Verbal Morphemes Research Articles

Complexity and accuracy of verbal morphology in written L2 Italian

Abstract The present study aims to verify previous findings on the role of proficiency in the degree of complexity and accuracy of verbal morphemes in written essays from intermediate and advanced L2 Italian learners. In addition, by taking the perspective of usage-based theories on the distributional properties in the input, it investigates the extent to which contingency affects morphological complexity and accuracy by the emergence of cue-outcome associations. Hypotheses on the effects of contingency and proficiency on complexity and accuracy, and on their mutual relationships, are verified by adopting a confirmatory approach and by using Structural equation modeling. Results support the claims for non-universal mechanisms in the acquisition of verbal morphology: proficiency does not affect the morphological complexity of learner texts in the same way in inflectionally rich and poor languages, and the cue-outcome mechanisms of associative learning work to different extents depending on the inflectional systems of the target languages.

The Semantic Features of Noun-verb Metaphorical Compound verbs in Mandarin Chinese

As a closed category, noun-verb metaphorical compound verbs are not productive but still frequently used in Mandarin Chinese. The internal relationship between the morphemes is subordinate, often with the noun morphemes suggesting the vehicles of metaphor processes and the verb morphemes indicating the tenors. Even though these compounds are already formed through metaphor, their meanings can further develop through metaphor and thereby gain new metaphorical meanings. In addition, we examine the usages and semantic features of two metaphorical compound verbs can-shi and jing-tun through a corpus-based collocation study to tease out people’s internal understanding of their meanings.

The Semantic Features of Noun-verb Metaphorical Compound verbs in Mandarin Chinese

As a closed category, noun-verb metaphorical compound verbs are not productive but still frequently used in Mandarin Chinese. The internal relationship between the morphemes is subordinate, often with the noun morphemes suggesting the vehicles of metaphor processes and the verb morphemes indicating the tenors. Even though these compounds are already formed through metaphor, their meanings can further develop through metaphor and thereby gain new metaphorical meanings. In addition, we examine the usages and semantic features of two metaphorical compound verbs can-shi and jing-tun through a corpus-based collocation study to tease out people’s internal understanding of their meanings.

복합어 構詞의 구조와 의미관계 고찰

The morphemes in a word are related structurally and semantically. This study uses the notion of verbal morpheme, and a verbal morpheme with lexical meaning of cooking is a cooking verbal morpheme. Most Chinese cooking verbs are monosyllabic, consisting of a single verbal morpheme, which has concrete lexical meaning and strong productivity of word formation. The objects of this study are Chinese compound words formed by cooking verbal morphemes. This study aims to investigate the structural and semantic relation of the verbal morphemes, mainly investigating the lexical morphology in a specific word group with the cooking meaning. As a result, in Chinese, the relative compound words are rich in the number and types, and some of them have similar structure with Chinese phrasal structure. As for lexical morphology, the most productive type is modifier-core type. As for the meaning of the components, those with the related relation(关联关系) are the most productive. But original meaning relation(一致关系) is also quite productive. This means participating in word formation while maintaining the conceptual meaning as much as possible rather than the expanding meaning. The core meaning of most compound words are cooking, however, some of the compound words(熬, 涮) choose metaphorical meanings as its core meaning. It is widely used as a metaphor in our life.

Telicity in Article-less Languages

This paper addresses an issue of telicity of an event in article-less languages. Telicity refers to an inherent endpoint of an event expressed by a VP. In a language with an obligatory article such as English, telicity of an event is unambiguously associated with a nominal object DP. By contrast, in an article-less language such as Slavic, telicity of an event is associated, not with a nominal object, but with a verbal morpheme. In previous syntactic approaches, this difference has been accounted for by which element in grammar renders Asp(ect) head to bear [telic] feature: in English it is [quantity] feature of an object DP, while in Slavic it is a verbal morpheme that directly realizes Asp. This paper shows that another set of article-less languages of East Asian, Korean and Mandarin, patterns with Slavic, rather than English. The consequence of this paper supports the view in which the presence or absence of an article is associated with the variation in marking telicity of an event VP via a nominal or verbal means.

Negative verb morpheme in Tamil Verb structure

In this world each and all languages are based on noun and verb. Without the naming and action words we cannot frame even a single sentence. In the same way, Tamil Language also depend on noun and verb. Verb is an important component of language. Tamil grammarians and linguists classify and interpret the types of verbs in different ways. Among the classifications, one of them is a negative verb. Changes are taken within the language system. The continuous change will be occurred in the language system and it process over time to time. Languages ​​that are subject to change are likely to survive. Thus, the structure of modern Tamil negative verbs is entirely different from the system of ancient Tamil negative verbs in Tamil. This article focuses these differences through morphologically with one of the linguistic subdivisions. It also describes the development and growth of negative verb morphological elements and the places where we use it.

La interfaz sintaxis-semántica y la lingüística clínica: el algoritmo de enlace de la Gramática del Papel y la Referencia en pacientes con Alzhéimer

"Clinical linguistics analyzes and describes communication and language impairment in patients, a field in which aphasia and phonetic features have been widely studied. In this paper, I propound a syntax-semantics analysis by means of the linking algorithm shown in Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin and LaPolla 1997; Van Valin 2005), which will be applied to a sample of transcriptions from the corpus compiled by Peraita and Grasso (2010) with patients that suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, the aims of this paper are, first, to analyze the verb predicates from patients of the first stage of the disease in search of language deficits; and, second, to show how this grammar may improve the description of the language in these patients and its possible early diagnosis. The results manifest that patients use states as the default Aktionsart; they tend to express more simple sentences and clauses than subordinate, coordinate and cosubordinate elements; we also find that most arguments are realized as verbal morphemes; and that patients rely more on the discourse-pragmatic content to compensate their cognitive deficits."

Dominance is non-representational: evidence from A'ingae verbal stress

A'ingae (or Cofán) is a language isolate spoken in the Ecuadorian and Colombian Amazon. This study presents a description and analysis of the language's morphologically conditioned verbal stress assignment. Specifically, I show that A'ingae verbal morphemes can be classified with two binary parameters: the presence or absence of prestressing and the presence or absence of stress deletion (i.e. dominance), which vary independently. I formalise my analysis in Cophonology Theory, a non-representational theory of the phonology–morphology interface, which captures morpheme-specific phonology with constraint rankings particularised to morphological constructions. I argue that while non-representational approaches such as Cophonology Theory can handle the facts of A'ingae stress deletion straightforwardly, representational approaches lack the expressive power necessary to capture the stress facts of the language.

The Error Analysis and Teaching Strategies of the Synonymous Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Verbs in Chinese Language for Korean Learners

“Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Word” is a kind of word that morphemes which construct the disyllabic verb have the similar meaning with each other, and each of them also has the similar meaning with disyllabic word combined by them. Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Word is a one of the synonym types that second language learners often feel confused when they acquire Chinese Vocabulary. In this paper, I extracted 78sets of Synonymous Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Verbs from the <HSK vocabulary> in A,B two levels of vocabulary, and through the extraction of the error examples from the <HSK writing corpus>, this paper tried to analyzed the types of Errors and the effective teaching method for the Synonymous Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Verbal Morpheme to the Korean Learners.

Perception versus production of contact-induced cantase in Galician Spanish

Though the existence of effects of Galician-Castilian contact on patterns of language use in Galicia have been well-documented, the exact scope and consequence of these effects is difficult to determine. This is due in part to the complex attitudes, both positive and negative, toward the Galician language. Because of this, societal reception of influences of Galician on Castilian –such as a heightened use of the verbal morpheme -se­– is not easily predictable, even though the form enjoys greater use in Galicia than elsewhere in the Spanish-speaking world. This study explores attitudes of 39 Galicians from the province of Pontevedra toward the production of the ‑se form, as well as how these attitudes impact participants’ production of the form. Results indicate that the Galician-influenced form ‑se is more prestigious than the ‑ra form that is more common outside of Galicia, though whether participants correctly perceive which form is influenced by the minority language is unclear.

A ‘mixed methods’ approach for investigating aspect in a second language

AbstractA leading hypothesis in the study of the L2 acquisition of aspect-related verbal morphemes is the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (LAH) (Andersen, 1989,1991;Andersen &amp; Shirai, 1994) which claims that learners’ use of these forms is determined by the lexical properties of events. Reviews of major studies reveal that data from one single task, usually an open-ended oral task, have often been used to support this hypothesis. I discuss copious evidence from the acquisition of Spanish to argue that when studies use a ‘mixed methods’ approach (e.g. combining oral production and experimentally elicited data) they are able to test existing hypotheses such as the LAH more reliably and can offer more valuable insights. Existing evidence from the SPLLOC project (Domínguez, Tracy-Ventura, Arche, Mitchell, &amp; Myles, 2013;Mitchell, Domínguez, Arche, Myles, &amp; Marsden, 2008) is used as supporting evidence for this approach and to raise questions about the appropriateness of some research methods widely used in our field.

Semantic-to-Morphological Sequencing: Constraints on Mandarin Serial Motion Predication

This paper aims to probe into the semantic constraints that dictate the morphological make-ups of motion sequences. Given that Mandarin allows serial motion construction with multiple verbal morphemes, it is always an intriguing question as to how the morphemes are combined and ordered. To account for the allowed and disallowed sequences of prototypical motion verbs, three sequencing principles are proposed on par with the Proto-Motion Event Schema proposed in Liu et al. (2015). The proposed principles help to set the semantic boundary of a serial motion sequence (The Boundary-Setting Principle), rule out morphological combinations that are against the default order (the Non-Regressional Principle), and account for the prominence and characteristics of Path in motion predication (the Path-Delimiting Principle). As Path is an integral part of motion, it has to be properly delimited with a Path-delimiting element. These three principles may together account for the multi-morpheme motion sequences whose morphological structures are highly correlated with lexical semantic structures. By characterizing the semantic-to- morphological correlations, the study ultimately shows how morpho-syntactic patterns are motivated and shaped by semantic and functional considerations in operation.

Aspects of the Morphophonology of the Verb in Latin and in German and English

Aspects of the Morphophonology of the Verb in Latin and in German and English

Semantic-to-Morphological Sequencing: Constraints on Mandarin Serial Motion Predication

This paper aims to probe into the semantic constraints that dictate the morphological make-ups of motion sequences. Given that Mandarin allows serial motion construction with multiple verbal morphemes, it is always an intriguing question as to how the morphemes are combined and ordered. To account for the allowed and disallowed sequences of prototypical motion verbs, three sequencing principles are proposed on par with the Proto-Motion Event Schema proposed in Liu et al. (2015). The proposed principles help to set the semantic boundary of a serial motion sequence (The Boundary-Setting Principle), rule out morphological combinations that are against the default order (the Non-Regressional Principle), and account for the prominence and characteristics of Path in motion predication (the Path-Delimiting Principle). As Path is an integral part of motion, it has to be properly delimited with a Path-delimiting element. These three principles may together account for the multi-morpheme motion sequences whose morphological structures are highly correlated with lexical semantic structures. By characterizing the semantic-to-morphological correlations, the study ultimately shows how morphosyntactic patterns are motivated and shaped by semantic and functional considerations in operation.

Форманты, конституирующие настоящее общее время в аварском языке

The article presents a morphemic analysis of the verb forms of the present common time of the Avar language in order to establish the status of the affixal verbal morpheme and identify the relationship of the terms and suffix. The article uses descriptive, structural and statistical methods of research.Results. The study reveals that the most common formants constituting the synthetic present-ul - and -unconsist of two suffixes with different functional loads: determinative (-u-) and categorical (-l- and –n-). The terms and suffix in the system of verbal inflection are not synonyms.Summary. Suffixes that are part of the formant of grammatical time in the verb system of the Avar language, depending on the functional load (which does not match), occupy a certain position in the structure of the formant and the verbal lexeme.

Introducción a la prosodia del verbo yukuna

En este artículo se discuten las hipótesis de Schauer y Schauer (1978) sobre el acento en la lengua yukuna. Sobre datos recientemente obtenidos, se hace un análisis acústico de verbos flexionados en contextos prosódicos y morfológicos controlados. Se examinan los contrastes entre las variaciones de intensidad y el contorno de F0. En vez de acento, se propone que la lengua tiene características típicas de los sistemas tonales y, como apoyo, se presentan varios patrones de interacción entre morfemas verbales.

Similarities and Differences between Simultaneous and Successive Bilingual Children: Acquisition of Japanese Morphology

This paper compares the acquisition of Japanese morphology of two bilingual children who had different types of exposure to Japanese language in Australia: a simultaneous bilingual child who had exposure to both Japanese and English from birth, and a successive bilingual child who did not have regular exposure to Japanese until he was six years and three months old. The comparison is carried out using Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann 1998, 2005) as a common framework, and the corpus for this study consists of the naturally spoken production of these two Australian children. The results show that both children went through the same developmental path in their acquisition of the Japanese morphological structures, indicating that the same processing mechanisms are at work for both types of language acquisition. However, the results indicate that there are some differences between the two children, including the rate of acquisition, and the kinds of verbal morphemes acquired. The results of this study add further insight to an ongoing debate in the field of bilingual language acquisition: whether simultaneous bilingual children develop their language like a first language or like a second language.

ORA ESTÁ, ORA NÃO ESTÁ: INPUT VARIÁVEL E AQUISIÇÃO DA FLEXÃO VERBAL DE 3ª PESSOA DO PLURAL NO PB

Este artigo investiga a percepcao do morfema flexional de 3a pessoa do plural em verbos e a compreensao da informacao de pluralidade veiculada por tal morfema por criancas adquirindo o PB, tendo em vista que a realizacao da flexao de numero mostra-se variavel nessa lingua, tanto no âmbito nominal quanto verbal. Estudos previos em diferentes linguas sugerem que, embora essa flexao seja produzida por volta dos tres anos de idade, ate os seis anos, criancas apresentam dificuldades na sua interpretacao em tarefas de compreensao (JOHNSON; DE VILLIERS; SEYMOR, 2005; PEREZ-LEROUX, 2005; LEGENDRE et al., 2010; BLAHOVA; SMOLIK, 2014). Na presente pesquisa, foi conduzido um estudo experimental, por meio de uma tarefa de selecao de imagens, buscando verificar se, (i) apesar do carater variavel da marcacao de numero no PB, criancas aos seis e aos cinco anos de idade identificam a forma verbal de 3a pessoa do plural em sentencas com sujeito nulo ( Comeram doce ); (ii) associam essa forma a uma acao praticada por mais de uma entidade e (iii) se a forma verbal no singular e associada ao conceito de singularidade ( Comeu doce ). Enunciados contendo a informacao redundante de numero no sujeito e no verbo tambem foram testados ( As criancas comeram doce vs. A crianca comeu doce ). Os resultados apontam para uma sistematicidade na escolha pela imagem congruente com os estimulos linguisticos no plural, apesar da preferencia pela imagem plural tambem nas sentencas no singular. A variabilidade identificada no input parece nao interferir na percepcao e na compreensao do morfema verbal de plural na faixa etaria avaliada. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/matraga.2017.28498

Minangkabau -i: A locative, transitivizing, iterative, adversative suffix

Minangkabau, a Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) language of Sumatra, displays a small but complicated system of verbal morphology resembling those of its near, better-described relatives Indonesian and Malay. In these languages, the verbal morphemes are multifunctional, and fully characterizing their meanings and uses has proven challenging. We present our findings on -i, which previous literature frequently characterizes as a type of applicative. We identify four distinct productive functions of -i, not all applicative: adding a locative object, transitivizing non-verbal roots, adding iterative/intensive aspects, and imputing adversative readings. Adversative -i has not previously been identified in the literature, and is unattested in Indonesian.

The middle as a voice category in Bantu: Setting the stage for further research

AbstractThe main goal of our paper is to give a first, general description of middle voice in Bantu. As will be shown, this language group has a set of verbal derivational morphemes that challenges some of the concepts related to the middle domain. First of all, as of yet no description has been found of a language having more than one middle marker, yet many Bantu languages have up to four or five derivational morphemes that cover several parts of the semantic domain of the middle. Secondly, provided that the polysemy patterns of these morphemes only partially cover what is generally considered the “canonical” middle domain, we will call these “quasi-middle” markers. The fact that these verbal morphemes also convey notions that are usually not considered to belong to the domain of the canonical middle calls for a reassessment of what constitutes the semantic core of this voice category cross-linguistically. Although the theoretical implications of these new data are not the central focus of our paper, the basic description that we aim to provide of the middle in Bantu can nevertheless contribute to further discussion on this intricate voice category.