Verb Lexicon Research Articles

The Contribution of Noun and Verb Lexicon Sizes to Later Grammatical Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.

The present study evaluated the applicability of the sentence-focused framework to Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs) by examining the relative contribution of receptive/expressive noun and verb lexicon sizes to later grammatical complexity. Participants were 51 Mandarin-speaking children who received cochlear implantation before 30 months of age. At 12 months after CI activation, parents were asked to endorse words that their child could understand only or understand and say using the infant version of the Early Vocabulary Inventory. At 24 months after CI activation, parents were asked to endorse the grammatical structures that their children were able to say using the Grammatical Complexity subtest in the Mandarin Communicative Development Inventory-Taiwan. Children's receptive/expressive noun and verb lexicon sizes and grammatical complexity scores were computed from these parent checklists. Correlational analyses showed that children's receptive/expressive noun and verb lexicon sizes at 12 months after CI activation were all highly correlated with their grammatical complexity scores at 24 months after CI activation (ρs = .52-.63, ps < .001). Regression analyses further revealed that verb lexicon sizes at 12 months after CI activation outweighed noun lexicon sizes in accounting for grammatical complexity at 24 months after CI activation. Our findings supported the prediction of the sentence-focused framework. Emphasizing the role of verbs in early intervention has the potential to enhance grammatical outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with CIs. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26129044.

Vocabulary and expressive morpho-syntax in individuals with Down syndrome: Links to narration

BackgroundNarrative ability is crucial for social participation in everyday and school life but involves different language abilities such as vocabulary and morpho-syntax. This is particularly difficult for individuals who display both language and cognitive impairments. Previous research has identified productive vocabulary as a possible key factor for narrative performance in individuals with Down syndrome. Considering a close connection between lexical and morpho-syntactic performance within language acquisition and the distinct impairments that individuals with Down syndrome display concerning their morpho-syntactic skills, the nature of a relation between vocabulary and narrative skills under the influence of grammatical deficits requires further investigation. MethodsNarrations were obtained from 28 children and adolescents with Down syndrome (aged 10;0–20;1) using a non-verbal picture book. Narrative abilities were rated using the Narrative Scoring Scheme across seven narrative aspects (including macro- and microstructure). Vocabulary analyses and morpho-lexical context analyses including verb and conjunction enumerations, evaluation of verb position and MLU were conducted. Findings from the transcript analysis have been supplemented with data from standardized language measures evaluating expressive lexical and morpho-syntactic development. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify significant predictors for narrative outcome in the participants with Down syndrome. ResultsLexical analyses revealed a high heterogeneity in production of subordinating conjunctions as a link between lexical and morpho-syntactic abilities. Comparisons of standardized and narrative data demonstrated differences in subordinate clause production depending on the elicitation setting. A multiple regression analysis identified the number of different verbs in the narrative task as the most significant predictor for narrative performance in individuals with Down syndrome. Discussion and implicationsThe findings of this study contribute to the knowledge regarding factors that influence narrative performance in individuals with language impairment. A differentiated verb lexicon can be identified as the key ability for reaching advanced narrative skills in participants with Down syndrome. These findings are of clinical relevance for therapeutic and educational support and contribute to an understanding of the relation between strengths in vocabulary and morpho-syntactic weaknesses in individuals with Down syndrome within communicative participation.

On the problem of word polysemy in the Khakass language (on the example of the lexicon of expressive verbs)

The subject of the study are polysemantic Khakass verbs of colloquial style, the functional-semantic features of this category of verbs, as well as their semantic modifications, on the basis of which their figurative lexical-semantic variants are formed. Polysemous colloquial verbs, due to their wide situational-pragmatic potential, usually have the most complex, generalising meaning, bordering on desemantisation, and therefore are not always recorded in lexicographic sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there are practically no works devoted to the study of the colloquial and everyday style of the Khakass language. Moreover, this topic is closely related to the concept of expressiveness, which has not been sufficiently studied with the help of Khakass material. The aim of the article is to identify and describe polysemous verbs of the colloquial style from a functional-semantic point of view. In achieving this goal, the following interacting issues were raised: expressive style of language, the phenomenon of polysemy in language, semantic potential of a word, representation of expressive vocabulary in lexicographic sources, good knowledge of the native language as a guarantee of figurative and intuitive perception of the world around us, etc. Methods of distributional analysis and component analysis have been used in the work, which make it possible to identify combination possibilities and semantic features of the described polysemantic verbs, in particular to determine the grammatical, syntactic and semantic methods of forming expressions. In addition, verbs with an expressive frequency not recorded in the Khakass-Russian Dictionary [2006] were identified, as well as lexical-semantic variants of verbs used in everyday speech not listed in the dictionary entries. The material for the analysis were examples collected from the works of Khakass authors. The verbs analysed are, as a rule, a specific part of the colloquial language of the literary characters. Theoretical significance: new knowledge has been obtained in terms of describing polysemantic verbal lexemes of colloquial style, which will serve as theoretical support for further development of the phenomena of polysemy and expressiveness in Khakass and other Turkic languages. Practical significance can be expressed in the use of research materials in the compilation of ideographic dictionaries, textbooks, as well as in teaching activities. In our article, the concepts of "polysemy" and "expressiveness" are discussed within the framework of a summarised understanding of a whole complex of stylistic, emotional, colloquial and other phenomena of language. In this way, an attempt is made to identify the problem for further in-depth and thorough studies of this rich and unique layer of the Khakass lexical system.

Verbs of Perception: A Quantitative Typological Study

Abstract: Previous studies have proposed that the lexicalization of perception verbs is constrained by a biologically grounded hierarchy of the senses. Other research traditions emphasize conceptual and communicative factors instead. Drawing on a balanced sample of perception verb lexicons in 100 languages, we found that vision tends to be lexicalized with a dedicated verb, but that nonvisual modalities do not conform to the predictions of the sense-modality hierarchy. We also found strong asymmetries in which sensory meanings colexify. Rather than a universal hierarchy of the senses, we suggest that two domain-general constraints—conceptual similarity and communicative need—interact to shape lexicalization patterns.

New insights into the typology of motion in the history of French : evidence from the manner verb lexicon

Notre étude vise à étudier l’expression de déplacement selon la typologie de Talmy en diachronie. Nous examinons l’hypothèse de Slobin (1997, 2004) selon laquelle la proportion de verbes de manière est plus importante dans les langues à cadrage satellitaire et l’hypothèse de Schøsler (2008) selon laquelle la différence entre les langues à cadrage satellitaire et les langues à cadrage verbal se trouve dans l’emploi des verbes de manière et dépend aussi du type de texte. Notre étude est innovante du point de vue méthodologique car elle cherche à vérifier ces hypothèses sur un très grand ensemble de données en s’appuyant sur des mesures adaptées. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation de la saillance de la manière (au sens de Slobin 1997, 2004), contrairement à ce que nous attendions. Cette augmentation de la proportion des verbes de manière pourrait s’expliquer par une augmentation de la diversité lexicale dans le domaine de l’expression du déplacement en général. De plus, nos résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse de Schøsler, car les facteurs textuels influent sur l’emploi des verbes de manière.

Noun and Verb Lexicons Differentially Predict Later Grammatical Development in Mandarin-Speaking Children With and Without Late Language Emergence.

The current investigation evaluated the extent to which early noun, verb, and adjective lexicon sizes predicted later grammatical outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with and without late language emergence (LLE) using a parent report. In Study 1, the parents of 24 Mandarin-speaking children with typical language filled out the toddler version of Mandarin-Chinese Communicative Development Inventory-Taiwan (MCDI-T) when these children were 24 and 36 months old. In Study 2, the parents of 23 children with LLE completed the same form when these children were 24, 36, and 48 months old. Noun, verb, and adjective lexicon sizes and grammatical complexity scores were computed from the MCDI-T form for each child. Study 1 showed that verb lexicon size, but not noun or adjective lexicon size, at 24 months predicted grammatical complexity scores at 36 months for children with typical language. Study 2 revealed that noun lexicon size, but not verb or adjective lexicon size, at 24 months predicted grammatical complexity scores at 36 months for children with LLE. Noun lexicon size at 36 months was also the only significant predictor for grammatical complexity scores at 48 months in children with LLE. Noun and verb lexicon size differentially predicted later grammatical outcomes in young Mandarin-speaking children with and without LLE. The finding suggested that children with LLE may have approached grammatical learning differently from their typical peers due to the small verb lexicon size in the early phase of language development.

Flexemes in theory and in practice

This paper provides an in-depth investigation of the possibility of systematically using flexemes – i.e., lexical units characterized in terms of form, as opposed to lexemes, characterized in terms of meaning – to model overabundance – i.e., the availability of more than one form in the same paradigm cell. The starting point is a preliminary evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of using flexemes to account for different overabundance phenomena, showing that flexemes are a good way to capture the systematicity of overabundance, either across lexemes or across cells. Consequently, it is suggested that flexemes can be an interesting technical solution for the creation of a lexicon of Latin verbs that not only documents all the competing wordforms available as principal parts, but also captures the systematic relationship that sometimes holds between variants filling different cells. A principled method to identify such systematicity is then described in detail. It is argued that a constructive approach based on the identity of stems and/or inflection class is not fully adequate for the data at hand. Therefore, the proposed procedure adopts an abstractive, word-based perspective that only relies on alternation patterns between unsegmented wordforms. Practical and theoretical implications of the work are finally discussed, particularly regarding the usefulness of a formal approach to the identification of lexical units and paradigm cells.

Приставочные глаголы движения в русском языке: видовая коррелятивность и видообразование

ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of a corpus and Runet study of the imperfectivability and aspectual correlation of Russian prefixed verbs which are derivatives of verbs of motion (VoM), a group of Russian verb lexicon with special properties. Since this group is a subset of prefixed verbs, the imperfectivability of VoM is compared with the general ability of prefixed verbs to form imperfectives. Various theoretical models for describing the aspectual correlativeness of VoM derivatives, as well as morphological mechanisms of their formation, are also discussed. One of the issues under scrutiny is whether imperfectives of the type uchoditʹ Imprf are formed by adding a prefix to simplicia of the type choditʹ Imprf (assuming an Imprf ← Imprf prefixation model) or by suffixal imperfectivization from prefixed perfectives like ujti Prf (involving, besides stem suppletion, the postulation of the stressed -i- as a new imperfectivization suffix). The paper argues for the first option. It also describes two types of aspectual correlation between prefixed VoM formed from simplicia that differ in (not)unidirectionality (idti Imprf – choditʹ Imprf, katitʹ Imprf – katatʹ Imprf): the model specific for the VoM: prijti Prf– prichoditʹ Imprf, and the model of suffixal imperfectivization common with other prefixed verbs: dokatatʹ Prf (and dokatitʹ Prf) – dokat-yva-tʹ Imprf.

Discourse Structure and Argument Realisation in Old Literary Tibetan: From Text Composition to Verb Semantics

Abstract The paper discusses disparate language phenomena whose common denominator is their relevance for the study of argument realisation in Old Literary Tibetan. It attempts to outline the boundaries, within which argument realisation should be considered when preparing a verb lexicon, dictionary, or a syntactic annotation of a text. The study focuses on processes and constructions that may have impact on argument realisation of verbs and belong to discourse-forming strategies of the language. In a top-down approach various levels of text composition are examined for their role in presentation of events.

Correction: COLLIE: a broad-coverage ontology and lexicon of verbs in English

Correction: COLLIE: a broad-coverage ontology and lexicon of verbs in English

TEACHING V1 STUDENTS ENGLISH VERB VOCABULARY BASED ON MODULE TECHNOLOGY

In the article, the theoretical problems of teaching the English verb lexicon to students of V1 level, the role of modular technology in teaching the verb lexicon, the educational and educational possibilities of teaching based on modular technology, language learning, knowing certain words in this language and using them in speech, priority directions for learning English are defined.

Verb Classification Across Languages

Recent developments in language modeling have enabled large text encoders to derive a wealth of linguistic information from raw text corpora without supervision. Their success across natural language processing (NLP) tasks has called into question the role of man-made computational resources, such as verb lexicons, in supporting modern NLP. Still, probing analyses have concurrently exposed the limitations of the knowledge possessed by the large neural architectures, revealing them to be clever task solvers rather than self-taught linguists. Can human-designed lexical resources still help fill their knowledge gaps? Focusing on verb classification, we discuss approaches to generating verb classes multilingually and weigh the relative benefits of undertaking expensive lexicographic work and outsourcing the task to untrained native speakers. Then, we consider the evidence for the utility of augmenting pretrained language models with external verb knowledge and ponder the ways in which human expertise can continue to benefit multilingual NLP.

COLLIE: a broad-coverage ontology and lexicon of verbs in English

Progress on deep language understanding is inhibited by the lack of a broad coverage lexicon that connects linguistic behavior to ontological concepts and axioms. We have developed COLLIE-V, a deep lexical resource for verbs, with the coverage of WordNet and syntactic and semantic details that meet or exceed existing resources. Bootstrapping from a hand-built lexicon and ontology, new ontological concepts and lexical entries, together with semantic role preferences and entailment axioms, are automatically derived by combining multiple constraints from parsing dictionary definitions and examples. We evaluated the accuracy of the technique along a number of different dimensions and were able to obtain high accuracy in deriving new concepts and lexical entries. COLLIE-V is publicly available.

The Sustainability of Eco-Lexicons in Socio-Ecological Spatial Dynamics of the Rice Fields' Community in Central Tapanuli, Indonesia

This paper aims to describe the sustainability of the eco-lexicons of rice fields in Barus, central Tapanuli, Indonesia. The theory used is an eco-linguistic theory emphasizing the survival level of the Barus Malay language (BML). The data were collected using the listening method with the basic tapping technique and the verbal method with the encouragement technique. From the results of the analysis, it could be seen that the lexicons of rice fields in BML consist of 10 lexicon groups, namely (1) the lexicons of the rice field, (2) rice field's objects, (3) crop production equipment, (4) rice, and secondary crops, (5) agricultural tools and machinery, (6) flora lexicons in rice fields, (7) fauna lexicons in rice fields, (8) fishing gears, (9) medicinal plants in rice fields, and (10) bird catchers. There were 190 noun lexicons and 40 verb lexicons from the ten lexicons. The total lexicons found in rice fields and farms in the Barus district were 239 lexicons. Using 239 eco-lexicons of rice fields, the survival rate of the noun lexicons of the rice field was 95% and the verb lexicons 96.3%. This percentage showed that the eco-lexicons of rice fields in the Barus district still exist in the cognitive skills of the Barus Malay-speaking community.

Motion events in Changana spoken narrative

This article examines the expression of motion events in Changana. The typological classification of this southern African Bantu language is proposed based on the results collected from the elicited narrative of Mayer’s picture book Frog, where are you?. Fifteen frog stories narrated by adult Changana speakers from Mozambique were analysed. In the light of Talmy’s typology expanded by Slobin, the results suggest that Changana falls into the domain of verb-framed languages (or Path languages), a typology that is shared by most languages across Africa. However, it differs fundamentally from the prototypical verb-framed language in terms of the expression of manner. In its turn, Changana is a manner-salient language, with a diversified lexicon of manner verbs and a dense lexicon of motion ideophones, which makes it a non-prototypical verb-framed language.

Семантика императивных высказываний в современном киргизском языке

The cognitive features of imperative utterances in the modern Kyrgyz language have been investigated. As you know, the imperative has two different meanings: one means urgency, necessity and importance, and the other - attempts to influence the actions of other people. Imperative means something extremely important or necessary. It also means order. The analyzed imperative statements are considered in the mainstream of conceptual grammar, which allows you to highlight syntactic concepts, or mental images that stand behind linguistic signs and are reflected in the analyzed syntactic structures. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe imperative utterances in the Kyrgyz language, to reveal the mechanisms for changing the prototypical meaning of the verb lexicon in the structure of the imperative using theories such as the theory of functional styles, the theory of discourse, the theory of speech acts and the theory of grammar of constructions. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the semantic features of the imperative statements of the modern Kyrgyz language. The purpose of this work is to show the features of imperatives, to carefully study the types and functions of imperatives in the Kyrgyz language. The data were analyzed using a comparative analysis to find out the differences and similarities of the imperatives of the Kyrgyz language with other languages. The study belongs to qualitative research, as it was conducted using the method of contrast analysis as a comparison of languages. The object of the research is the data imperatives were taken from the sources that were needed for the research.

An Analysis on Newly Introduced English Verb in Oxford English Dictionary in 2016-2018: Levin’s Taxonomy of Verb Classification and Verbnet

Levin (1993) argues that the behaviour of verbs is determined by word meaning which is directly linked to the expression and interpretation of its argument. Based on this statement, Levin classified verbs into 48 classes and VerbNet, an English verb lexicon was created based on the extension of Levin’s taxonomy of verb classification (VC). Therefore, this study presents the classification of the updated English verbs of 2016 to 2018 in the online version of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to examine the relevance of Levin’s VC and VerbNet in the recently added repertoire of verbs. In Addition, the study seeks to find out the new verb classes introduced in this study. This study uses a mixed-method to identify and classify the verbs. To conclude, this study found that both classifications were applicable and relevant in 14 new main verb classes introduced to classify the verbs that did not belong to Levin’s VC and VerbNet. Hence, this contributes to the body of knowledge as the newly introduced verb classes could be used based on the given semantic and syntactic conditions.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MEANING OF JAPANESE COMPOUND VERB V1+KOMU THROUGH IMAGE SCHEMA

This research aims to reconstructing the meaning of Japanese V1+Komu compound verbs through images schema theory. The data gathered from The Compound Verb Lexicon (NINJAL, 2015). Based on analysis through image schema, the verb –komu as a second verb (V2) add meaning ‘go in/into’ space or place. These meaning are: (a) go in/into three-dimensional space; (b) go in/into two-dimensional space; (c) go in/into one-dimensional space; (d) go in/into space or place because of gravity law; (e) covering; (f) permeating into something; (g) go in/into something by suctioning

PHRASEOLOGY: SOMATISM IN KAZAKH AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

Somatic phraseology is one of the oldest and most frequently used language units of the general phraseological fund in any language, which has a deep cognitive function. Issues related to the general lexical and grammatical features of somatic phraseology in the Kazakh and Turkish languages were considered. The vast majority of somatic phraseologies in the Kazakh and Turkish languages belong to the verb lexicon. Somatisms in the Kazakh and Turkish languages were formed from the ancient Turkic language and have not lost their ancient elements to this day. The aim of the article is to collect somatic phraseologies in the Kazakh and Turkish languages, to identify their features, to compare their features, to make a connection about the worldview, feelings and general culture of the people based on common semantic fields.

Marine Ecolexicon of Noun-Verb of the Coast Community in Pesisir Barus, Central Tapanuli

This study aims to describe the lingual form, which is a manifestation of the understanding of the speech community of the environment towards its environmental dimension. The theory used in this research is ecolinguistic. Data in the form of basic lexicons and affixed lexicons related to the marine environment were collected through interviews with informants. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by grouping them based on the word class, environmental category, and the affixation process contained in the affixed words. The results of the study show that many marine environmental lexicons which are divided into noun lexicon and verb lexicon. The noun lexicon is divided into four lexicon categories, namely: (1) Marine Environmental Fauna Lexicon (88 lexicons); (2) Flora of the Marine Environment Flora (9 lexicons); (3) Lexicon of Facilities / Infrastructure for Marine Environmental Activities (16 lexicons); and (4) Nominal Environmental Lexicon (7 lexicons). The number of vocabulary that is still recorded in the cognition of the Barus coastal Malay language community indicates that the community is very familiar with its environment and therefore the vocabularies are preserved.