Types Of Venues Research Articles

Why Maker-Taker Fees Improve Exchange Quality: Theory and Natural Experimental Evidence

Contrary to conventional belief, who pays the tax in overlapping markets, or the exchange access fee in the case of multiple exchange venues, always matters. As the make rebate increases, pricing efficiency improves in the maker-taker venue at the expense of lowering investor surplus. But summed over both venue types, total investor surplus is increasing in the absolute magnitude of the make rebate in the maker-taker venue and the make fee in the inverted venue. Once arbitrage and endogenous information acquisition are introduced into a model of the limit order book, traders are driven to optimally adjust the likelihood of an informed trade to match fee structures. We test this implication using NASDAQ’s ‘quasi-natural’ 1.9 trillion-dollar experiment with a unilateral maker-taker fee/rebate reduction. We show that the cum take-fee spread narrows due to a deterioration in informational content resulting in investor surplus gain but worsening platform price efficiency.

We Know Your Preferences in New Cities: Mining and Modeling the Behavior of Travelers

The trend of globalization motivates people to travel more often to different cities. In order to provide better suggestions for travelers, it is important to understand their preferences for venue types. In this article, we investigate travelers' preferences based on the check-in data collected from a popular location-based social application called Swarm. We conduct a thorough analysis of the check-in data to discover the variation in travelers' preferences between cities with different characteristics, and to build a model for predicting the venue types of travelers' interests in each city. Our experimental results demonstrate that the F1-score increases by 0.19 when taking into account the characteristics of the destination city. Moreover, our approach outperforms collaborative filtering, a widely used approach to the design of recommendation systems.

Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens

BackgroundFomite mediated transmission can be an important pathway causing significant disease transmission in number of settings such as schools, daycare centers, and long-term care facilities. The importance of these pathways relative to other transmission pathways such as direct person-person or airborne will depend on the characteristics of the particular pathogen and the venue in which transmission occurs. Here we analyze fomite mediated transmission through a comparative analysis across multiple pathogens and venues.MethodsWe developed and analyzed a compartmental model that explicitly accounts for fomite transmission by including pathogen transfer between hands and surfaces. We consider two sub-types of fomite-mediated transmission: direct fomite (e.g., shedding onto fomites) and hand-fomite (e.g., shedding onto hands and then contacting fomites). We use this model to examine three pathogens with distinct environmental characteristics (influenza, rhinovirus, and norovirus) in four venue types. To parameterize the model for each pathogen we conducted a thorough literature search.ResultsBased on parameter estimates from the literature the reproductive number (mathcal {R}_{0}) for the fomite route for rhinovirus and norovirus is greater than 1 in nearly all venues considered, suggesting that this route can sustain transmission. For influenza, on the other hand, mathcal {R}_{0} for the fomite route is smaller suggesting many conditions in which the pathway may not sustain transmission. Additionally, the direct fomite route is more relevant than the hand-fomite route for influenza and rhinovirus, compared to norovirus. The relative importance of the hand-fomite vs. direct fomite route for norovirus is strongly dependent on the fraction of pathogens initially shed to hands. Sensitivity analysis stresses the need for accurate measurements of environmental inactivation rates, transfer efficiencies, and pathogen shedding.ConclusionsFomite-mediated transmission is an important pathway for the three pathogens examined. The effectiveness of environmental interventions differs significantly both by pathogen and venue. While fomite-based interventions may be able to lower mathcal {R}_{0} for fomites below 1 and interrupt transmission, rhinovirus and norovirus are so infectious (mathcal {R}_{0}>>1) that single environmental interventions are unlikely to interrupt fomite transmission for these pathogens.

Correlational analysis of topic specificity and citations count of publication venues

PurposeCitation analysis is an important measure for the assessment of quality and impact of academic entities (authors, papers and publication venues) used for ranking of research articles, authors and publication venues. It is a common observation that high-level publication venues, with few exceptions (Nature, Science and PLOS ONE), are usually topic specific. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the claim correlation analysis between topic specificity and citation count of different types of publication venues (journals, conferences and workshops).Design/methodology/approachThe topic specificity was calculated using the information theoretic measure of entropy (which tells us about the disorder of the system). The authors computed the entropy of the titles of the papers published in each venue type to investigate their topic specificity.FindingsIt was observed that venues usually with higher citations (high-level publication venues) have low entropy and venues with lesser citations (not-high-level publication venues) have high entropy. Low entropy means less disorder and more specific to topic and vice versa. The input data considered here were DBLP-V7 data set for the last 10 years. Experimental analysis shows that topic specificity and citation count of publication venues are negatively correlated to each other.Originality/valueThis paper is the first attempt to discover correlation between topic sensitivity and citation counts of publication venues. It also used topic specificity as a feature to rank academic entities.

Understanding Wedding Preferences of the Millennial Generation

This study examined the wedding preferences of the Millennial generation, specifically Millennial females, by focusing on their preferences for the wedding ceremony and reception venues, food and beverage options, and the most influential sources for wedding detail ideas. The study found that a religious space was the most popular wedding ceremony venue and preferred types of wedding reception venues were a hotel and a banquet hall. Preferred food and beverage purchasing options included traditional sit-down dinner style of reception along with an open bar. The website Pinterest was a key communication and social marketing tool for companies to interact with Millennial women regarding wedding-related information, inspiration, products, and services.

Real-Time Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles for Demand Charge Reduction at Non-Residential Sites

Smart electric vehicle (EV) charging deals with increasing demand charges caused by EV load on EV supply equipment (EVSE) hosts. This paper proposes a real-time smart charging algorithm that can be integrated with commercial & industrial EVSE hosts through building energy management system or with utility back office through the advanced metering infrastructure. The proposed charging scheme implements a real-time water-filling algorithm able to reduce the peak demand and to prioritize EV charging based on the data of plugged-in EVs. The algorithm also accommodates utility and local demand response and load control signals for extensive peak shaving. Real-world EV charging data from different types of venues are used to develop and evaluate the smart charging scheme for demand charge reduction at medium & large general service locations. The results show that even at constrained venues such as large retails, monthly demand charges caused by EVs can be reduced by 20%–35% for 30% EV penetration level without depreciating EVs’ charging demand.

MiFID II and Equity Market Liquidity, or There and Back Again

This article examines the impact of MiFID II on European equity market liquidity. MiFID II eliminated broker crossing networks, introduced caps on dark trading, and brought about new types of venues. The authors investigate the changes in the market in the lead-up to the January 3, 2018, implementation date and the early evidence supporting the expected liquidity shift toward block networks, periodic auctions, and systematic internalizers. Although all signs indicate limited change for end-investors, the delay in implementation of the double-volume caps means it is too early to fully assess the impact on trading costs. <b>TOPICS:</b>Exchanges/markets/clearinghouses, developed

Assertive communication about others' smoking and vaping in public venues: Results from a National Survey of US adults

IntroductionThis study describes prevalence and correlates of US adults' intentions to engage in assertive communication (i.e., speak up) about others' smoking and vaping in public venues. Methods: Participants from a nationally representative online survey of 1551 US adults conducted October–December 2013 reported intentions to ask others not to smoke/vape in three types of public venues (restaurants, bars/casinos/nightclubs, and parks). We examined weighted prevalence of intentions and conducted weighted logistic regression. Results: Fifty-two percent of participants reported being likely to ask someone not to smoke in at least one venue compared with 19% for vaping. Assertive communication intentions for smoking in restaurants (48%), bars/casinos/nightclubs (35%), and parks (32%) were higher than for vaping (16%, 14%, and 12%, respectively). Significant correlates of assertive communication intentions in one or more venues were current smoking status, ever trying e-cigarettes, gender, age, health status, political ideology, and party identification. Conclusions: US adults were more willing to ask others not to smoke than vape. Intentions to speak up about smoking and vaping differed by venue, demographics, and cigarette/e-cigarette use. These findings help establish an evidence base to inform policymakers in developing strategies to promote compliance with smoke-free and vape-free laws.

Partner meeting venue typology and sexual risk behaviors among French men who have sex with men.

Previous research has given considerable attention to venues where men who have sex with men (MSM) meet their sex partners. However, no previous study examined a vast range of sexual risk behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine the association between the types of venues for meeting sexual partners, condomless anal intercourse, engagement in group sex, and HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among a sample of MSM. Users of a popular geosocial-networking app in Paris were provided an advertisement with text encouraging them to complete an anonymous web-based survey ( n = 580), which included questions about sex-seeking venues, condomless anal intercourse, HIV status and STI history, and sociodemographic characteristics. A log-binomial model was used to assess association between venues (i.e. public venues [gay clubs, bars, and discos], cruising venues [such as gay saunas, beaches, and parks], and internet-based venues [internet chat sites and geosocial-networking apps]), condomless anal intercourse, engagement in group sex, and HIV infection as well as infection with other STIs, after adjustment for sociodemographics. In multivariable models, attending cruising venues was associated with condomless receptive anal intercourse (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20-1.81), any kind of condomless anal intercourse (aRR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.14-1.58), an STI (aRR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09-2.05), engagement in group sex (aRR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.27-1.59), and multiple partners for both condomless insertive (aRR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.38-2.88), and receptive (aRR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.23-2.36) anal intercourse, STI infection (aRR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09-2.05) and HIV infection (aRR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.05-2.96). No associations were found with other venue types and sexual risk behaviors, STIs, and HIV infection, except for group sex, which was associated with all venue types. Use of cruising where the primary aim is to have sex was found to be associated with risky sexual behavior. Risky behavior reduction strategies such as preexposure prophylaxis campaigns should be targeted to MSM who frequent cruising venues.

Patient Presentation Trends at 15 Mass-Gathering Events in South Australia.

Data were collected by trained fieldworkers at 15 mass gatherings in South Australia and included event characteristics, crowd demographics, and weather. De-identified patient records were obtained from on-site health care providers. Data analysis included the calculation of patient proportions in each variable category, as well as the total number of patient presentations per event and the patient presentation rate (PPR). The total number of expected attendees at the 15 mass gatherings was 303,500, of which 146 presented to on-site health care services. The majority of patient presentations occurred at events with a mean temperature between 20°C and 25°C. The PPR was more than double at events with a predominantly male crowd compared to events with a more equal sex distribution. Almost 90.0% of patient presentations occurred at events where alcohol was available. The results of the study suggest that several weather, crowd, and event variables influence the type and number of patient presentations observed at mass-gathering events. Given that the study sample size did not allow for these interactions to be quantified, further research is warranted to investigate the relationships between alcohol availability, crowd demographics, crowd mobility, venue design, and injuries and illnesses.Anikeeva O, Arbon P, Zeitz K, Bottema M, Lund A, Turris S, Steenkamp M. Patient presentation trends at 15 mass-gathering events in South Australia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):368-374.

Estimation of a Long-Distance Travel Demand Model using Trip Surveys, Location-Based Big Data, and Trip Planning Services

Long-distance trips are less frequent than short-distance urban trips, but contribute significantly to the total distance traveled, and thus to congestion and transport-related emissions. This paper develops a long-distance travel demand model for the province of Ontario, Canada. In this paper, long-distance demand includes non-recurrent overnight trips and daytrips longer than 40 km, as defined by the Travel Survey for Residents in Canada (TSRC). We developed a microscopic discrete choice model including trip generation, destination choice, and mode choice. The model was estimated using travel surveys, which did not provide data about destination attractiveness and modal level of service. Therefore, a data collection method was designed to obtain publicly available data from the location-based social network Foursquare and from the online trip planning service Rome2rio. In the first case, Foursquare data characterized land uses and predominant activities of the destination alternatives, by the number of user check-ins at different venue types (i.e., ski areas, outdoor or medical activities, etc.). In the second case, the use of Rome2rio data described the modal alternatives for each observed trip. Combining data from travel surveys, Foursquare, and Rome2rio, coefficients of the model were estimated econometrically. It was found that the Foursquare data on number of check-ins at destinations was statistically significant, especially for leisure trips, and improved the goodness of fit compared with models that only used population and employment. Additionally, Rome2rio mode-specific variables were found to be significant for mode choice selection, making the resulting model sensitive to changes in travel time, transit fares, or service frequencies.

Uncover: supporting city exploration with egocentric visualizations of location-based content

This paper describes the design and evaluation of Uncover: a mobile application that supports users in exploratory pedestrian behavior to gain situational awareness of their immediate environment. The design was based on guidelines derived from foraging theory and relies on egocentric views, which keep the virtual content automatically aligned with the real world. We carried out two studies with Uncover, which examine the successfulness of design choices aiming to support tourists’ city exploration while interfering with experiencing the surroundings as little as possible. A lab study tested the effect of different marker and background types on the time to recognize the direction with most content. The designs performing best were implemented in the final prototype, and a field study analyzed the exploration behavior tourists and visitors exhibited while using it. The study showed that supporting the exploration can be improved by enabling features that are either disabled by default or not available at all in commercial map applications, like egocentric orientation of the map, providing images of venues just by pointing to their direction, and displaying clusters of several venue types.

New types of drug use and risks of drug use among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Hangzhou, China

BackgroundThe use of new types of drugs has become more common among men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of the use of new types of drugs, such as methamphetamine, ketamine, ecstasy, and rush poppers, and to examine the factors associated with drug use and HIV infection among MSM in Hangzhou, China.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2015 and April 2016. We used snowball sampling to recruit MSM; participants were recruited from voluntary counseling and testing centers, baths, bars, Blued (an app for the gay community), QQ groups, clubs, and other types of venues. MSM were included if their previous HIV test results were negative or unknown, or they had not been tested for HIV. MSM were excluded if they were known to be HIV positive before the survey. Face-to-face questionnaires were conducted and a venous blood specimen was drawn from each participant following the interview.ResultsIn total, 555 MSM were included; 18.2% (101/555) of the participants had used new types of drugs in the past 3 months. Among the users, 65.3% used single-use rush poppers, while the remainder used ketamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, or other mixed combinations of drugs. The HIV positivity rate was 14.8% (82/555). Factors associated with increased odds of using new types of drugs in the past 3 months were higher education levels (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.12–9.37), having multiple sexual partners (AOR 1.76, 95 CI 1.02–3.05), alcohol use before sexual intercourse (AOR 33.44, 95% CI 10.80–103.50), and seeing friends using new types of drugs.ConclusionWe revealed the widespread use of new types of drugs, as well as a high diagnosis rate of new HIV infection, among MSM in Hangzhou. The use of new types of drugs was associated with an increased number of sexual partners among MSM; the high-risk sexual behaviors increased the risk of HIV infection. Attention should be given to the use of new types of drugs in MSM, and supervision programs should be strengthened to combat drug use.

An Original Approach to Evaluating the Quality of Blood Donor Selection: Checking Donor Questionnaires and Analyzing Donor Deferral Rate.

Blood donor selection is a cornerstone for blood transfusion safety, designed to safeguard the health of both donors and recipients. In the Service du Sang, Belgian Red Cross, French and German-speaking part of Belgium (SFS), health professionals (HPs) are allowed to interview donors on their own after formal qualification. This qualification is afterward evaluated by means of two complementary quality indicators: monitoring of donor health questionnaires (DHQs) and analysis of donor deferral rate. The study aims to evaluate the degree to which both quality indicators may be useful and appropriate tools to evaluate the quality of blood donor selection. An analysis performed on 2016 data showed that noncompliance detected by means of DHQ monitoring seems to be more frequent in HPs who conduct a low number of interviews compared to all HPs as a group (5.67 vs. 3.23%; p < 0.001). Deferral rates are also higher in HPs with a lower activity compared to HPs who interview more donors (14.80 vs. 13.00%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, statistically differences are observed between the type of blood donation venue in terms of the global deferral rate (for instance fixed site vs. schools: 11.9 vs. 19.5%; p < 0.001), and specific reasons for deferral (such as sexual risk behavior and travel in at-risk areas, the differences being highly significant between each category of blood donation venue; p < 0.001). Providing the HPs with feedback on these findings was an opportunity to draw their attention to some aspects of the selection process in order to improve it.

Being One’s Own Honoured Guest: Eating Out Alone as Gendered Sociality in Public Spaces

For a woman, eating and drinking alone in public is apparently seen as anomalous behaviour. Depending on location and time, there are attendant risks of being subject to negative moral discourses, surveillance, and unwelcome sexual attention. This article uses an autoethnographic account to examine an instance of ‘eating out’ alone as constitutive of the gendered nature of sociality in public spaces. It supplements emerging analyses of lone female dining in a context of ‘single’ women being an increasingly significant demographic category by offering further differentiation in terms of age and venue type.

'Other Spaces' for the Dangerous Dead of Provincial England, c.1752-1832.

The Murder Act (1752) decreed that homicide perpetrators should be hanged and sent for post‐execution punishment. This article explores the event management of criminal dissections by penal surgeons in situ. It reveals that the punishment parade of the condemned did not stop at the scaffold, contrary to the impression in many standard historical accounts. Instead, ordinary people accompanied criminal corpses to many different types of dissection venues. Penal surgeons hand‐picked these performance spaces that were socially produced for legal and practical reasons. They had to be able to process large numbers of people who wanted to be part of the consumption of post‐mortem ‘harm’ in English communities. Event management on location had to have emotional and visual appeal, moral coherence, be timed appropriately, and, if successful, would enhance the deterrence value of the capital code. Yet, managing the ‘dangerous dead’ involved a great deal of discretionary justice with unpredictable outcomes. It often happened in ‘counter‐sites’ of punishment in the community and involved a great deal of immersive theatre. Some events worked well, others threatened the social order. In ‘Other Spaces’ the ‘Dangerous Dead’ was hence a fascinating feature of the Murder Act outside the Metropolis from 1752 to 1832.

HIV transmission and pre-exposure prophylaxis in a high risk MSM population: A simulation study of location-based selection of sexual partners.

ObjectiveIn France, indications for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention are based on individual-level risk factors for HIV infection. However, the risk of HIV infection may also depend on characteristics of sexual partnerships. Here we study how place-based selection of partners change transmission and the overall efficiency of PrEP.MethodsWe used the PREVAGAY survey of sexual behavior and HIV serostatus in men who have sex with men (MSM) in a Parisian district to look for associations between sexual network characteristics and HIV infection. We then simulated HIV transmission in a high-risk MSM population. We used information about venues visited to meet casual sexual partners (clubs, backrooms or saunas) to define sexual networks. We then simulated HIV transmission in these networks and assessed the impact of PrEP in this population.ResultsIn the PREVAGAY study, we found that HIV serostatus changed with the type of venues visited, in addition to other individual risk factors. In simulations, we found similar differences in HIV incidence when the choice of venues visited was not random. The use of PrEP allowed reducing incidence, irrespective of the venues visited by PrEP users. However, with the same amount of PrEP, the number of infections adverted could almost double depending on network structure and venues visited by PrEP users.ConclusionThis study shows that characteristics of the sexual network structure can strongly impact the effectiveness of PrEP interventions. These should be considered further to refine individual risk assessment and maximize the effect of individual-based prevention policies.

The Long and Winding Road: Musicians on Tour from the Big Band Era to Rock and Roll

Since the earliest troubadours, traveling from town to town to perform has been the primary way that musicians have made a living. In the 21st century, the rise of the Internet and digital music has meant a decline in recording royalties and touring has become increasingly important to a musician’s total income. Organizing a tour can be a complicated process, and there are components that can be controlled by the tour manager (hiring the staff, booking hotels, and so on) and those that cannot. Not controllable is uncertainty of the weather and unseen disasters. But also important in the efficiency and profitability of a tour is the state of technology. For the tours we examine, it is the transportation technology and the type of venues that are available to the artist that are crucial. The research question addressed is given changes in musical tastes, and the technology of transportation and venues, are tours today as efficient as those three-quarters of a century ago? We provide case studies of tours from different time periods and musical styles to provide a preliminary answer to this question using miles traveled and time spent on the road as measures of efficiency. Our hypothesis is that tours are most efficient when, given that management has enough experience, there is an appropriate transportation technology, and appropriate sized and equipped venues. We find that in general touring has been efficient measured in these terms. Big Bands mostly utilized trains and buses as a means of getting to the many ballrooms in small and large towns throughout the country. During the early rock and roll era of the 1950s, buses, and on occasion trains, were used as the means of travel between the various venues. Today, touring is by a combination of planes and buses traveling along interstate highways and between airport hub cities. This paper examines big band tours of Glenn Miller and Lawrence Welk and the modern touring of The Beatles, Paul McCartney and the Drive By Truckers. These tours are then compared with the infamous Winter Dance Party in 1959 during which three of the stars of the tour died in an airplane crash: Buddy Holly, J. P. ”The Big Bopper” Richardson, and Ritchie Valens. We find this latter tour to be relatively inefficient by our measures and attribute this to the limitations of transportation and the availability of venues.

Adapting live classical music performance for different venues

Name: Gregor Dešman Main Subject: Classical Piano Research Supervisor: Anna Scott Title of Research: Adapting Live Classical Music Performance for Different Venues Research Question: In what ways can a musician adjust his or her performance approach by taking into account the characteristics of a specific type of venue? Summary of Results: Each performance is unique, and depends on many factors including a performer’s physical and psychological condition, their connection to the repertoire, and most importantly, the conditions presented by a given venue. In this research project I have concentrated primarily on the latter, and have sought to determine the particular challenges and possibilities presented by varying types of venues, and how such knowledge can be used to guide the conscious decisions performers make in order to adapt their performances accordingly. My methodology first involved carrying out background research, using relevant academic literature as well as my own experiences as a pianist. By focusing on three types of venues (concert halls, music clubs, and private homes), I was then able to compile a list of the advantages and challenges presented by each type of performance space. From this list I then prepared three different interpretations of Ferruccio Busoni's transcription of the Chaconne from J. S. Bach's Partita in D Minor, with each interpretation being specially adapted to the limitatons and possibilities presented by each of the three venue types. I then tested each interpretation by performing it in its respective venue, the results of which I documented via audio and video recordings. I was then able to analyse the effectiveness of my venue-specific interpretative decisions in these recordings, after which I compiled a table that can function as a guide for adjusting one's performances to specific venues. By carrying out this research project, I have found that in order to better communicate with their audiences, musicians can and should adjust their performances to specific types of venues. While musicians make many smaller adjustments instinctively, as related to voicing or phrasing for example, learning the logic and mechanics behind such modifications emboldens one to make larger changes as related to tempo and even character – an interpretive flexibility towards which all musicians should strive. Biography: Pianist Gregor Dešman studies with Prof. Naum Grubert at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. He completed postgraduate studies with Prof. Ruben Dalibaltayan in Zagreb and graduate studies in Ljubljana with Prof. Hinko Haas. Gregor has successfully competed in many international competitions and as a soloist has performed with the Ljubljana Opera and Ballet Orchestra and with the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra. Gregor performs across Europe with internationally successful musicians such as Tibor Molnar and Joachim Eijlander, and with the GUD Piano Trio, who have an international career and have studied with Prof. Tomaž Lorenz and Trio di Parma in Duino, Italy.

Social venue range and referral chain impact: Implications for the sampling of hidden communities.

BackgroundIt has been argued that the success of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in generating unbiased estimates for epidemiologic outcomes depends on participants’ abilities to generate long referral chains. While this is thought to depend on the number of people participants know in the target population, this idea is rarely tested. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the role of other aspects of social connectedness in recruitment, such as participants’ involvement in local clubs and venues.MethodsWe examine whether the recruitment potential of young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) depends on (1) their social network size and (2) their affiliations with a variety of sex venues across geographic areas. We analyze data from a 2014 RDS study of 598 YBMSM on the south side of Chicago.ResultsBoth a participant’s personal network size and the number of different types of sex venues with which he was affiliated were significantly positively associated with (1) the total number of recruits in the participant’s prospective referral chains and (2) the lengths of those chains. However, only venue affiliation remain significantly associated with recruitment potential in the multivariate model.ConclusionsThe success of RDS in generating valid samples may depend more on recruiting participants who are involved in multiple venues within the community (i.e., their affiliation networks) than on recruiting those who have large personal social networks.