Crisis In Venezuela Research Articles

Living with the neighbors: the effect of Venezuelan forced migration on the labor market in Colombia

I estimate the effect of the Venezuelan exodus on the Colombian labor market. The economic and social crisis in Venezuela triggered one of the most important migratory exoduses in recent decades: more than 4 million Venezuelans left their country and close to 1.8 million arrived in Colombia. I show that an increase in 1 p.p of labor supply due the migratory flow caused a decline in hourly wages in Colombia of 0.4% and a negative effect of 0.1 p.p. on the employment rate of low-skilled workers. The drop in wages was greater for men, low-skilled and informal workers.

Twenty-first century extractivism: Crisis and subjectivity in Venezuela

Most discourses attempting to explain the Venezuelan crisis do not consider the role that the commodification of nature has had in the deterioration of the country. This article seeks to fill that gap by exploring the deployment of the ecosocialist rhetoric of buen vivir alongside extractivism in Venezuela. For this, I articulate Nancy Fraser’s conceptualization of capitalism with the Lacanian notion of subjectivity. In doing so I show the interconnectedness of the material structure of the Venezuelan crisis, and the ideological role that conceptions of buen vivir played in perpetuating capitalist crisis. Finally, I argue that Lacanian subjectivity offers a conceptualization of nature which is less vulnerable to co-option.

Kingdom of the Netherlands-Curaçao and Sint Maarten

The economies of Curaçao and Sint Maarten are recovering from the pandemic but facing multiple challenges, including spillovers from the war in Ukraine. Curaçao was in a protracted recession even before the pandemic due to spillovers from the Venezuelan crisis. Sint Maarten needs to fully recover not only from the pandemic, but also from the devastating 2017 hurricanes.

Transformation challenges for the international humanitarian law system: Migration crisis as the latest tool for hybrid warfare. (A vision from Ukraine)

The article tries to present a theoretical-legal and international-practical analysis of the migration crisis as a tool for hybrid warfare, analysing the features of such a war and the peculiarities of using the flow of migrants and refugees as "living" weapons in a military conflict. The authors try to prove that a migration crisis can be provoked by an aggressor country using the hybrid warfare methodology attempting to destabilize the political situation, avoiding the resistance of the civil society of the target country without engaging in open hostilities. The authors stress the uncertainty surrounding the term "hybrid warfare" and propose their own classification of the modern hybrid warfare´ features. Based on the analysis of the use of migration crisis in Syria, Venezuela and Belarus, the article singles out the stages of employment of such a tool for warfare

Humanitarian crisis in Venezuela: a reflection on the service network of Venezuelan flows in Roraima

Humanitarian crisis in Venezuela: a reflection on the service network of Venezuelan flows in Roraima

Цифровая дипломатия США в зеркале больших данных: уроки венесуэльского кризиса 2018–2019 годов

Introduction. The article reveals the current U.S. digital diplomacy applying the case study referred to the political crisis in Venezuela culminated in late 2018 and early 2019, when the speaker of the National Assembly Juan Guaido declared himself the self-proclaimed acting president after the elections. Confrontation between his supporters and those of the incumbent President Nicolas Maduro reached its apogee. The aim of the research is to reveal whether the U.S. has been able to influence the development of the political situation and opinion of Venezuelan citizens through various digital diplomacy instruments and international broadcasting channels. The analytical part of the paper is divided into two sections. The first section discusses methodological issues relative to research in the field of digitalization of U.S. foreign policy and international relations in general. These methodological approaches are tested on the case study, namely the U.S. digital diplomacy in Venezuela in the second section of the paper. Methods. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of big data and social media. The primary sources are the accounts of U.S. officials, government-sponsored media, Venezuelan media, and bloggers. Twitter was surveyed to the extent that active political discussions flared up there during the crisis. At the time, Venezuela had the third highest number of Twitter users in the world. Analysis. Using the machine analytics, about 10 million tweets were retrieved, allowing us to determine the place of the U.S. governmental accounts among the influencers of public opinion in Venezuela. Results. The analysis shows that local digital media, and the activity of bloggers and politicians, including Juan Guaido and Nicolas Maduro, had more impact on the Twitter community and Venezuelans than U.S. channels of digital diplomacy or tweets of American politicians. The more active local bloggers are, the less chances were left for external players including the United States as well as Russia, China, or Europe, to change public opinions of Venezuelans. Authors’ contribution. Anna Sytnik carried out the big data analysis using Python programming language and developed the methodological foundations of the research. Natalia Tsvetkova developed the methodological foundations of the research and made the interpretations of analysis in terms of U.S. digital and data diplomacy. Ivan Tsvetkov developed the contextual frameworks of the case study.

Трансформация аргентино-американских отношений на рубеже десятилетий

Introduction. The paper examines Argentina-U.S. relations during the administrations of Mauricio Macri and Alberto Fernandez, as well as the transformation of the bilateral ties character at the turn of the decade. The author analyzes the changes paying attention to the challenges that the economic crisis posed to the Argentine leaders, and taking into account the motives of both countries. The study identified the risks for the successful interaction between Washington and Buenos Aires, as well as the leverage of the potential influence of the White House on the Argentine authorities. Methods. The study is based on extensive factual data from the period of the latest two Argentine administrations (2015–2021), the new sources, including documents of the U.S. Department of State. An integrated systematic approach allowed to consider the interaction of Buenos Aires and Washington in the dynamics of Argentine domestic political and economic processes, taking into account global and regional factors. When analyzing changes in the character of bilateral ties, a comparative approach was applied. Analysis. The relations between Washington and the government of Mauricio Macri in 2017–2019 were allied. The main areas of interaction were trade and investment, security and political cooperation. To support his ally and the continuity of government in Argentina, D. Trump facilitated the IMF’s approval of the largest standby to Argentina for the period of Macri’s administration. The problem of payment became a burden for the elected A. Fernandez. Results. The willingness of the White House to help resolve the debt issue and the American investments needed by Argentina deterred A. Fernandez from developing an autonomist foreign policy pushing him to choose a more balanced course. Both topics constitute the points of potential pressure from Washington on the Argentine leader. Bilateral relations became more restrained, but showing no signs of confrontation. Risks for Argentine-American cooperation are posed by the deepening partnership of the South American country with China and by the position of the Argentine authorities on resolving the Venezuelan crisis. Given its desire to be Argentina’s partner of choice, the U.S. is unlikely to firstly use pressure. With the beginning of Joseph Biden’s presidency, the climate agenda became a new area of cooperation.

GLOBAL CRISES AND CYBERSECURITY ATACKS – AN ANALYSIS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all nations in various ways, both economically and especially socially. The new normality, as social behavior dictated by the restrictions imposed, sustained online interaction, a factor that allowed an increase in cyberattacks. This paper intends to analyze the cyberattacks conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from a series of international events such as the crisis in Venezuela or Ukraine. A part of this study is a quantitative analysis of the results obtained from consulting the Scopus database. In this part, in addition to the most important authors and key words used, we aimed to find if the countries that are the main targets of cyberattacks are also involved in researching cybersecurity during pandemic. Cyberattacks are analyzed in terms of motivation and targets, aiming to identify possible solutions based on the modus operandi of attackers and what will be the next steps in the research.

Globalisasi Mengubah Konsep Negara, Teritori, Kedaulatan : Integrasi ALBA sebagai Sovereignty Counter-Balance

Globalization as a dynamic process has contributed to change and downgrade the power of. Most state experience various development regarding cross-border interaction, such as in economy, politics, and culture. Although the Westphalia Treaty of 1648 was a turning point where loyalty of people must be given to the state, yet it is shown that the power of state does no longer exist as the only political power. Venezuela’s Populist economic policies under Nicolas Maduro considered as failed-state management which lead the country reaching equitable welfare. Regarding Venezuela from the start in the ALBA (the Bolivarian Alliance for the peoples of our America), it has been able to help a little compilation of this country to improve the crisis, asking that the ALBA here try to be seen as " Sovereignty Counter-Balance". Domestic problems that continue to make the Venezuelan exodus abroad. This national crisis and massive migration have had international implications. And the countries that have helped overcome this are Ecuador and Colombia. This paper examines the interrelationship between the causes of the Venezuelan crisis and its consequences, as well as the reactions of other countries. In this paper the author analyzes and explains the link between the Venezuelan crisis and its effects, as well as the reactions, attitudes and role of neighboring countries in this case Ecuador and Colombia. The purpose of this study was to find out how ALBA was able to maintain the harmony and position of domestic interdependence by not eliminating the existence and authority of member states. This writing uses qualitative descriptive methods with data collection using literature studies. After reviewing, analyzing some literature concluded that ALBA can be a catalyst for Latin America to strengthen relations and unite views in the face of such dynamic global problems.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Preventive Care Program during the Compound Humanitarian Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic in Venezuela.

Effective preventive care programs are urgently needed during humanitarian crises, as has been especially obvious during the COVID-19 pandemic. A pragmatic trial was designed: hybridized intervention (Diabetes Prevention Program [DPP] + medical nutrition therapy + liquid diet [LD]; LD group) vs. DPP only (DPP group). The participants were adults who were overweight/obese and at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The LD consisted of a “homemade” milk- and fruit-juice-based beverage. Pandemic restrictions delayed the program by nine months, tripled the amount of time required for screening, and reduced the total sample to 60%. Eventually, 127 participants were randomized, and 94/127 participants (74.0%) completed the first phase. Participant dropout was influenced by migration, COVID-19 symptoms, education level, and socioeconomic status. In two months, the LD group lost 2.9 kg (p < 0.001) and the DPP group, 2.2 kg (p < 0.001) (between-group p = 0.170), with improvements in their cardiometabolic risk factors. At this stage, the DPP was shown to be feasible and effective, demonstrating weight loss with the improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors in a primary setting in Venezuela, a middle-income country with a chronic humanitarian crisis, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

POLITICAL CRISIS IN VENEZUELA: ECONOIC CONSEQUENCES AND POSSIBLE WAYS OF ITS RESOLUTION

Venezuela’s economy has been in a deep continuous crisis for 7 years. For researchers the country’s crisis is one of the most pressing problems related to the economy and politics of the Latin America region, since the crisis continuously worsens the living conditions of 28 million citizens and is a powerful stimulus for migration waves unseen until now in the recent history of the region. Since the main reason for the economic crisis in Venezuela lies in the political situation in the country, it is reasonable to study the political crisis and analyze how it affects the economy of this oil-rich, formerly prosperous nation if we want to understand the current problem of Venezuela and look for possible solutions.

Применение метода ивент-анализа при изучении образа Венесуэлы в переходный период президентства У. Чавеса

The purpose of the present research is adaptation of the event analysis method to the study of country image using the image of Venezuela in the US print media as an example. Reports from such newspapers as “The New York Times”, “The Wall Street Journal” and “Los Angeles Times” were examined. The information array (data bank) consisted of 337 reports published from January 1999 to July 2000. The obtained data was coded manually using a five-point scale. The events were also quantified manually. For studying the dynamics of United States-Venezuela relations during the period under study an original technique developed by Tsinghua University of China was applied. The results of content analysis were completed with the event analysis results. The conducted research confirmed the hypothesis about the relevance of applying this method to country image examination. Use of the event analysis method enabled us to support our hypotheses and to systematize and process a large body of information reported by the media. The research brought us to the conclusion that the US media were creating a negative image of Venezuela. It was found that the media focused on reports about economic crisis in Venezuela during the elections and in periods of political transformation. The conclusion was made about the neutral character of US-Venezuelan relationship and the reserved position of the media in reports on events in Venezuela. In addition, event analysis demonstrated that personification in media coverage was not the major trend during the period under study.

The Global Compact for Migration and the Venezuelan Migration Crisis in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. A Comparative Approach

Since 2015 the Venezuelan migration and refugee crisis has become a central issue in the Latin American political agenda. Hyperinflation, high rates of poverty and violence, and the lack of infrastructure have triggered the exodus of millions of Venezuelans to countries throughout the region, most in need of humanitarian assistance. This essay explores how Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, the primary host countries for the Venezuelan migration within the region, have implemented the Global Compact for Migration. Once considered ‘sending’ migrant countries, the three countries of this study have had to come up with strategies to handle the large numbers of migrants coming from Venezuela. By adopting the Compact these countries agreed upon treating migration as a common challenge, and to that extent, to join forces to replace domestic, individual efforts to deal with migration with coordinated actions to reinforce the rights-based approach to migration proposed by the Global Compact. And yet, such a statement does not mean that Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador have uniformly implemented the Compact. The recent tightening of the refugee and immigration procedures in some countries of Latin America, including Peru and Ecuador, illustrates the variety of public discourses regarding the Compact within the region. While further research is desirable to clarify the role of public aid agencies, NGOs, and foundations in implementing the Compact, this article aims to describe the particularities of the national political debate in Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador when adopting the Compact and seeks to assess to what extent the Compact has transformed the domestic migration policies in these countries in light of the Venezuelan migration crisis.

Adaptations of multinational subsidiaries for surviving host country crises: a case study of Venezuela

This study examines Venezuelan subsidiaries of multinational enterprises, analysing how companies adapt and survive in adverse business environments. Despite the prolonged, persistent Venezuelan crisis, there are multinationals that remain operational while facing government intervention threats, rampant inflation, currency shortages, and unfavourable labour laws. Using a case study approach, four subsidiaries are explored through face-to-face and telephone interviews with company managers, each representing distinct economic activities and business sectors. We found companies surviving the Venezuelan crisis developed new adaptation capabilities, including the ability to shorten the existing power distance, substitute limited resources, retain key talent, and obtain alternate funding sources. Understanding how these adaptation capabilities allow firms to operate in crisis provides valuable insights for managers and academicians and advances crisis management literature. Practical implications and areas for future research are discussed.

Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis: Venezuela's Blockade Policy towards Brazilian Aids

Venezuela, an economically oil-dependent country in South America, has experienced a turmoil of economic crisis since 2014 under the administration of President Nicolás Maduro. This crisis has been spilling towards social and political issues, with one being the emergence of an opposition group led by Juan Guaidó. This crisis, at first, has invited sympathy from various international actors, both states and non-states, with one being Brazil under the leadership of President Bolsonaro. Brazil at first is actively sending logistical aids towards the Venezuelans. However, in February 2019, President Maduro decided to fully-blockade Venezuela-Brazil borders for any human or goods movement. Beside the individual factor of the state's leader, group factor, specifically its cabinet which still acquires legitimacy from the leader, is also often seen as affecting and advising a policy in the time of a crisis. This paper aims to analyze the presence of President Maduro’s cabinet towards the Brazil border blockade in Venezuelan Crisis in 2019. By using the groupthink paradigm, this paper argues that there is a position of convergence between the members of the cabinet with the background of: (1) the dominance of nationalist military groups loyal to President Maduro; (2) the same ideology of left-wing political spectrum. It also argues that beside the two internal factors above, the external factors of regional and global tension towards Venezuela also create an isolation as an element of stress towards this government. This paper concludes that the combination of the three factors above become the main factors that formulated the blockade policy. Keywords: economic crisis, foreign policy, groupthink, Venezuela

Crisis Foreign Policy Making in Venezuela: The Case of Nicolás Maduro’s Left-Wing Militaristic Cabinet in Venezuela’s Blockade Policy towards Brazilian Aids

Venezuela has experienced a turmoil of economic crisis since 2014 under the administration of President Nicolás Maduro. This crisis has been spilling towards social and political issues, with one being the emergence of opposition group led by Juan Guaidó. This crisis, at first, has invited sympathy from various international actors, both states and non-states, one of them being Brazil. However, in February 2019, President Maduro decided to fully-blockade Venezuela-Brazil borders for any human or goods movement. This paper aims to analyze the presence of President Maduro’s cabinet towards Brazil borders blockade in Venezuelan Crisis in 2019. This paper utilizes qualitative social science methodology by analyzing primary and secondary data. By using the groupthink paradigm in foreign policy analysis, this paper argues that there is a position convergence between the members of the cabinet with the background of: (1) the dominance of nationalist military group loyal to President Maduro; (2) the same ideology of left-wing political spectrum. This paper also argues that beside the two internal factors above, the external factors of regional and global tension towards Venezuela also create an isolation as an element of stress towards this government. This paper concludes that the combination of the three factors above become the main factors that formulated the blockade policy.

The Affect of the State: Affective Responses to the Bureaucratic State Structures of Migration to Chile

As human resettlement becomes increasingly frequent, it is crucial to gain a deep understanding of the affective realities of migrants. This article uses qualitative methods such as participant observation and semi-structured interviews to explore the emotions and feelings Venezuelan migrants experience during their relocation to Santiago, Chile. Fieldwork for this project took place between June and August of 2019. During this time, Chile experienced an exponential increase in migrants due to the Venezuelan crisis and a resulting rise in social tensions. This article focuses on Venezuelan migrants’ dual affective responses to the state and the bureaucratic processes they encounter as they begin to experience everyday life in Chile. Specifically, I explore narratives concerning the negative emotions experienced by Venezuelan migrants when negotiating with bureaucratic structures, and the positive emotions toward the abstract state that created and ran those structures.

China-Venezuela Relations: China Dilemmatic Options towards Venezuela Crisis and the Role of China Community of Common Destiny Principles in Maintaining Cooperation

Oil prices directly impact Venezuela's circumstance due to 95% of their revenue come from oil export. Since 2013, oil prices drop significantly compared to the previous year. Thus, the crisis hits Venezuela severely. The impacts not only feel in domestic level but also in international level. China is Venezuela's bilateral partner that was impacted by the Venezuela crisis. Venezuela failed to fulfill their oil export to China to pay their loan in the oil-for-loan diplomacy scheme. Thus, their cooperation failed to fulfill the economic gain. However, China still shows the action that favorable Venezuela. Backing up non-intervention toward Venezuela in the UN, provide new loan and adjust the payment of the previous loan also diversify their investment in Venezuela. This paper argues that this action is no more for merely material gain. But it is the action that is based on the newly ideational aspect of China's foreign policy, which is the China Community of Common Destiny. Thus, this research will analyze how this rhetoric idea involves China's action towards Venezuela. Also, this research will address their relations and China's diplomatic option toward their relations with Venezuela in crisis circumstances.

Features and prospects of resolving the political crisis in Venezuela

The purpose of the research is to identify opportunities and prospects for resolving the political crisis in Venezuela proceeding from the current situation in the country. The specifics of the crisis processes in the socio-economic and political spheres, as well as the causes contributing to their deepening are considered. The authors analyze the conflict between the ruling regime and the opposition and the factors impeding the implementation of the political and economic measures pursued by the government to remove the country from the crisis. The authors research the actions performed by the authorities of the Chavist regime in promoting dialogue and seeking compromise both with the political opposition and other immediate parties to the conflict, including secret negotiations, and with the help of mediators. Particular attention is paid to the scenarios of crisis resolution in Venezuela developed by the author of the paper, named "negative", "positive", and "neutral". Each of the scenarios traces the actions of the main opposing forces, their capabilities to resolve the conflict in one or another direction, the involvement of regional and major world states and the possibilities of their implementation to date.

Vaccine hesitancy and religiosity in a sample of university students in Venezuela

ABSTRACT The ongoing humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has made it difficult to satisfactorily manage the COVID-19 pandemic in that nation. A vaccination program has begun, but its pace has been slow, as compared to vaccination in other countries. One considerable obstacle faced by vaccination efforts in Venezuela is vaccine hesitancy. Differences across religious groups regarding vaccine hesitancy in Venezuela have not been sufficiently explored. The present study consists of a sample of 230 university students in Venezuela, assessing their intention to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Their responses are compared across religious affiliations, and correlated with three variables: belief in vaccine conspiracy theories, religiosity, and acceptance of the theory of evolution. Results come out showing that Protestants are the religious group most hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccine, followed by Catholics and the non-religious. Results also show that vaccine hesitancy is correlated with vaccine conspiracy theories and acceptance of the theory of evolution, but not with religiosity itself.