Ventral Nasal Concha Research Articles

Topography of the Nasal Conchae of Sahel Goat ‎ ‎(Capra hircus)‎

A total of five heads of adult Sahel goat obtained from slaughterhouse was examined to elucidate the topography of the nasal conchae. The heads were fixed in 10% formalin and mid-sagittal and cross-sections were performed to examine the shape, form, and explore the internal configuration of the conchae. The cylindrical shaped nasal cavity was divided into two equal halves by a median nasal septum and further reduces into sequence of clefts and meatus by the nasal conchae. The dorsal nasal concha was spindle shaped with tapered rostral ends that blends into the straight fold. The cone shaped middle nasal concha was situated caudo-ventral to both the dorsal and ventral nasal conchae and was bounded by the caudal ethmoidal labyrinth. The ventral nasal concha was the largest and extends rostral into dorsal alar fold and ventral basal fold. These conchae are formed by delicate lamellae that presented distinct structural pattern, depending on the levels of cross-sectional planes. The dorsal, middle, and ventral nasal meatuses which defined the nasal conchae, connects with the common meatus that lie parallel to the median nasal septum.

Multimodal diagnostic imaging and treatment of cheek tooth hypercementosis associated with chronic ocular discharge in a horse

SummaryThis case report discusses the clinical signs, diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome of a 6‐year‐old Italian Warmblood gelding referred for evaluation of a chronic unilateral ocular mucopurulent discharge that had been ongoing for several months. Dacryocystorhinography and computed tomography dacryocystography (CT‐DCG) allowed the identification of a neoformation associated with tooth 206 connected to a cystic lesion occupying the ipsilateral ventral nasal concha. It is likely that both lesions caused stenosis of the nasolacrimal duct and secondary recurrent ocular discharge. Once the 206 tooth had been surgically removed, a histological diagnosis of nodular hypercementosis associated with a small cystic lesion was made. In this case, CT‐DCG was extremely important in identifying the source of the ocular discharge and guiding the surgical planning for tooth removal. A follow‐up telephone conversation with the owner 6 months postoperatively reported that the horse had not shown further ocular discharge.

An Ex vivo Investigation on Drug Permeability of Sheep Nasal Epithelial Tissue Membranes from the Respiratory and Olfactory Regions.

Besides systemic drug delivery, the intranasal route of administration has shown potential for direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, which has gained popularity because it bypasses the blood-brain barrier. The region in the nose from which the epithelial tissue membrane is excised to conduct ex vivo permeation studies for nasal drug delivery studies may be of importance, but the permeability of the epithelium from the different nasal regions has not yet been investigated in the sheep model. The permeation of five selected model compounds (i.e., atenolol, caffeine, Rhodamine 123, FITC-dextran, and Lucifer Yellow) was measured across epithelial tissues that were excised from two different areas of the sheep nasal cavity, namely the ventral nasal concha (representing respiratory epithelium) and the ethmoid nasal concha (representing olfactory epithelium). Although the selected compounds' permeation was generally slightly higher across the olfactory epithelial tissues than across the respiratory epithelial tissues, it was not statistically significant except in the case of atenolol. The presence of olfactory nerves and supporting cells and the gaps between them in the olfactory epithelial tissues may have contributed to the higher permeation of atenolol, but this needs to be further investigated to elucidate the precise mechanism.

A Rotation Alar Fold Flap for Cosmetic Nasal Plane Reconstruction: Description of the Technique and Outcome in Three Dogs.

Nasal planum reconstruction is a surgical challenge, and several surgical techniques have been described. The objective of this study was to describe the rotation alar fold flap technique and to report clinical outcomes in a short case series. The feasibility of the technique was first assessed in a canine cadaveric model. The rotation alar fold flap was obtained by a single sharp horizontal incision of the dorsolateral nasal cartilage, preserving the caudal mucosal attachment to the ventral nasal concha. The flap was then rotated ventro-medially for the reconstruction of the ventral aspect of the nasal planum unilaterally or bilaterally. The rotation alar fold flap technique was used following a subtotal or partial planectomy for excision of a squamous cell carcinoma or mast cell tumors in three dogs. No intraoperative complications were recorded. Superficial surgical site infection was reported in two cases and minor dehiscence was reported in one case. However, survival of the flap was not affected. The cosmetic and functional outcomes were considered very satisfactory in all cases. The rotation alar fold flap technique offers a safe, valuable, feasible, functional and aesthetically satisfactory alternative surgical option for selected cases of localized tumor involving the central and ventral planum.

Anatomy and computed tomography of the nasal cavity, nasal conchae, and paranasal sinuses of the endangered Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus).

This study explores for the first time the shape, volume, and configuration of nasal cavity structures of the endangered Patagonian huemul deer via computed tomography (CT). Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions derived from data sets obtained from five Patagonian huemul deer skulls were analyzed. Using semiautomatic segmentation, 3D models were created of all the sinus compartments and nasal conchae. Volumetric measurements were taken of seven sinus compartments. The Patagonian huemul deer has a wide, large nasal cavity, with an osseous nasal aperture typical of cervids and a choana with characteristics that differentiate it from the pudu and roe deer. It also has six nasal meatuses and three nasal conchae, with the ventral nasal concha having the greatest volume and surface, which given its extension ensures a greater ability to humidify and heat the air. Further analysis showed the complex system of paranasal sinuses to be characterized by a rostroventral and interconnected group, where communication with the nasal cavity is common through the nasomaxillary opening, and a caudodorsal group that communicates with the nasal cavity through openings in the nasal meatuses. Our study of the endangered Patagonian huemul deer documents an intricate, and in some nasal cavity structures, unique morphological construction which may predispose it to higher rates of sinonasal afflictions due largely to its nasal complex anatomy, thus affecting its high cultural value.

Dwarfism in a Seba’s short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata, with comments on its flight aerodynamics

We describe the first known case of disproportionate dwarfism in bats. The specimen is an adult male Seba’s short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), captured in a ground-level mist net during a survey in a lowland Atlantic Forest area in southeastern Brazil. Examination of the specimen skull showed craniofacial anomalies, including microdontia in the upper incisors, oligodontia in the third upper molars, fusion of the nasal septum and the left ventral nasal concha, and a narrower foramen magnum. Post-cranial changes were mainly related to shortened radius, tibia, and metacarpals, compared to the reference sample in multivariate space. Given its unusual morphology with short wings and average body mass, the dwarf would have higher wing loading, fly faster, require more power to fly, and have a shorter flight range compared to the species pattern. Because it presented good body condition and reached adulthood, possible mechanisms of functional compensation are discussed.

Gross anatomical and morphometrical study of the nasal cavity (cavum nasi) of Egyptian goat (Capra hircus) and Egyptian Baladi dog (Canis lupus)

This study provides sufficient information on the anatomical investigation and the morphometrical analysis of the nasal cavity of Egyptian goat and Egyptian Baladi dog. The sagittal and the cross (transverse) sections at the different levels were performed on twenty heads of those animals. The nasal cavity was typically cone-shape in goat and a slight narrow elongated cone-shape in dog. It was completely divided by the nasal septum in both species except the caudal part of the nasal cavity of goat was partially divided. The nostril of the goat was nearly horizontal slit-like in form, directed ventromedially toward the philtrum. Whereas, the nostril of the dog was somewhat comma-shaped with its wide part directed medially toward the nasal septum. In the sagittal section, the nasal conchae were included in goat and dog, the dorsal nasal concha, the ventral nasal concha, the middle nasal concha and the ethmoidal conchae. The dorsal nasal concha was the longest concha in both animals. In the cross section, the dorsal nasal concha in goat was formed the dorsal conchal sinus at the level of the third premolar teeth and caudally extended into the frontal sinus. The ventral nasal concha was not formed sinus but its spiral lamellae enclosed the recesses. Moreover, the middle conchal sinus was appeared at the level of the first molar teeth. In this section, all the nasal conchae of dog were formed recesses (conchal sinuses absent).

Anatomical description of the head in Ossimi Sheep: Sectional anatomy and Computed Tomographic approach

The objective of present investigation was to explore the morphology of the head in Ossimi sheep. Here, the nasal, paranasal sinuses, oral, orbital, cranial, auricular and pharyngeal cavities were examined by the computed tomography images interpreted by the anatomical sections. Also, three-dimensional CT of the head was reconstructed. The Ossimi sheep was shown to possess long, double scroll dorsal and ventral nasal conchae that occupy the nasal cavity rostrally, while its caudal part possessed five small ethmoidal triangular nasal projections, the largest one was the middle nasal concha and the others contained the ethmoidal sinus. The dorsal and middle nasal meatuses were narrow and the ventral meatus was wide and lead directly to the choanae. The nasal septum failed to reach the floor at the caudal part of the nasal cavity thus forming a single channel that continued to the nasopharynx. The vomeronasal organ extended throughout the length of the nasal cavity from the incisive duct caudal to the dental pad to the level of the 3rd upper cheek tooth. The paranasal sinuses identified were the frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine and ethmoidal sinuses. The study recorded the absence of the sphenoid sinus and small palatine sinus in sheep different from that in other ruminants. The obtained results may be useful as a basic anatomical reference for the surgeons and pathologists.

Volumetric analysis of the cranial and nasal cavity from micro-computed tomography scans in the rabbit.

The aim of the study was to estimate the volume values of the cranial cavity and nasal cavity structures and to compare the efficiency of manual segmentation of three-dimensional reconstruction and Cavalieri's principle (CP) methodologies. Volume values of the cranial cavity, maxillary sinus (MS), dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), dorsal nasal meatus (DNM), middle nasal meatus (MNM), ventral nasal meatus (VNM), ventral nasal concha (VNC), middle nasal concha (MNC) and nasal vestibule (NV) were estimated with manual segmentation and CP from micro-computed tomography images in 5 male New Zealand white rabbits. Volume measurements and elapsed time were compared with each other. Three-dimensional reconstruction models of nasal and cranial cavity structures were created. There was a statistically significant difference between methods of the MS, DCS, DNM, MNM, VNM, VNC, and MNC volume measurements. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the volumetric analysis time period of the methods and CP was found much shorter than manual segmentation. Realistic results were achieved in a short time with the CP among the stereology methods. It is thought that these image and quantitative data results can be used for modelling, toxicology and pathology studies such as acute and chronić rhinitis or rhino sinusitis as well as a good understanding of the relationship of the anatomical structures in the nasal cavity.

Effects of Oral Propolis on Mucosal Wound Healing after Endoscopic Nasal Surgery in a Rabbit Model.

If the respiratory nasal mucosa is damaged and the mucosa does not heal properly during nasal or paranasal sinus surgery, a revision surgery may be required. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of oral propolis application on mucosal wound healing following endoscopic nasal surgery in a rabbit model. Twenty four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, namely the experimental group (EG), the control group (CG), and the negative control group (NCG). Mucosal resection was applied with 3-mm punch forceps in the bilateral ventral nasal concha in the experimental and control groups. 75 mg/kg/day propolis was added to the diet of the rabbits in the EG for 14 days. The CG continued with the standard diet postoperatively. In the NCG, no surgical intervention was made, and no dietary support was given. On postoperative day 14 all rabbits were sacrificed and left nasal specimens were examined histopathologically, hydroxyproline levels were measured in right nasal specimens. There were no statistically significant differences in hydroxyproline level, epithelial and subepithelial thickness, ciliary and goblet cell count, subepithelial fibrosis and collagen density between EG and CG. Neutrophil count was statistically significantly lower in EG, compared to CG (p=0.019, Tamhane test). Although there are many studies that show the positive effects of propolis on wound healing, such effect was not observed in this study. This study is deemed to constitute a unique experimental study that can be a resource for future similar studies to be performed with higher numbers of subjects and higher dosage of propolis.

Craniofacial abnormalities in a murine model of Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome

BackgroundSaethre-Chotzen Syndrome (SCS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome that occurs due to a mutation or deletion of the Twist1 gene at chromosome 7p21. Our aim was to conduct a morphometric analysis of the craniofacial features in the mouse associated with a Twist1+/− mutation. MethodsMicro-computed imaging was conducted for the skulls of forty skeletally mature mice, equally distributed by sex (male and female) and two genotypes (Twist1+/− or murine model of SCS; and Twist1+/+ or wild-type). A morphometric analysis was carried out for eight parameters for the maxillary-zygomatico-temporal region, 10 parameters for the mandible and three parameters for teeth from three-dimensional reconstructions. ResultsCompared with wild-type, the murine model of SCS showed these trends: (1) maxillary-zygomatico-temporal region, significantly shorter length and width posteriorly (p<0.05), (2) mandible, significantly reduced height and width (p<0.05), and (3) teeth, significantly shorter height, shorter mesio-distal width but longer bucco-lingual width (p<0.05). In the murine model of SCS, the key morphological variations included incomplete ossification of the temporal bone and zygomatic arch, twisting and/or incomplete ossification of the palatal process of the maxilla, premaxilla and the ventral nasal concha, as well as bifid coronoid processes. ConclusionsThe skeletal and dental alterations in the height, length and width provide a foundation for large-scale phenomics studies, which will improve existing knowledge of the Twist1 signalling cascade. This is relevant given the predicted shift towards minimally invasive molecular medical treatment for craniosynostosis.

A recessive lethal chondrodysplasia in a miniature zebu family results from an insertion affecting the chondroitin sulfat domain of aggrecan

BackgroundCongenital skeletal malformations represent a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting bone and cartilage development. In cattle, particular chondrodysplastic forms have been identified in several miniature breeds. In this study, a phenotypic characterization was performed of an affected Miniature Zebu calf using computed tomography, necropsy and histopathological examinations, whole genome sequencing of the case and its parents on an Illumina NextSeq 500 in 2 × 150 bp paired-end mode and validation using Sanger sequencing and a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay. Samples from the family of an affected Miniature Zebu with bulldog syndrome including parents and siblings, 42 healthy Miniature Zebu not related with members of the herd and 88 individuals from eight different taurine cattle breeds were available for validation.ResultsA bulldog-like Miniature Zebu calf showing a large bulging head, a short and compressed body and extremely short and stocky limbs was delivered after a fetotomy. Computed tomography and necropsy revealed severe craniofacial abnormalities including a shortening of the ventral nasal conchae, a cleft hard palate, rotated limbs as well as malformed and fused vertebrae and ribs. Histopathologic examination showed a disorganization of the physeal cartilage with disorderly arranged chondrocytes in columns and a multifocal closed epiphyseal plate. Whole-genome sequencing of this malformed Miniature Zebu calf, its dam and sire and subsequent comparative sequence analysis revealed a one base pair insertion (ACAN:c.5686insC) located within the cartilage development gene aggrecan (ACAN) exclusively homozygous in the affected calf and heterozygous in its parents. This variant was predicted to cause a frameshift (p.Val1898fsTer9) and thus a truncation of the chondroitin sulfate domain as well as a loss of the C-terminal globular domain of ACAN. It perfectly co-segregated with the lethal bulldog syndrome in Miniature Zebus.ConclusionsWe found a novel mutation in ACAN causing a recessive lethal chondrodysplasia in Miniature Zebu cattle. A diagnostic test for this mutation is now available for Miniature Zebu breeders preventing further cases of bulldog syndrome by targeted matings. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first case of a Miniature Zebu associated with an ACAN mutation.

A novel approach to brachycephalic syndrome. 3. Isolated laser-assisted turbinectomy of caudal aberrant turbinates (CAT LATE).

To describe isolated laser-assisted turbinectomy of caudal aberrant turbinates (CAT LATE) as a new minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of brachycephalic dogs with obstructing caudal aberrant turbinates (CAT). Prospective clinical study. Brachycephalic dogs (24 Pugs, 1 English Bulldog) with CAT but adequate air spaces between the lamellae of the nonobstructing ventral nasal concha. A rhinoscopically guided diode laser fiber introduced from anterior was used to dissect CAT within the nasopharyngeal meatus, while leaving the intranasal turbinates intact. Small grasping forceps were used to extract the dissected CAT from anterior or to push it through the nasopharyngeal meatus for extraction from posterior. Isolated CAT LATE was successfully performed on 32 CAT in 25 dogs. Intranasally applied xylometazoline helped shrink the ventral concha, making the approach and extraction easier. Minor bleeding was the only complication observed. It is possible to remove CAT with endoscopically applied diode-laser energy while leaving the nonobstructing ventral nasal concha intact.

Harvesting of olfactory ensheathing cells for autologous transplantation into the spinal cord injury. Its complexity in dogs.

Harvesting of olfactory ensheathing cells for autologous transplantation into the spinal cord injury. Its complexity in dogs.

Resection of the incisive bone and rostral maxillae for removal of an ossifying fibroma in an 18‐year‐old Warmblood gelding

SummaryA 510 kg, 18‐year‐old Warmblood gelding used for high level dressage was presented with a 6 week history of a growing mass at the rostral aspect of the incisive bone. Radiographic examination of the maxillae showed an osteolytic lesion between the left maxillary central and intermediate teeth spreading caudally into the hard palate. Biopsy of the mass was consistent with an aggressive oral fibrosarcoma. Diagnostic work‐up ruled out metastatic lesions. An amputation of the incisive bone and part of the rostral maxillae was performed with the intent of removing the mass in healthy margins. However, the neoplastic tissue extended to the rostral aspect of the ventral nasal conchae and a resection in healthy margins was not performed to avoid surgical complications due to communication with the nasal conchae. After surgery, the horse's appetite and food uptake were not impaired and cosmetic appearance was excellent. Active drains were used in order to prevent any submucosal collection of fluids. Histopathological examination of the surgical margins of the removed maxillae confirmed the presence of tumoural tissue. Even though excision of the tumour was not complete, no macroscopic local recurrence was reported post operatively at 36 months' follow‐up. Based on histological re‐evaluation of the removed tissue and the absence of recurrence a definitive diagnosis of ossifying fibroma was made.

Computed Tomography and Gross Anatomical Studies on the Head of One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The current study aimed to document by computed tomography (CT) the anatomical structures of the one-Humped camel head relative to their adaptability to living environments. Seven adult one-Humped camels' heads were used in this study. The structures of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbit, and cranium were investigated using computed tomographic scans, cross, and sagittal sections of the head cadavers, and skulls. The study showed the nasal conchae had special properties where the dorsal nasal concha contained the dorsal conchal sinus, the middle nasal concha contained the middle conchal sinus, while the ventral nasal concha did not contain a sinus. The middle nasal concha was large and extended rostral between the dorsal and ventral nasal concha. The nasal meatuses were narrow spaces that suggested adaptability to a desert environment. The paranasal sinuses comprised maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, lacrimal, and ethmoidal that were identified and labeled according to cheek teeth landmarks. The topographic description and relationship between nasal, oral, orbital, cranial cavities, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses were demonstrated. The articular disc, articular surface, and joint capsule of the temporomandibular joint were described by CT and cross sectional images. The current CT, cross, and sagittal sections images provide a reference for normal camel head anatomy.

Immune responses in sheep naturally infected with Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) and gastrointestinal nematodes

This study was carried out to evaluate the immune response in young Ile de France (IF) and Santa Ines (SI) sheep naturally infected by Oestrus ovis and gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Mast cells, eosinophils and globule leucocytes were enumerated in the upper respiratory tract (septum, middle meatus and ventral nasal conchae) and in the mucosa of abomasum and small intestine. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in serum samples and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in mucus from the nasal, abomasum and small intestinal mucosae were determined against O. ovis, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis antigens. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed in both breeds between the number of O. ovis larvae×IgG against Oestrus crude extract (IF: r=0.58; SI: r=0.66; P<0.05), and between O. ovis larvae x IgG against Oestrus excretory and secretory products (IF: r=0.59; SI: r=0.63; P<0.05). Apparently, the presence of antibodies in the serum or nasal mucus, as well as inflammatory cells, was not able to efficiently protect against O. ovis infestation. With regard to GIN, the levels of immunoglobulins and the inflammatory cell numbers in the gastrointestinal mucosa presented a significant inverse relationship with H. contortus worm burden in SI animals and this may have contributed to the fact that these animals presented the lowest FEC and worm burden compared to IF. In conclusion, the immune responses against O. ovis and GIN are very similar and involve the recruitment of inflammatory cells and production of immunoglobulins against the parasites.

Normal nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in brown lemursEulemur fulvus: computed tomography and cross‐sectional anatomy

Far less is known about the normal anatomy of the nasal cavity of Eulemur fulvus; no computed tomography (CT) scan has ever been published. Relevant CT scans were taken in the transverse, dorsal and longitudinal planes. These scans were compared with anatomical sections of heads. Computed tomography scans revealed almost all nasal structures, but cannot differentiate between the various layers of the nasal mucosa. Results show a double-scroll arrangement of the ventral nasal concha. The dorsal nasal concha protrudes into the maxillary sinus, but no protrusion into the frontal sinus was observed. The ethmoturbinate I is completely closed back on itself and rostrally voluminous. This work shows that at a clinical level, the integrity of the different turbinates can easily be appreciated from a simple CT scan. It will assist clinicians to evaluate pathological conditions that affect the nasal region.

Comparative Morphological Studies on the Lacrimal Apparatus of One Humped Camel, Goat and Donkey

The lacrimal apparatus gross anatomy studied on four camels head 4-10 years age, four goats' head 1-3 years age and four donkeys head 2-6 years age. The lacrimal gland was irregular flattened and elongated lobular in shape, pink in colour with characteristic indented borders composed by three lobes the main caudal, coma shape lateral and cranial lobes in camel, while it was flattened and oval in shape, light brown in colour possessed two distinct parts, a body and appendage-like part in goat, whatever, it was ovoid in shape, light brown in colour in donkey. The lacrimal gland was larger in size in horse and goat than that of camel in relation to body weight. The dorsal and ventral lacrimal puncta were absent and the lacrimal duct started blindly at the medial part of the upper and lower eye lids in camel, while in goat and donkey, the dorsal and ventral lacrimal puncta appeared slit like openings, they were lead to lacrimal sac. The nasolacrimal duct ran in the osseous lacrimal canal rostrally, with a slight curve at its origin. It passed the lacrimal, zygomatic and maxillary bones. It passed through the maxillary sinus, and then traversed the nasal cavity in a curved descending fashion, covered only by the nasal mucosa and a thin connective tissue membrane on the lateral surface of ventral nasal concha. The nasolacrimal duct opened at the medial wall of the nasal vestibule at the junction between the mucous membrane and skin by the nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct that was very minute in camel and goat while it was clearly observed in donkey.

Brachycephalic feline noses: CT and anatomical study of the relationship between head conformation and the nasolacrimal drainage system.

A study was designed to evaluate the influence of head conformation on the course of the nasolacrimal drainage system (NDS) in 31 brachycephalic and 15 mesocephalic cats using computed tomography (CT), CT-dacryocystography and anatomical methods. The higher the degree of brachycephalia, the more the facial bones and upper canine teeth are displaced dorsally (ie, the more pronounced the dorsorotation). Dorsorotation leads to abnormal dislocation of the ventral nasal concha and to almost horizontally rotated upper canine teeth, and thus a steeply oriented NDS. In severe brachycephalia the NDS is forced to pass below the canine tooth (adopt a V-shaped course) and the drainage function seems to be inefficient. The rotation of the upper canine teeth appears to provide a basis for classification of brachycephalia in cats. The authors recommend that breeders avoid breeding from individuals affected by this condition and to give preference to cats with longer facial bones.