Verb Order Research Articles

Understanding ‘many’ through the lens of Ukrainian багато

We reveal an ongoing language change in Ukrainian involving a construction with a subject comprised of the indefinite quantifier багато ‘many’ modifying a noun phrase in the Genitive Plural. Number agreement on the verb varies, allowing both Singular (in 69.1% of attestations) and Plural (in 30.9% of attestations). Based on statistical analysis of corpus data, we investigate the influence of the factors of year of creation, word order of subject and verb, and animacy of the subject on the choice of verb number. We find that, while all combinations of word order and animacy are robustly attested, VS word order and inanimate subjects tend to prefer Singular, whereas SV word order and animate subjects tend to prefer Plural. Since about the 1950s, the proportion of Plural has been increasing, overtaking Singular in the current decade. We propose that this Singular vs. Plural variation is motivated by the human embodied experience of construing a group of items as either a homogeneous mass (and therefore Singular) or a multiplicity of individuals (and therefore Plural). This proposal is supported by the identification of micro-constructions that prefer Singular and show reduced individuation of human beings.

Word formation patterns in the perception domain: a typological study of cross-modal semantic associations

Abstract The lexicalization of perception verbs has been of widespread interest as a route into understanding the relationship between language and cognition. A recent study finds global biases in colexification patterns, suggesting recurrent conceptual associations between sensory meanings across languages. In this paper, drawing on a balanced sample of 100 languages, we examine cross-modal semantic associations in word formation. Confirming earlier proposals, we find derived verbs are lower on a proposed Sense Modality Hierarchy (sight > hearing > touch > taste, smell) than the source perception verbs on which they are based. We propose these findings can be explained by verb frequency asymmetries and the general tendency for sources of derivations to be more frequent than their targets. Moreover, it appears certain pairings (e.g., hear–smell) are recurrently associated via word formation, but others are typologically rare. Intriguingly, the typological patterning partially diverges from the patterning reported for colexification in the same domain. We suggest that while colexification is driven by conceptual resemblance between sensory meanings, cross-modal word formations tend to arise from grammaticalization processes of lexical specification, where additional material (e.g., a sensory noun) is collocated to a polysemous verb in order to disambiguate it in context. Together, these processes can account for the typological similarities and divergences between the two phenomena. More generally, this study highlights the need to consider conceptual, communicative and diachronic factors together in the mapping between words and meanings.

An Identification of Phrasal Verb in the Movie Entitled “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”

Language has a great effect as an important part of human life that is always used in the daily life by human being. It is important to teach and educate the students as ESL/EFL students about phrasal verbs in order to make them understand and capable in using phrasal verbs especially when they have interaction in English. This study aims to analyze the phrasal verbs, types and the meaning of phrasal verbs that are found in the movie entitled “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”. The instruments of this study are the researcher as the main instrument and a checklist that is used to collect the data. This study used documentation as the method of the data collection. The result of this study showed that there are 102 of phrasal verbs that were found in the movie. There were two types of phrasal verbs that were found in this study, such as transitive phrasal verb (separable phrasal verb and inseparable phrasal verb) and intransitive phrasal verb. Both of the types of the phrasal verbs were found in the movie of this study. Those are consisted of 74 of intransitive phrasal verb and 28 of transitive phrasal verb (14 of separable phrasal verb and 14 of inseparable phrasal verb).

The order of OVX and the argument-adjunct distinction

As for the order of verb (V), object (O), and oblique (X), Dryer (with Gensler) (2013) finds the asymmetry between VO and OV languages in terms of the position of X: VO languages are almost exclusively VOX, and OV languages are of all three types (XOV, OXV, and OVX). Hawkins (2008) argues that “[t]he OVX languages should be more head-initial and have head ordering correlations more like those of VO” (e.g., preposition: OVX 33%, VO 86%). However, we claim that high percentages of OVX languages have head-final orders unlike VO languages in complement-head orders (e.g., postposition: OVX 67%, VO 14%). We also claim that OVX languages have more head-initial orders than XOV and OXV languages in head-adjunct orders (e.g., Noun-Adjective: OVX 100%, XOV 56%, OXV 67%). We propose the universal tendency to complement-head-adjunct order.

Argument structure and semantic role analysis of English speech act verb order

This study is qualitative descriptive research that examines the English speech act verb “order” in English. The purpose of this study is to analyse the argument structure and its role in semantics. The type of data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The research instrument utilized in this study is a human instrument supported by hardware such as a computer, along with software such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, as well as note-taking tools like pen and paper. Data for this study was collected using the corpus linguistics method and observation methods with note-taking techniques. The data were analysed by using the macro role theory by van Vallin & Lapolla (1997). The study results indicate that the verb "order" can have two arguments, the actor argument and the undergoer argument, and each argument can have its semantic role. The actor argument can entail the semantic role of the agent, while the undergoer argument can entail the semantic role of the theme.

КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕ БИР УҢГУЛУУ СӨЗДӨРДҮН СЕМАНТИКА СТИЛИСТИКАЛЫК ФУНКЦИЯСЫ

The article is devoted to the syntactic service of words with one vowel of opposite meaning in the Kyrgyz language. Although words with the same root and opposite meanings are organized into a sentence system in a form similar in appearance, their function in linguistics is diverse. Also, words with the same root, having opposite meanings, are organized into predicative and attributive relationships and are associated with emotions, expressiveness of speakers when creating a dialogue. Therefore, the article notes that emotions, expressiveness, imagery, thrift, modality play a key role in the clear and clear allocation of single-root words in speech. In the Kyrgyz language, the ordering of words with the main meaning is carried out through an auxiliary verb in order to realize savings through nominative words through the property of creating, the pronunciation of significant words in a predicative ratio is similar to the main pronunciation, and the word pronounced in the shadow is not reported in the list, although words with repetition are used as a member of the sentence.

Features of Mandarin Chinese in Parameters

This paper focuses on the features of Mandarin Chinese in terms of head parameter, V-to-T parameter as well as the order of subject, verb and object. The purpose of this study is to show the performance of Mandarin Chinese in the scope of three major parameters. The study compares manifestations in parameters among multiple languages and examines previous views and related findings to illuminate some areas of the features of Mandarin Chinese. It is concluded that Chinese seems to have a mixed word order with head-final and head-initial properties co-exiting and exerting differences in different syntactic structures. The paper also raises an already heated topic and renders a possible explanation that other than all the parameters in hand, Mandarin deserves a new one to fit into.

The Ethno-Philosophical Context of Stative Verbs in the Germanic Languages

The aim of the research is to study the ethno-philosophical context associated with the stative verbs in order to determine the ways in which it reproduces cultural features, identity, and ways of thinking. The research employed the method of corpus analysis, the method of linguistic analysis, and the method of comparative analysis of two lan-guages. It is important to note that the use of different verbs to express a state in Eng-lish and German can have an effect on the perception of time and duration of a state. For example, in English “to be” can indicate the duration of a state, while “sein” in German can be used to express a state at a specific moment in time. This may reflect differences in the perception of time and emphasis on the temporality or duration of a state in each language. The analysis found significant differences in the expression of states, which reflect the cultural features and specifics of each language. This study opens up prospects for further research on the impact of cultural context on linguistic structures and may have important applications in the practice of translation. Further research can focus on a more detailed study of the semantic and syntactic features of expressions of state in languages.

Development and evaluation of Tamil Matrix Sentence Test Performance in young adults.

The purpose of the study was to develop the Tamil Matrix Sentence Test (TMST) and evaluate the performance of a group of young adults with normal hearing on the developed test. The developed sentences were also administered at varying intensities to obtain a performance-intensity (PI) function. A base matrix with 10 sentences containing 5 words each with a total of 50 words was used to develop the TMST. The sentences had a fixed semantic sentence structure of Tamil language in the order of noun, number, adjective, object and verb. The developed test consisted of 30 lists with 10 sentences in each list. The performance of 60 young adults with normal hearing aged 18 to 24 years across the 30 lists were compared for list equivalency. To obtain the PI function the sentences were administered on 20 young adults with normal hearing at intensities from 20 dB HL to 100 dB HL in 10 dB increments. The performance across the intensity levels were compared. The 30 lists of TMST were found to be acoustically equivalent. However, few lists showed significant difference in the scores obtained on them compared to the rest of the lists. The PI function revealed a saturation in performance beyond 40 dB HL. From the results it was construed that TMST can be used to evaluate the speech identification abilities of Tamil speaking listeners. Multiple lists offer the advantage of retesting without the influence of practice or listeners memorizing the test material.

Formand function in serial verb constructions – insights fromGerman Sign Language

German Sign Language (DGS) exhibits constructions which seem to meet the generaldefinition of serial verb constructions (SVCs). I demonstrate that the constructions inquestion have characteristics known to be shared by similar constructions in other spokenand signed languages, both in terms of form and in terms of function. I argue thatwithin the typological picture, the DGS data suggest three things. First, it is most likelythe case that very different structures can derive similar surface data; for example, verbphrases may be concatenated via complementation or adjunction. Relatedly, the factthat languages differ in the variability of verb order in SVCs (i.e. which verbs can appearwhere to render certain readings) is a side effect of these differences in concatenation.Finally, in certain cases, a degree of linear uniformity across languages is introducedby conventionalization due to temporal iconicity. This presupposes that the languagesin question already have the structures necessary to generate strings of verb phrases,a subset of which are perceived as iconic. Where temporal iconicity is not found, linearordering exhibits more typological variation, as the syntax of a given language maygenerate more than one order.

An analysis of reporting verbs in master’s dissertations

This study was purposed on analyzing reporting verbs in the Literature Review sections of some master’s dissertations in the field of Government and Leadership at the University of Professional Studies Accra (UPSA) in Ghana from the 2017/2018 to 2021/2022 academic year. The study sought to answer the main research question – what is the nature of the reporting verbs used in some master’s dissertations of students of the UPSA in the field of Government and Leadership? 20 dissertations were conveniently selected, and the Literature Review sections were analysed for reporting verbs using Hyland’s (2002) taxonomy which involves Research Acts, Cognition Acts and Discourse Acts as the analytical framework. These dissertations altogether contained 1,044,076 words. Results showed that students used various reporting verbs belonging to – Research Acts (observe, find), Cognition Acts (believe, conceptualize) and Discourse Acts (report, discuss) in their dissertations. Discourse Act reporting verbs were predominant compared to Cognition Acts and Research Acts, implying that the students used more of the reporting verbs associated with their mental processes. It is concluded that lecturers using English language and Research Methodology need to train students more in the use of reporting verbs in order to have their writing more impactful.

The Pre-Toda Verb A Reconstruction

Toda is a Dravidian language that is well known for its aberrant phonology, namely due to ubiquitous vowel dropping, simplification of consonant clusters, and phonemic diversification. Although efforts have succeeded to some extent in mapping these phonemes to those of related languages, the origins and implications of Toda morphology have not yet been explored in detail. This work aims to reconstruct key aspects of the Pre-Toda verb in order to provide a dataset to be faithfully used in comparative Dravidian linguistics. Here, the formation of the secondary stem and the nonpast suffixes are demonstrated to show more affinity towards Old Kannada rather than Old Tamil. At the same time, the tenseless and dubitative conjugations, along with personal terminations, are found to retain archaic Dravidian suffixes.

Modal Verbs in English-Medium Research Articles on the Issue of Climate Change and Health

Abstract The article introduces a quantitative study that examines how modality, which is associated with modal verbs (e.g., must, would, etc.), is represented in English-medium research articles (henceforth – RAs) that are published in specialised scientific journals that focus on the intersection of climate change-related research and health. The aim of the study was to collect a corpus of RAs published in the international peer-reviewed journals Eco-Environment and Health and The Journal of Climate Change and Health and examine the frequency of the occurrence of modal verbs in order to determine the most frequent modals in the corpus. To that end, the corpus was analysed in the software program AntConc (Antony, 2022) in order to establish the frequency of the central modal verbs in English, such as can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would. The results of the quantitative investigation revealed that can and may were the most frequent modal verbs in the corpus. The findings were discussed through the lens of the discourse on climate change and health.

Agreement with disjoined subjects in German

This paper presents results from an empirical study on number and person agreement with disjoined subjects in Standard German. We show that disjunctive agreement resolves to plural if one or both of the disjuncts are plural. The main empirical finding of the paper is that if both disjuncts are singular, verbal agreement is either singular or plural, irrespective of the relative order of subject and verb. We account for this observation in an Optimality Theoretic approach by assuming that the verb has to agree with each disjunct as well as with the disjunction itself, which bears a special kind of plural feature. The number feature of the verb has to match the number feature of both the disjunction and the disjuncts. This can lead to potential conflicts which as we show is the source of agreement optionality in case of singular disjunctions. Further, we discuss the effects of mismatching person in disjunctions, the effects of syncretic verb forms, as well as word order effects. Importantly, we observe that closest conjunct agreement is not consistently available in German. Finally, we present a brief excursus to agreement with disjoined subjects in other languages and discuss how data from Somali, Slovenian, and Hebrew fit into our analysis.

The ordering of obliques and adpositional elements

The order of verbs (V) and their object (O) has been of great interest among researchers. However, few studies have examined the order of obliques (X) with respect to V and O. Dryer (with Gensler) (2013) find the asymmetry between VO and OV languages in terms of the position of X: unlike VO languages, all three types of OV languages (XOV, OXV, and OVX) are widely attested. Hawkins (2008) tries to explain this asymmetry by the interaction of three patterns, (i) Verb & Object Adjacency, (ii) Object & X on Same Side of Verb, and (iii) Object before X. Although his analysis is successful in explaining the word order data in the world’s languages, there are still some problems. In this paper, we argue that we can predict the possible word orders using only Hawkins’s (2004, 2008) Minimize Domains (MiD). We also argue that compared to the prepositional counterparts, postpositions, postpositional clitics, and case suffixes are more likely to be connected to their noun (phrase) complement phonologically and morpho-syntactically. In other words, the juncture between noun and adposition/clitic/affix in head-final languages is tighter than that in head-initial languages. Assuming that adjuncts (X) consist of noun and adposition/clitic/affix, the domain of constituent recognition is different in the possible word orders of O, X and V. We assume that postpositions/postpositional clitics/suffixes need only half of a word (^ = 0.5) for domain recognition because they are closely attached to the adjacent noun (phrase). We conclude that any ordering of O, X and V is possible if the domain size is less than 4. This analysis has advantages over Hawkins’s (2008) analysis because it is simpler and does not need to assume Hawkins’s principle of Argument Precedence.

‘아쉬움’ 감정동사 의미 변별 연구

The aim is to uncover the semantic preferences of the co-occurring nouns of the ‘aswium’ type emotional verbs in order to differentiate their meanings. For learners of Korean as a foreign language, the acquisition of synonyms is crucial for expanding vocabulary knowledge and improving language proficiency. However, distinguishing between synonyms with similar meanings in different contexts can be challenging, particularly in the case of emotional verbs. Simply relying on a dictionary to understand the contextual meaning of emotional vocabulary is also difficult, as it fails to capture the complex and nuanced differences in various contexts. To address these challenges, recent studies on linguistic expressions of emotion have utilized corpus linguistics, AI machine learning, and deep learning. By analyzing corpus data, this study attempts to distinguish their meaning by revealing their semantic preference for the co-occurring nouns of Korean ‘aswium’ type emotional verbs - ‘aswipda, akkapda, seopseophada and seounhada’. And provide basic data for developing practical and objective vocabulary education content.

Частите на речта като части на изречението, или дали винаги глаголите заемат отделна синтактична позиция

We examine the semantic and syntactic properties of Bulgarian modal and phase verbs in order to determine whether they form a complex predicative unit with the verb they attach to or constitute a separate one. The answer to this question allows for an adequate classification of the verbs under consideration. Furthermore, we describe the syntactic structures with equivalent subjects in the main and subordinate clauses.

Agreeing when to disagree: A corpus analysis of variable agreement in caregiver and child English

AbstractWe characterized the patterns of agreement variation and consistency in three corpora of child and child-directed US English to better understand preschoolers’ input and to compare preschoolers’ own agreement production. We examined sentences with third-person subjects and tensed forms ofbein two large single-family corpora and one cross-sectional corpus collected during a Search-and-Find activity. Caregivers’ agreement variation consistently reflected patterns previously found in adult-to-adult speech. Children's variation was conditioned by many of the same factors (e.g., sentence type, pronoun subject, and order of subject and verb) and clearly demonstrated acquisition of the categorical-variable split. However, some children showed substantially higher rates of nonagreeing forms (There's the cherries) than their caregivers and differed in their ranking of conditioning factors. We suggest that this reflects children's developing production processing abilities: shorter sentence-planning spans may make nonagreement a useful strategy for avoiding early number commitments in verb-first sentences.

PHRASAL VERBS IN WRITTEN NARRATIVE TEXTS OF ELEVENTH GRADE OF SMAN 1 PATI

Students struggle to learn to use phrasal verbs in written English. Books, writings, and social media quotes can all be used as sources. Phrasal verbs are the most common verbs in the English language. However, students must also understand the form of the phrasal verb in order to avoid making errors when writing. This study aimed to analyze the phrasal verbs in the students' written narrative texts in eleventh grade SMAN 1 Pati was used to search for the types of phrasal verbs, the errors in phrasal verbs, and solutions and suggestions from the teachers of English for students. The methods involved ranged from qualitative descriptive to document analysis. The data comes from classes XI MIPA 6, XI MIP SA7, XI IPS 1, and XI IPS 2 collecting narrative texts in pdf using a phrasal verb. The findings of this research revealed that the students' written narrative texts found types of phrasal verbs such as transitive separable, transitive non-separable, and intransitive. Then, errors in phrasal verbs include omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The solutions and advice from the English teacher are that students should do more reading, writing, listening, and paying attention to the video lessons, memorizing the meaning and applying it in a sentence.

Oblique complements in Estonian: A corpus perspective

This study focuses on Estonian verb-complement structures, which include oblique (non-canonically marked) complements marked in spatial cases. Not all approaches agree on whether canonical arguments and oblique complements have argument status of the same type, but they do mostly agree that the two types of complement markings are used by different types of verbs. First, oblique case is viewed as always indexing the original semantics of the case (direct semantics), that is osutama ‘point at’ selecting an allative (‘onto’) complement. Second, oblique case usage is seen as referring to a restricted set of syntactic relations (indirect semantics), that is Estonian allative and adessive being used for marking Experiencers. In any case, oblique complement verbs are viewed as more semantically restricted than canonical object verbs. This study tests these two hypotheses in a quantitative corpus approach. In a non-semantically extracted sample of verbs (n = 232), it compares the lexical-semantic transitivity of oblique and canonical complement verbs in order to investigate the degree to which indirect semantic effects differentiate between the two types of verbs. In addition, it outlines direct semantic effects between oblique case frames in terms of semantic roles. Finally, it investigates the way these patterns are related to the cases’ individual grammaticalisation degrees.