Verbal Suffixes Research Articles

Derivational Suffixes Analysis Found in “Every Summer After” Novel by Carley Fortune

This study specifically concentrated on conducting an in-depth analysis of the various types of derivational suffixes. Derivational affixes were one of the most interesting topics to analyze, as they influence the formation of words from simple to complex ones. The data used in this analysis was sourced from the novel "Every Summer After" by the esteemed author Carley Fortune. Carley Fortune is a #1 Canadian national bestseller and has been honored with an award for her exceptional work as a journalist and author. This data was meticulously examined through the application of a qualitative analytical method. The research findings have been thoroughly explored using both formal and informal explanations. The analysis was based on Plag's theory (2003) and supported theory up by Carstairs-Mccarthy's theory (2002). This comprehensive approach helped in understand the findings in depth. This comprehensive linguistic analysis of the novel meticulously identified four distinct types of derivational suffixes: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial. The results revealed a notable prevalence of nominal suffixes, a total of 249 instances, and a smaller number of verbal suffixes, amounting to just 3 instances. Furthermore, this study found 96 instances of nominal suffixes, 86 instances of adverbial suffixes, and 64 instances of adjectival suffixes in the text. This thorough analysis provides a detailed examination of the intricate language intricacies found within Fortune's novel. Furthermore, it enhances the overall understanding of how derivational morphology is utilized in contemporary literature.

Thewo Tibetan’s /ta33/ and /nə33/

Abstract This paper has three aims. First, in its form, this paper uses a narrative style to overtly highlight the iterative process used to identify the meaning of the two suffixes in question. Second, this paper seeks to describe the intricate workings of two verbal suffixes in Thewo Tibetan. Finally, this paper makes a defense of why these two suffixes belong to the category of evidentiality. Thewo Tibetan is spoken in China on the Gansu-Sichuan border. The suffixes /ta33/ and /nə33/ appear either directly after action verbs, or directly after the progressive aspect marker. /nə33/ is used to express that the speaker has sensory information of their claim at the time of the speech act. The temporal nature of the evidence, whether it is sensory information of the act itself or of the results of the act, is determined in part by the semantics of the verb (telic vs non-telic). In contrast, /ta33/ is used to express that at the time of the speech act, the speaker no longer has sensory evidence (but formerly did) of the stated action. Based upon these observations, this paper argues that temporal space and verbal semantics are key to understanding the cognition which underlies interpreting /nə33/ and /ta33/. As such, this paper makes the following three contributions: (1) In its form it provides an anecdote of failures and success along the path to identifying the function and meaning of two evidential suffixes; (2) It introduces two suffixes of the hitherto un-described Thewo Tibetan evidential system; and (3) It gives an in-depth analysis of these suffixes and offers evidence to support the claim that they are evidential suffixes.

The -eci Syncretism in Korean: Implications for the Theory of v and Voice

Abstract This paper investigates the syncretism exhibited by the Korean verbal suffix -eci. In addition to its widely known appearance in the passive construction, -eci can also be used to derive verbs expressing potentiality. In this paper, I show that two independently motivated theoretical tools — (i) the articulated verbal structure with root, verbalizer, and Voice; and (ii) the assumption that morphological identity signifies the morpheme's realization of an identical syntactic head — accurately explain the passive-potential syncretism in Korean. Specifically, I argue that -eci realizes a syntactic head that the passive and potential structures have in common: vGO, the verbalizer marking the eventuality of ‘change’. I attribute the systematic morpho-syntactic and semantic contrasts between passives and potentials to the (non)existence of VoicePASS, the projection introducing an implicit external argument. The analysis successfully captures the properties of the other constructions formed upon -eci — namely, derived change-of-state and lexical inchoative predicates.

한국어 문법에 의한 톨카피얌 해독의 가능성 검토

Tolkāpiyam, the oldest known book written in Old Tamil, is believed to have been authored around 100 B.C. Although Tolkāpiyam deals with the grammar of Tamil, a language still spoken by Tamils today, this ancient text, along with other Old Tamil books, has remained largely undeciphered. The reason for this lies in the fact that the grammar of Old Tamil has not been fully comprehended. Previous attempts to decipher Tolkāpiyam have mostly involved making educated guesses about the meaning of a paragraph based on the meanings of individual words.
 In this paper, I reveal the grammatical system of Old Tamil, drawing from the grammar theory presented in Part 2 of Tolkāpiyam. Old Tamil, much like pre-medieval Korean, employs predicates as nouns. It features elements such as chosa (조사), verb endings, honorifics, and causative verb suffixes. Remarkably, Tolkāpiyam is structured following the Korean word order. The grammar of Old Tamil closely resembles that of modern Korean. As a demonstration that Koreans can decipher Tolkāpiyam without prior knowledge of ancient Tamil, relying on word meanings alone, I also provide a correct interpretation for several paragraphs in Part I (Phonology). These interpretations challenge previous misconceptions and affirm the validity of my paper's argument, highlighting the limitations of prior research.

The Types of Derivational Suffixes Found in The Dry Novel by Jane Harper

The study focused on analysing the types of derivational suffixes. The data was taken from The Dry by Jane Harper and analysed by using the theory from Plag (2003) and Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002). The data collected was analysed by using a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study were explained using both formal and informal methods. The findings showed that there are four types of derivational suffixes found in this novel, such as nominal suffixes, verbal suffixes, adjectival suffixes, and adverbial suffixes. The total of the data found in this study is 194 data which consist of nominal suffixes with 66 data. The second, in verbal suffixes with 1 data. Next, adjectival suffixes with 69 data. The last suffix is adverbial suffixes with 58 data.

Комплетивный (завершительный) способ глагольного действия в кабардино-черкесском языке

The objective of this research is to establish the presence of affixes in the Kabardian-Circassian language that express different modes of action within the verb. The study identifies a group of verbal suffixes that give the action of the verb a completive (finalizing) character, demonstrating their functioning in terms of lexico-grammar. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the first comprehensive analysis that defines the existence of affixes expressing the completive character of the mode of verbal action in this language, considering their semantic modifications and the regularity of the models within the researched group. The results indicate the presence of a group of suffixes in the Kabardian-Circassian language united by the common semantics of bringing an action to a final result. Achieving the final phase of the action in this language often implies completeness, thoroughness, and sometimes the expressiveness of the action. The research results demonstrate the high valency of some verbal suffixes within the examined group. The less productive ones exhibit even more diverse inflectional capabilities that contribute to the development of word-formation theory and the inflectional system of the Kabardian-Circassian verb.

Analysis Of Derivational Affixes Found In Sentences Written By The Efl Students Of Tadulako University

The objectives of this study were to find out the most dominant and the most difficult function of derivational affixes in the sentences written by the students, and also to know the factor that influences students difficult to use the function of derivational affixes. The design of this study was quantitative descriptive with population were the 5th semester students of English education study program of Tadulako University who have taken the Morphology subject. The sample of this study was 151 students of the 5th semester students used simple random sampling technique. The instruments to collect the data were test and questionnaire. The result of the data analysis show that: (1) the most dominant function of derivational affixes used by the students was verbal suffix –ize that has function to change noun become verb, (2) the most difficult function of derivational affixes used by the students was the suffix -wise as the adverbial suffix that attached to a noun to form an adverb, (3) there were two factors influencing the students difficult in using the function of derivational affixes which was internal factor.

The main trends in the word-formative adaptation of the latest borrowings to denote actions and states in the Ukrainian literary language of the 21 st century

At the beginning of the 21 st century, especially in its second decade, foreign units were entering to the journalistic and scientific Ukrainian language so rapidly that linguists sometimes did not have time for objective reasons to evaluate their “quality” and the appropriateness of their use. The activation of borrowings caused a certain disorder: adaptation to the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language occurs unevenly, often with hesitation in word-formative adaptation. A significant number of new adapted borrowed lexemes are not yet in normative, general or industry dictionaries. The most verb lexemes appeared primarily in the field of information technology, quite a few verb lexemes appeared in the field of business, finance, psychology, cosmetology etc. Lexemes of the foreign languages (mostly from English, less often from German, French, Italian or other languages) such as verbs and nouns were adapted in Ukrainian using verb suffixes -ува-, -изува-/-ізува-. The dynamic entry of such words into modern Ukrainian has caused a multi- tude of ways of them adaptation. It is often difficult to determine whether a verb in the Ukrai- nian language has been formed from a foreign verb or noun. This indicates the ambiguous word-formation adaptation of the analyzed verbs. The verb suffix -и- also proved to be productive in adaptation of the new borrowings. The verbs formed with it have common root corre- lates among foreign verbs and nouns. We observe hesitation in the word-formative adaptation of some verbs. It is indicates by the availability of common root variants with suffixes -ува– and -и-. Derivatives that have replenished the stock of reflexive verbs have been formed from some of the analyzed lexemes either with the help of the postfix -ся, or this postfix and the suffix -и-. Among the prefixes which found in borrowed verb lexemes, the prefix ре- is regularly used and the prefix де- is somewhat less used. In enriching the lexicon of the Ukrainian language with borrowings, there are many cases of simultaneous adaptation to modern Ukrainian of related verb structures: with a prefix and without it. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the direction of derivation. Common root lexemes could have entered modern Ukrainian directly from English or another language with a prefix or have been formed with a prefix from verbs adapted in a suffixal way. The second stage of word-formative adaptation of borrowings shows that derivatives have been formed from many verb bases adapted in modern Ukrainian using proper Ukrainian productive word-forming prefixes зà-, з-(с-), нà-, роз-, по-, про-, пере-, which express the word-formative semantics usual for them. Unmotivated, groundless oversaturation of modern Ukrainian literary language with borrowed lexemes, word-formative formants, etc., uncontrolled using of such units lead to the leveling of national features of the Ukrainian language. This problem prompts a rethinking of ways to replenish the terminological systems of various branches of science with new borrowed language units and this problem prompts to a more critical usage of criteria for adaptation of foreign lexemes. Keywords: borrowings to denote actions and states, word-formative adaptation, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb suffixes, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb prefixes, foreign languages bases.

The antipassive in Kirundi

The Kirundi verbal suffix -an is notably polysemous with three possible meanings: reciprocal, associative, and antipassive. The contexts in which the antipassive is ambiguous or distinct raise questions for -an’s syntactic and semantic analysis. In this paper, I examine new data which demonstrate that -an’s primary function is to add a relation between the verb and an implicit argument. These data support an analysis where -an is a specialized high applicative head (ApplREL) which adds the semantics of such a relation. The distribution of the different meanings is then accounted for by differential semantic selection and binding. This analysis thereby simplifies -an to its relational role and accounts for the ambiguous and non-ambiguous contexts that characterize the suffix. Additionally, this paper addresses various questions about -an’s antipassive status and potential issues with the applicative approach.

Event plurality and the verbal suffix ‑(a)bad in Australian Kriol

Abstract The verbal suffix ‑(a)bad is a frequent form in Australian Kriol and is well attested across all described varieties of the language. Despite the prevalence of this suffix, its precise semantics have so far gone undescribed in the literature. In this article, we present a semantic analysis of this suffix, drawing on data from a variety of Kriol spoken in the north-east Kimberley region of Western Australia. We argue that the diverse set of readings associated with ‑(a)bad can be best unified under an analysis of this form as a marker of verbal plurality (i.e. pluractionality). The suffix derives a set of plural events from a modified verb stem, which then interacts with aspect and argument structure to produce a wide range of readings, particularly readings of temporal, participant, and spatial plurality.

A Corpus-Based Study of Alignment in Literary Gorani (Based on the Manuscript 11092 of Dīwān-i Mawlawī)

Abstract This paper examines alignment in Literary Gorani by analysing an unknown Gorani manuscript titled ‘Dīwān-i Mawlawī’ (Manuscript 11092), which is housed at the Āstān-e Qods-e Raḍavī library. The paper has two main objectives. Following Haig (2017) regarding the extent of the micro-variation of ergativity within Iranian languages, the paper explores strategies of interrelated subsystems such as case, indexation, verbal suffixes, and pronominal clitic systems to discover whether Gorani manifests an accusative or an ergative pattern. This helps us to answer the second more general question in this study: is it even possible to consider Literary Gorani as a written form of Hawrami?

An Analysis of Students’ Ability in using Suffixes by using Online Media Quizlet at Grade X of SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh

This research is aimed to describe the students’ ability in using derivational suffixes. The research focuses on analyzing the students’ ability in using four types of derivational suffixes by online media Quizlet. The design of the research is quantitative descriptive approach. The population of the research is 342 students and assigned 32 students grade X of SMAN Sungai Penuh academic year of 2023/2024 as the sample. The data collected by using Quizlet and analyzed by calculating the total score, the percentage, and the average of students’ ability. Then, calculating the mean score to determine the students’ ability in using suffixes. The researcher found out the percentage students’ ability in using suffixes. 19.35% students included in excellent level. 35.48% students included in good level. 38.71% students included in fair level, 6.45% students included in poor level and 0% included in very poor level. The researcher also found the students’ average ability in using each type of suffixes. In nominal suffixes 58.06 or good level. In verbal suffixes, 66.45 or good level. In adjectival suffixes 69.68 or good level. In adverbial suffixes 67.74 or good level. According to the total mean score 65.16, the researcher categorized the Students’ Ability in Using Suffixes by using online media quizlet at grade X of SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh was good ability or high ability

Speaking Xhosa multilingually

Abstract Although code-switching has been quite well studied as a worldwide phenomenon, closer attention to effects on the more localized language involved is needed, especially in the repertoires of younger, well-educated speakers speaking in a multilingual mode. We argue that their language shows creativity going well beyond older instances of borrowing and code-switching into a “third space” grammar, which shows an active and creative synthesis of at least two languages. This study is based on interview data with 37 speakers of Xhosa in Soweto, South Africa. It focuses on (a) the verb suffix -isha as a marker of multilingual Xhosa par excellence, (b) a new lease of life given to the class 14 prefix ubu- in connection with (mainly) Latinate adjectives from English, and (c) the interchangeability of logical connectors across the third space.

Morphology Analysis Of Derivational Suffixes Process In The "Walls" Music Album By Louis Tomlinson

Morphology is the study of linguistics that concerns about words and the structure of words. The aims of this study is to explore derivational morphology process according theory about types of derivational suffix from Plag (2002) in "Walls" music album by Louis Tomlinson. The method that is used in this study is qualitative research because there is no calculation involved and the technique to collect the data is documentation method because the data source is writen text, therefore that is suitable with the method. The data were collected by a music album with the title "Walls" by Louis Tomlinson which contains 12 songs. This study shows that the types of derivational suffix that were found are nominal suffix such as -ion, -ing, -ity, verbal suffix -ize, adjectival suffix such as -ive, adverbial suffix that is -ly. The implication of the study was based on the data, there are derivational suffixes can found in music album, not only in the literary works. From finding derivational suffix data, readers or listeners will understand more about the structure of a word used in the data source and know more about the meaning of each word

Two grammars of A’ingae glottalization: A case for Cophonologies by Phase

AbstractThis paper describes and analyzes phonological processes pertinent to the glottal stop in A’ingae (or Cofán, iso 639-3: ). The operations which the glottal stops undergo and trigger reveal an interaction of two morphophonological parameters: stratum and stress dominance. First, verbal suffixes are organized in two morphophonological domains, or strata. Within the inner domain, glottal stops affect stress placement, which I analyze as an interaction with foot structure. In the outer domain, glottal stops do not have any effects on stress. Second, some verbal suffixes delete stress (i. e. they are dominant). Dominance is unpredictable and independent of the suffix’s morphophonological domain, but dominance and the phonological domain interact in a non-trivial way: only inner dominant suffixes delete glottalization. To account for the A’ingae data, I adopt Cophonologies by Phase (Sande et al. 2020), which (i) models phonological stratification while (ii) allowing for morpheme-specific phonological idiosyncrasies, which (iii) interact with the phonological grammar of their stratum. Stress deletion triggered by the dominant suffixes is modeled with AntiFaithfulness (Alderete 1999, 2001). Antifaithfulness to a metrical foot entails antifaithfulness to its features (glottalization). This captures the fact that only the inner dominant suffixes delete glottal stops.

An Analysis of Derivational Suffixes Used in @Wetheurban Instagram Posts

The title of this research is "An Analysis of Derivational Suffixes Used in @Wetheurban Instagram Posts." The purpose of this research was to identify the forms of derivational suffixes and explain their function and meaning used in Instagram posts by @Wetheurban. The data for this research was derived from Instagram posts by @Wetheurban, which created this Instagram to increase personal power by 1000%.The data was collected by reading and highlighting the Instagram account @Wetheurban. The data for this study was analyzed qualitatively. This study used Plag's (2002) theory from his book "Word -Formation in English". The analysis showed four types of derivational suffixes: 14 nominal suffixes, 2 verbal suffixes, 10 adjectival suffixes, and 2 adverbial suffixes. Derivational suffixes have two functions: class-maintaining suffixes and class-changing suffixes. Suffixes found in the data source each have their own meaning, such as person or having something to do with X, result of X, state or quality, tending to, connected with, and so on.

Afijación: factor esencial para la Competencia Comunciativa

Introducción English language gives great advantages to speakers of any language that is why this is studied worldwide. One of the most important elements when studying English is its morphological structures which contribute to the communicative competence. Morphological features of words such as affix frequency may provide semantic cues that can help in the learning of new words. Therein, regular inflection applies by grammatical rules, such as addition of -ed to the word stems for English past tense. Irregular inflection, in contrast, is less predictable and comprises various alternations of the word form (e.g., sleep – slept). Understanding of affix knowledge development is of great importance for both researchers and practitioners, since it might shed light on the process of vocabulary acquisition and the role of affix knowledge in reading. Competence is what speakers do with the language so that communicative competence is the know-how of the language. It may be affected by the situational context. The common European Framework for references for languages (CEFR) includes 3 levels of language competences; basic user, independent users and competent users. Communicative approaches toward language learning and teaching suggest that the purpose of language subject is to develop learners’ communication and interaction ability. To sum up morphological structures which can be regular or irregular truly benefit the development of the speakers´ communicative competence. Objetivos The aim of the research was to determine the influence of affixation in the communicative competence of the students from the English Program at Technical University of Ambato. The specific objectives were focused on the identification of the prefixes and suffixes that denote opposition, pluralization, meaning and grammatical categories. Another specific objective has to do with the recognition of communicative competence elements such as linguistic and translinguistic. Método This was quantitative research due to all the items were transferred into numerical data to get percentages and tendencies. Bars and charts were used to show the data obtained from the survey. Additionally, the research had a descriptive focus with the application of a validated survey (Alpha de Cronbach 0.801) that included a pilot administration of the survey. The survey consisted of 21 closed questions applied to 100 students from the English Program at Technical University of Ambato. Principales resultados The results portrayed that 59% of students state that teachers always used morphological structures constructed by <-ed> to change the verb tenses into past in words like work and worked. On the other hand, 73% of students maintain that teachers never the verb suffix such as <-en> in words like shorten as well as the suffixes that form plurals based on other languages structures such as cactus and cacti. In the same path, 61% of students state that teacher never use prefixes for word meaning as <mono-> in words like monolingual and prefixes that express the opposite as <im-> in words like impolitic. Additionally, 49% of pupils think that teachers frequently use prefixes to form nouns such as <-ment> in words like achievement. 52% of students admit that teachers rarely use suffixes to make to change word into adverbs for instance <-ly>, <-wise>, <-ward> in words as rapidly, likewise or toward. Conclusiones The morphological structures rarely used by teachers and students are the ones that denote opposition, prefixes that give meaning to words and formation of plural in reference to other languages. Additionally, the morphological structures with more difficulty are the derivational morphemes such as formation of plurals that are originated from other languages as cactus and cacti, suffixes that express opposition as impolitic, dissimilar; suffixes that imply meaning as monolingual or biotechnology, verb suffixes like shorten, and adverb suffixes like rapidly. Very important to mention that morphological structures promote the development of linguistic and translinguistic elements of any language since they are connected to the increasing of vocabulary which is the building block of a language. The study of morphological structures must be part of teachers’ knowledge so learning takes place during lessons.

Testing Frenchification: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of French Loan Morphology in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Dutch

There is a long history of social, cultural and political contact between the Dutch and French language areas, which has also resulted in language contact. In the Dutch language area, the cultural and linguistic contact situation has resulted in an anti-French discourse of alleged Frenchification from the sixteenth century onwards. The peak of influence from French is traditionally located in the eighteenth century. However, corpus-based research of the actual influence of French on Dutch in the Early and Late Modern periods is still scarce. We investigate the use of 31 French loan suffixes (e.g. the verbal suffix -eren, nominal suffixes such as -age and -teit, and adjectival suffixes such as -aal) in the Letters as Loot Corpus, which is a socially stratified corpus of private and business letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, written by men and women from various regions in the northern Low Countries. A regression analysis shows that the overall distribution of French loan suffixes is quite similar in the two periods, except for the capital Amsterdam, where there is a significant increase in the eighteenth century. Further significant effects are found for men and for the higher social ranks, and for business or mixed letters (as opposed to purely private letters). The results suggest that French-origin items entered the language of the northern Low Countries as relatively formal or conceptually written forms, mainly adopted by upper (middle) class men from the cosmopolitan city of Amsterdam.

Spelling of verbs with suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) in terms of grammatical aspect

The article aims to reveal the relationship between the orthogram in the verbal suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva- (-yva-) and aspectual varieties and inter-aspectual correlation of Russian verbs. Another objective is to provide additional recommendations for choosing the correct suffix spelling. The relevance of the topic is due to the challenge of fostering a culture of conscious literacy which the modern school faces. To examine the factual material, the research employed observation, morphemic and word-formation analysis, as well as comparative-contrastive analysis. The existing recommendations for selecting the correct spelling of the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-) are based on the formal relationship between verb stems. However, taking account of the fact that the suffixes under consideration can result in perfectivation and imperfectivation of verbs might help to resolve this spelling issue. The study does not include verbs with the stressed suffix -ova-(-eva), verbs with the morphs -irova-, -izirova- and the suffix -stvova- in the controversial cases as the variants *-iryva-, *-iziryva-, *-stvyva- are unacceptable. Perfective verbs, including bi-aspectual verbs, are also excluded since their structure cannot contain the suffix -iva-(-yva-). The article notes the following regularity: imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) acquire the perfective aspectual meaning while performing the function of a derivational base. Verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-) acquire the imperfective aspectual meaning performing the function of a derived unit. The specific morphemic structure of derivational bases determined the absence of prefixes in imperfective verbs with the suffix -ova-(-eva-) and the regular presence of prefixes, including etymological ones, in verbs with the suffix -iva-(-yva-). Based on these patterns, the paper formulates additional recommendations for choosing the correct vowel in the suffixes -ova-(-eva-)/-iva-(-yva-). These guidelines could be useful in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school.

Onomatopoeia in German Verb Suffixes

Onomatopoeia in German Verb Suffixes