and forms of its expression are represented in it by a developed and diverse system. The study allows making a step forward in understanding the typological specifics of the voice category and make a certain contribution to the general theory of this phenomenon, since it was the first study of the verb forms of two heterogeneous, genetically unrelated languages based on a comparative analysis in grammatical, semantic and functional aspects.

Measures of music teacher expertise in three early career levels in America

The purpose of this study was to observe the teaching of five early career music teachers in three early career levels (preservice, student teaching, and novice teaching) to determine if teaching expertise changes over time. A secondary purpose was to find if any specific teacher behaviors associated with effectiveness were more prominent when teaching their peers in pre-service, another educator’s students in student teaching, and their own students in novice teaching. Data consisted of rehearsal frames and instructional targets identified from teaching video transcriptions along with summative evaluations of the videos by expert teachers. Corroborative findings indicated a lack of specificity across all levels which improved somewhat during student teaching and novice teaching. Directives were the most frequently observed teacher verbal category and information and demonstrations were the highest ranked items across all levels in the summative evaluation. However, instructional directive scores were inconsistent. Teacher modeling doubled during novice teaching. Many of the evaluators commented on the overuse of rote teaching, concurrent performance model, and lack of competency-based education techniques. Implications for higher education training including self awareness and accountability are discussed.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF COMPOUND VERBS IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Objects, phenomena, their adjectives, and movements – all are reflected in language. One of the systems formed in language in marking the linguistic image of the world is word formation. The article analyzes the theoretical concepts of verb word formation in the Kazakh language, the formation of action lexical units, including the lexical-semantic nature and grammatical features of compound verbs formed by auxiliary verbs. The word-formation persons involved in the formation of compound verbs, which are the result of the analytical method of word-formation – nouns and imitation words in the leading position and auxiliary verbs that perform the word-formation function are analyzed structurally and semantically. In addition, the characteristics of semantic integrity, morphological integrity and syntactic integrity, which are characteristic of compound verbs, are supported by examples of specific linguistic data. The peculiarities of the compound verbs are determined by comparing them with similar linguistic phenomena, in particular, compound verbs, analytical forms of verbs, idiomatic verbs and complex grammatical forms formed by the combination of auxiliary verbs edi. There is also a paradigm of transformation with the indicators of its verb categories, which show the morphological integrity of the compound verbs, in particular, with the indicators of the categories of mood, mood, tense, positive-negative, the nautre of the movement.

Review and data mining of linguistic studies of English modal verbs

AbstractModal verbs express modality, and modality is concerned with the status of the proposition that describes an event, it also expresses the opinion and attitude of a speaker toward the proposition of an utterance. Since modalities are directly related to the objective world, subjective world, and language use, they have been a hot topic of philosophers, logicians and linguists. Philosophers concern with the relations between the objective world and the true/false values of the modality; logicians are interested in the relations among the possibility, necessity and the objective world; and linguists pay attention to the modality category, sense category, function, recognition, and application of modal verbs. In recent years, the linguistic studies of modal verbs have extended from general linguistic studies to computational linguistic studies. Since modal verbs are a complex semantic system and they are often indeterminate in senses, they have been a tough issue in linguistic studies and have attracted great attention. To clarify the status of the previous linguistic studies of modal verbs and reveal the characteristics of the studies will be of great significance for the further study. Therefore, this article will focus on the review of the previous linguistic studies of English modal verbs and the data mining of the characteristics of the previous studies, and based on the summary of the previous studies, give suggestions for the further study of the English modal verbs.This article is categorized under: Algorithmic Development &gt; Text Mining Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge &gt; Big Data Mining Technologies &gt; Structure Discovery and Clustering

Qualitative assessment of community response to annoyance due to traffic noise in Ahmedabad city

For formulating and implementing noise policies, it becomes necessary to assess resident's responses and reactions to community noise. For valid comparison of socio acoustic survey results, a harmonized questionnaire has been designed and developed in accordance with guidelines of International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) for Ahmedabad city in the Gujarat state of India. The survey was performed through online platforms and through personal interviews. Total 396 responses were analysed for estimating resident's exposure and annoyance to traffic noise. The result of study showed that the percentage of highly annoyed people at home was less than moderately annoyed respondents. Lower responses were observed for highly annoyed as well as for moderately annoyed in the numeric scale compared to the verbal scale for given exposure category. However, the results showed that 55.1 % people are highly annoyed when they are commuting.

Teaching the Georgian objects in a High School

Teaching the Georgian object&nbsp;&nbsp; in a high school is connected with some difficulties. The main reason of the difficulty is the fact that students have no knowledge about the morphological categories of Georgian verb. The programs and school volumes are very poor.Our aim is to avoid these mistakes and look for effective methods of teaching.

Comparative analysis of epistemic modal verbs in the three sub-corpora of humanities &amp; social sciences

In this study, the use of epistemic modality in the category of modal verbs was comparatively examined in the abstract and introduction sections of journal articles written in the discipline of Humanities &amp;amp; Social Sciences. For this purpose, the Corpus of Journal Articles (CJA) 2014, which is a collection of 760 articles from high-impact journals in 38 disciplines, was used. The Humanities &amp;amp; Social Sciences, within this Corpus, consists of 23 sub-disciplines. The articles written in the discipline of Humanities &amp;amp; Social Sciences have further been divided into three sub-corpora: Research articles, Review articles and Theoretical articles. The CJA 2014 corpus consists of 6,015,063 words in total. This study investigated in quantitative terms the frequency analysis of the modal verbs “could, may, might, should, will, would, couldn’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t” for the above-stated three sub-corpora in the Humanities &amp;amp; Social Sciences discipline. Log-likelihood tests were performed to determine any significant differences among the three sub-corpora. Findings of the study indicated that the most frequently used modal verbs in both the abstract and introduction sections of the Research Articles sub-corpus are “may, will, should, could”; while the most frequently used modal verbs in the Theoretical sub-corpus are “would, will, may, should”. Lastly, the most frequently used modal verbs in the Review Articles sub-corpus are “may, will, should”. Qualitative examples from the corpora were also provided in the manuscript. This study is expected to have important implications for academic writing in English for different research disciplines and different types of articles.

Neurocognitive functions of prosocial and unsocial incongruency information during language comprehension: evidence from time-frequency analysis of EEG signals.

This study examined neurocognitive mechanisms of prosocial and antisocial congruency in English sentences by conducting an electroencephalography experiment. Participants performed a judgment task whether prosocial and unsocial/antisocial nominal words were congruent or incongruent with the upcoming prosocial and antisocial verbal category of words in sentences (e.g., he established a friendship with others because he wanted to terrorize people). We found that the antisocial sentences were processed in the early P1, whereas prosocial sentences were processed in late P3. The negative deflection of N400 was higher for incongruent than congruent trials in the temporal regions of the brain. Further, the early suppression of antisocial sentences increased the brain oscillation of delta, theta, and beta-band activities in the temporal and frontal regions of the brain. The power spectrum density (PSD) of theta-band frequency was higher for incongruent than congruent trials in the parietal regions of the brain. These results suggest that the antisocial content of language is recognized very rapidly, and the time-course of processing underlies the congruent and incongruent sentences between prosocial and unsocial words in sentences. The current investigation contributes to the recognition of neural signatures of prosocial language that plays a significant role in developing the survival strategies, interpersonal communications, and wellbeing of humans.

Validation of the 0-10 verbal numeric scale for assessment of pruritus severity in dogs.

The pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) is currently the only validated tool for assessing canine pruritus. A verbal numeric scale (VNS) offers an alternative if clients are not present or able to complete the pVAS. To validate the 0-10 VNS and evaluate its interchangeability with the pVAS. 251 dogs were included in the study. Dog owners were asked to assess their pet's pruritus level using the pVAS, the 0-10 VNS and the verbal rating categories (mild, moderate, severe) in one or two subsequent visits. To be valid, VNS must satisfy the following: correlate with pVAS (criterion validity); indicate reduction in itch score after an antipruritic intervention (construct validity); and have scores related to the verbal rating categories that are significantly different (content validity). VNS and pVAS interchangeability and the percentage of clients that preferred the VNS and pVAS also were evaluated. The VNS and pVAS correlation for visits 1 and 2 was good (rICC = 0.9) and excellent (rICC = 0.94). The VNS scores were significantly decreased after antipruritic interventions (P < 0.001). The VNS scores associated with the verbal rating scale categories (mild, moderate and severe) were significantly different (P < 0.001). The 95% limits of agreement for the pVAS and VAS were outside the limit of acceptability of ±2 (-2.0, 2.57). Most clients (69%) preferred the pVAS to the VNS. The VNS is a valid scale to evaluate canine pruritus; however, the VNS and pVAS are not interchangeable.

THE DYNAMICS OF ASPECTS OF VERBS IN THE LITERARY TEXT: FUNCTIONAL AND STYLISTIC ASPECT (BASED ON THE LITERARY PROSE OF P. ZAHREBELNYI)

Abstract&#x0D; Background. One of the most important problems of modern Ukrainian linguistic studies is the comprehensive study of the language as a dynamic system, which has recently been noticeably «updated» at all levels. Under the influence of a number of social factors the lexical-semantic and derivational systems change most noticeably, the dynamics of other linguistic systems, morphological system in particular. In various socio-communicative fields, the functioning of many variabilities of grammatical forms of verbs that show the category of aspect of the verb is observed. New tendencies in the formation of perfectives and imperfectives in this regard are the most significant, they are most active in informational and publicistic, scientific, literary discourses.&#x0D; The purpose of the article is to identify and prove specific features of perfectivations / imperfectivation of aspectual pairs of verbs in the language of prose of P. Zahrebelnyi The main tasks of the article: to describe the writer's perfectives and imperfectives as stylisthemes that in the literary discourse of the prose writer represent the category of occasionality; specify the methods of their derivation; identify the main functions of stylisthemes in the author's novel. &#x0D; Methods. In this publication were used general scientific methods such as observation, analysis, synthesis and comparison; within linguistic methods, there is the descriptive method which is used for interpretation of perfectivation / imperfectivation in the literary discourse of P. Zagrebelny; method of integrative analysis is the basis of the overall study of the set of stylistic matters that represent the grammatical category of aspect in the writer’s language; method of linguistic analysis allows to determine stylistic functions of author’s individual perfectives and imperfectives in the vertical context of analyzed novels. &#x0D; Results. In the morphological system of the modern Ukrainian literary language, not all verbs form aspectual pairs. One-aspect (non-biaspectual) verbs form quite a steady subsystem within the verbal system of the Ukrainian language. However, within grammatical verb categories span different points of tense, aspect, state, the person of a verb, functioning of active and passive particles became visibly active from the end of the 80s – beginning of the 90s of XX century. At the beginning of the 20s of the XXI century we can see consequences of tendencies that not only show the dynamic nature of the verbal system but also the dynamic consistency of grammatical norms.&#x0D; In the language of P. Zagrebelny's fiction, potential verbs, identifying the category of occasionality, reflect modern tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian language and can strengthen the potential of the literary standard. In the works of the author, written in the 60’s – the early ‘80s of last century, grammatical forms are found, which represent the perfection of verbs of imperfect form and the imperfection of verbs of perfect form, which in modern Ukrainian became more active only in the late 80’s – early ‘90s of the twentieth century. A specific feature of the writer’s linguistic style is the active production of aspectual pairs, which in the vertical context of his language creative work acts as a stylistheme. The whole set of individual author's perfectives and imperfectives is a consequence of an unusual (previously untraceable) combination of usual morphemes.&#x0D; Discussion. Numerous potential verb forms that mark the literary discourse of P. Zahrebelnyi demonstrate the author's linguistic sense to choose the ways of development of the Ukrainian language, the knowledge of tendencies of activation of its grammatical phenomena during the last few decades in particular. From the '60s of the twentieth century, the writer actualized numerous forms within verb grammatical categories, in particular the verb category of the form, which mostly corresponds to the modern linguistic and literary standard, significantly diversified the language of fiction with stylisthemes that are potentially close to commonly used linguistic units. We see prospects for further research of this topical problem in a comprehensive study of individual author's formation within the verb categories of state and personality / impersonality, which also reflect the dynamics of the stylistic norm of the modern Ukrainian literary language, represented in literary discourse.&#x0D; Keywords: grammatical category of aspect, perfective, imperfective, stylistic norm, literary discourse.

The effects of conventional, warm and cold acupressure on the pain perceptions and beta-endorphin plasma levels of primiparous women in labor: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study was performed to determine the impact of different acupressure procedures, performed on women's hands during labor, on β-endorphin plasma levels and labor pain perception. DesignRandomized controlled experimental trial Setting and ParticipantsThis study was conducted with 140 pregnant women in the delivery rooms of a university research and training hospital and a state hospital in a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. MethodsThis study was conducted with three experimental groups (who had conventional, warm and cold acupressure on their LI4 acupressure point) and one control group (no acupressure). Each group included 35 pregnant women. The data were collected using a personal information form, the Labor Intervention Follow-up Form, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Verbal Category Scale (VCS). Its main outcomes were the women's labor pain perceptions and β-endorphin plasma levels. ResultsThe experimental and control groups had homogeneous introductory characteristics. The experimental groups had significantly higher mean VAS and VCS posttest scores than the control group (p<0.001). The experimental groups’ mean posttest β-endorphin plasma levels were also significantly higher (p<0.05). ConclusionIn this study, conventional, warm and cold acupressure reduced the women's labor pain and increased their β-endorphin plasma levels. Midwives can use acupressure to reduce labor pain.

Association of the Gut Microbiota With Cognitive Function in Midlife

Animal experiments and small clinical studies support a role for the gut microbiota in cognitive functioning. Few studies have investigated gut microbiota and cognition in large community samples. To examine associations of gut microbial composition with measures of cognition in an established population-based study of middle-aged adults. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the prospective Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort in 4 US metropolitan centers between 2015 and 2016. Data were analyzed in 2019 and 2020. Stool DNA were sequenced, and the following gut microbial measures were gathered: (1) β-diversity (between-person) derived with multivariate principal coordinates analysis; (2) α-diversity (within-person), defined as richness (genera count) and the Shannon index (integrative measure of genera richness and evenness); and (3) taxonomy (107 genera, after filtering). Cognitive status was assessed using 6 clinic-administered cognitive tests: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop, category fluency, and letter fluency. A global score measure derived using principal components analysis was also assessed; the first principal component explained 56% of variability. Microbiome data were available on 597 CARDIA participants; mean (SD) age was 55.2 (3.5) years, 268 participants (44.7%) were men, and 270 (45.2%) were Black. In multivariable-adjusted principal coordinates analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests for β-diversity were statistically significant for all cognition measures (principal component analysis, P = .001; MoCA, P = .001; DSST, P = .001; RAVLT, P = .001; Stroop, P = .007; category fluency, P = .001) with the exception of letter fluency (P = .07). After adjusting for sociodemographic variables (age, race, sex, education), health behaviors (physical activity, diet, smoking, medication use), and clinical covariates (body mass index, diabetes, hypertension), Barnesiella was positively associated with the first principal component (β, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.08-0.24), DSST (β, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.35-2.00), and category fluency (β, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.31-0.87); Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group was positively associated with DSST (β, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.10-4.23), and Sutterella was negatively associated with MoCA (β, -0.27; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.11). In this cross-sectional study, microbial community composition, based on β-diversity, was associated with all cognitive measures in multivariable-adjusted analysis. These data contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that the gut microbiota may be associated with cognitive aging, but must be replicated in larger samples and further researched to identify relevant pathways.

AL-HUQUL AD-DALALIYAH WA MUKAWWINAH AL-MA’NA LI FI’LI “THAHHARA” FI AL-QUR’AN

The field of meaning and components is one of the bases for understanding the meaning of a language. And this theory helps researchers uncover the meaning of the verb 'to purify' in Arabic. The verb 'to purify' was chosen because it has an essential meaning for Muslims. Even the Qur'an uses various lexemes for this verb by looking at its context, subject, and function because different lexemes carry different meanings and legal implications. Therefore, this study aims to describe the meaning field, analyze the meaning component, and explain the verbum component of the verb 'to purify' in Arabic. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected from the Qur'an, with selective reading and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model by Miles and Huberman, namely by collecting data from sources and sorting it then selecting it to produce findings of four purifying verbs, namely طَهَّرَ، قَدَّسَ، زَكَّى،, and سَبَّحَ. The following components of meaning are determined through the type of subject, object, characteristics of the object, and how it works and concluded that the verb 'to purify' is included in the category of state verb and process verb. The field of meaning and components is one of the bases for understanding the meaning of a language. And this theory helps researchers uncover the meaning of the verb 'to purify' in Arabic. The verb 'to purify' was chosen because it has an essential meaning for Muslims. Even the Qur'an uses various lexemes for this verb by looking at its context, subject, and function because different lexemes carry different meanings and legal implications. Therefore, this study aims to describe the meaning field, analyze the meaning component, and explain the verbum component of the verb 'to purify' in Arabic. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected from the Qur'an, with selective reading and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model by Miles and Huberman, namely by collecting data from sources and sorting it then selecting it to produce findings of four purifying verbs, namely طَهَّرَ، قَدَّسَ، زَكَّى،, and سَبَّحَ. The following components of meaning are determined through the type of subject, object, characteristics of the object, and how it works and concluded that the verb 'to purify' is included in the category of state verb and process verb.

Information structure effects on the processing of nouns and verbs: evidence from event-related brain potentials

AbstractElectroencephalographic (EEG) signals can reveal the cost required to deal with information structure mismatches in speech or in text contexts. The present study investigates the costs related to the processing of different associations between the syntactic categories of Noun and Verb and the information categories of Topic and Focus. It is hypothesized that – due to the very nature (respectively, predicative and non-predicative) of verbal and nominal reference – sentences with Topics realized by verbs, and Focuses realized by nouns, should impose greater processing demands, compared to the decoding of nominal Topics and verbal Focuses. Data from event-related potential (ERP) measurements revealed an N400 effect in response to both nouns encoded as Focus and verbs packaged as Topic, confirming that the cost associated with information structure processing follows discourse-driven expectations also with respect to the word-class level.

Sevantics of passive structures in English scope

The passive voice is viewed as an integral part of the English language functioning and is used as an indicator of efficient writing and information presentation. Texts written in the passive voice are perceived as more objective, but can also be said to be ambiguous. The article outlines the importance of the passive voice structures in the English language context. The authors focus on the cases of appropriate use of passive structures in the English language. Theoretical analysis and practical study of passive constructions peculiarities in the English language allow us to claim that the English passive form of verbs differs from the passive constructions of the Ukrainian language. This proves the relevance of translation knowledge for the most sufficient interpretation of these constructions. The fact is that the passive construction is widely used in English is shown via English examples. The authors outline the division of English passive constructions into direct and indirect ones. The samples of structures with direct application, indirect application and prepositional application are presented. The given examples lead to an active understanding of passive structures functioning in the English language. The verbs in the English language, which can be used only with certain passive constructions, have become essential for us to mention from the point of view of grammar structures. We provide a reader with significant examples of their functioning in these structures as well. We aim to explain the use of various verb categories in several passive constructions. Recommendations for the use of the above verbs in the passive voice are represented and detailed examples are given. The percentage reliably indicates the importance of using passive constructions with certain verbs.