Diospyros Discolor Research Articles

Effective degradation of rhodamine B and Congo red dyes over biosynthesized silver nanoparticles-imbibed carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel

The carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogel was synthesized by grafting of poly(acrylic acid) chains in the presence of ammonium persulphate–N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as initiator–cross-linker system. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were biosynthesized using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor leave extract and polyvinyl alcohol and are then imbibed in the hydrogel. Synthesized Ag NPs- and Ag NPs-imbibed CMC hydrogel was examined through UV–Vis spectroscopy and zeta potential, and size and morphology were confirmed by TEM and FTIR techniques, respectively. The Ag NPs-imbibed CMC hydrogel acts as an effective adsorbent for the removal of harmful dyes like rhodamine B and Congo red. The maximum water absorption of synthesized hydrogel was found to be 89 g/g. TEM image revealed the formation of spherical-shape Ag NPs with the particle size of 35 nm. The value of zeta potential was found to be − 23.9 mV. The XRD and SAED patterns agreed with fcc crystalline structure of AgNPs. The synthesized CMC-Ag NPs hydrogel acts as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B and Congo red dyes. The degradation of rhodamine B and Congo red dyes was 14 and 5 times faster when compared with the hydrazine.

Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using Diospyros discolor seed activated with nitric acid: isotherm and kinetic studies.

Diospyros discolor seed activated with nitric acid was investigated for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were used to determine the adsorption efficiency, effect of pH, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to analyze data of Cr(VI) uptake. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the functional groups and surface morphology was checked using a scanning electron microscope, coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The optimum pH in Cr(VI) uptake was 3.5 and the maximum adsorption efficiency reached 100% at 60 min.

Distribution, Diversity and Spatial Analysis of Tree Species in a Long-Term Ecological Research Plot in Molawin-Dampalit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve

A two-hectare long-term ecological plot (LTERP) was established to generate data for biodiversity resource assessment, monitoring and evaluation of Mo- lawin-Dampalit watershed for adaptive management. The plot was subdivided into fifty 20mx20 subplots where species identification, diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height measurements and geographic location of all trees were conducted. Growth parameters such as DBH and height were used to mon- itor and evaluate the area. The study recorded a total of 1,266 tree individuals comprising with 135 species distributed among 95 genera and 58 families. Of the 135 species recorded, 87 species are native or indigenous and 4 species are exotic or introduced in the area and 44 species are endemic to the Philippines giving an overall endemism profile of 32% for the whole study area. Three most dominant species include Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz, Celtis luzonica Warb. and Pinanga insignis Becc based on Species Importance Value.  A total of 29 threatened species were recorded in the area. The study revealed dominance of threatened  species in the LTERP area. Out of 10 dominant species, 7 are threat- ened species and 3 of which are critically endangered species such as Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr and Diospyros blancoi A. DC. Tree diversity analysis showed a high species richness (135), evenness (0.71), Simpson diversity index (0.91) and Shannon Diversity Index (3.52) indicating a more diverse area, pre- served and intact MMFR.  Spatial analysis was correlated with the clustering of species using ordination method. Results showed species composition  is affected by spatial distribution and each subplot may have different site requirements and unique floral characteristics.  K e ywords : Biodiversity resource assessment, dominant species, critically endan- gered species, abundant and tree diversity

Therapeutic Potentiality of Diospyros blancoi Linn. Seeds Against Pain, Thrombus and Inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro Study

Therapeutic Potentiality of Diospyros blancoi Linn. Seeds Against Pain, Thrombus and Inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro Study

Home / Archives / Vol 3 No 2 (2018): Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal) / Articles ISOLASI SENYAWA ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH BISBUL ( Diospyros discolor Willd.)

Free radicals are the one form of reactive oxygen compounds, which could disrupt the production of DNA, lipid layer on the cell wall, affecting blood vessels, and the production of prostaglandins. Therefore, it takes antioxidants because its ability to inhibit free radicals by means of donating one electron on free radicals. Synthetic antioxidant compounds often have side effects is not good, so much sought after alternative antioxidants from natural ingredients, one of which is bisbul fruit (Diospyros discolor Willd.). Based on research, bisbul fruit has a strong antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to isolate the active compound bisbul fruit extracts which had antioxidant activity. The isolation method used thin layer chromatography method and chromatography columns, continued using FTIR spectroscopy method and LC- MS, while the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results obtained had antioxidant activity IC50 53.51 ppm. The spectrum of FTIR spectroscopy was obtained that the compounds had a hydroxyl group which could be assumed as a phenol or alcohol. While the results of the LC-MS spectrum of compounds having a molecular mass of (m+H+) 631.95 m/z. The results showed extract the ethanol bisbul fruit had a strong antioxidant activity and possibility compound antioxidants was Goshonoside F4

Pharmacological and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves of Ethanol Extract of Diospyros blancoi

The Ethanol extract of leaves of Diospyros blancoi (Ebenaceae) was tested for its pharmacological and antioxidant activities. Acetic acid induced writhing method, Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and disc diffusion method were applied for determining analgesic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, respectively. To investigate antioxidant activity, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were applied. The extract produced dose-dependent analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing test. Significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activity were also observed. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the extract showed the IC 50 value of 59 µg/mL (Ascorbic acid, 17 µg/mL). Total phenolic and flavonoids contents were 62.54 mg GAE and 9.63 mg QE/g of dry powder, respectively. In HPLC analysis, Catechin hydrate, Rutin hydrate, Vanillic acid, p -coumaric acid, and Quercetin were detected in the extract (39.51, 20.67, 1.68, 1.52, 1.08 mg/100 g of dry extract, respectively). Presence of polyphenolic compounds in the extract might have attributed towards the observed bio-activity.

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Assessment of the Toxic and Teratogenic Effects of Kamagong (Diospyros discolor Willd.) Leaves Extract to the Developing Embryo of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

This work highlighted the embryo-toxic and teratogenic effects of D. discolor leaves extract to the embryo of D. rerio, a model. Apparently, 100% mortality of embryos was observed in 5% and 10% treatment concentration at 12 hpta. Meanwhile, mortality in lower concentrations increases as time of exposure is prolonged and as the amount of treatment concentration increases. Coagulation was the toxic effect of the plant water extract. On the other hand, heartbeat and hatchability rate decreases as the amount of treatment concentration increases. In terms of teratogenicity, tail malformation was the most marked teratogenic effect of the plant extract. Moreover, growth retardation, head malformation, yolk deformities and abdominal edema were observed. Altogether, D. discolor leaves water extract exhibit toxic and teratogenic effects against D. rerio embryo. Thus, this plant contains active phytochemical components that can be developed as anticancer drugs.

The Role of pH in Controlling Size and Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles using Biosynthesis from Diospyros discolor Willd. (Ebenaceae)

The silver nanoparticles generated by biosynthesis have a quite diverse result, both in size and shape. Structures of silver nanoparticles can be controlled by modifying the parameters of the biosynthesis such as the ratio between the precursors and reducing agents, as well as pH of the solution. In this study, the pH of Diospyros discolor (Bisbul) leaves aqueous extract was varied to 4, 7, 9, and 11. The extract then was added to 1 mM AgNO3 precursor (1:2; v/v ratio). The result of the silver nanoparticles characterized using spectrophotometer UV-Vis to find if there was any absorbance peak formed between 400 nm to 500 nm. TEM characterization was used to determine the size and shape of silver nanoparticles, and PSA was used to see their size distribution and stability. The higher pH tends to produce smaller silver nanoparticles rapidly. The synthesis parameters that were varied in this research have affected the size, size distribution patterns, and stability of silver nanoparticles.

THE GROWTH STRATEGIES ANALYSIS OF TEN WOODY PLANT SPECIES FOR EFFECTIVE REVEGETATION

The growth strategies of plant species show the ecological role which is reflexed by their adaptation to environments and competitiveness. Those are essential in the study of the revegetation effectiveness. However, the growth strategies of plant species in various types of habitats have not yet been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth strategies of ten woody plant species which were naturalized from mangrove to lowland habitats in relation to their effectiveness for revegetation program. The seedling’s growth was recorded during 4 months in Purwodadi Botanic Garden-LIPI from October 2014 to February 2015. Complete randomized design with plant species as a treatment using 3 replications was carried out to examine the plant’s Relative Growth Rates (RGRs), their components, leaf nitrogen productivity and growth strategies.The study showed that RGRs of ten woody plants species varied across species. Based on the Pearson correlations, the plant’s Net Assimilation Rates (NAR) and two ecological traits related to the root trait i.e. Nitrogen productivity and Specific Root Length (SRL) were strongly correlated with the RGRs. Heritiera littoralis, Diospyros discolor, Antidesma bunius, Schleichera oleosa, Madhuca longifolia and Syzygium cumini have high RGRs but low Specific Leaf Area (SLA). B. asiatica has relatively low RGRs and SLA, while Dracontomelon dao have high RGRs and SLA. It showed that most of plant species studied, except D. dao achieve growth rates and competitiveness by developing strategies through forming fine roots to maximize its ecological function in nutrients uptake. Most of woody plant species are adaptive to dry lowland habitat and only D. dao potentially occupy the ecosystem. Furthermore, D. discolor and S. oleosa are highly recommended for revegetation in degraded tropical lowland areas.

Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Fruits of Sclerocarya birrea, Diospyros blancoi and Landolphia kirkii.

Wild fruits are commonly consumed in the rural communities of South Africa. The information on their nutritionally important fatty acids is, however, limited. Three wild fruit species, Diospyros blancoi, Landolphia kirkii and Sclerocarya birrea from Limpopo Province were selected for evaluation of fatty acid content. Fatty acids composition of dried fruits of Diospyros blancoi (Db), Landolphia kirkii (Lk) and ripe and/or overripe Sclerocarya birrea (Sb) were evaluated by a gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). Hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) was found in highest abundance in L. kirkii (57.73–73.55%), followed by S. birrea (55.92–71.31%) and D. blancoi (46.31–62.05%), respectively. Octadecanoic acid (C18:0) was of second highest abundance, with 24.71–100% in D. blancoi, L. kirkii (31.03–41.60%) and S. birrea (9.11–17.0%). The 9-octadecenoic acid (C18:1n-9) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in both S. birrea (5.33–18.82%), D. blancoi (8.22–8.92%), and L. kirkii (3.84–8.63%). The 9,-12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2n-6) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in D. blancoi (22.34%). The 9,-12,-15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3n-3) was found in L. kirkii (3.51%) and S. birrea (2.79%). From the results, saturated fatty acids were the most dominant, whereas mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were the minor constituents. Therefore, presence of nutritionally important essential fatty acids from S. birrea, D. blancoi and L. kirkii has been shown.

Molecular Affinity of Mabolo Extracts to an Octopamine Receptor of a Fruit Fly.

Essential oils extracted from plants are composed of volatile organic compounds that can affect insect behavior. Identifying the active components of the essential oils to their biochemical target is necessary to design novel biopesticides. In this study, essential oils extracted from Diospyros discolor (Willd.) were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to create an untargeted metabolite profile. Subsequently, a conformational ensemble of the Drosophila melanogaster octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (OAMB) was created from a molecular dynamics simulation to resemble a flexible receptor for docking studies. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites, i.e. mostly aromatic esters. Interestingly, these aromatic esters were found to exhibit relatively higher binding affinities to OAMB than the receptor’s natural agonist, octopamine. The molecular origin of this observed enhanced affinity is the -stacking interaction between the aromatic moieties of the residues and ligands. This strategy, computational inspection in tandem with untargeted metabolomics, may provide insights in screening the essential oils as potential OAMB inhibitors.

Enhancement of the stability of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. leaves using polyvinyl alcohol

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is recently attracting considerable attention because of it reduces the environmental impact and already used in numerous applications. However, the disadvantages such as easy aggregation and instability properties, prevent its’ application. In this papers, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. leaves have been prepared. The effect of biosynthesis variables, like ratio of reactants and reduction time on the particle size distribution, stability, and morphology of the silver nanoparticles were investigated. The resulted silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Particles Size Analyzer. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used to enhance the stability of the silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles modification with 1% PVA concentration has produced a better characteristic of particle size distribution compared to the original silver nanoparticles, from highly polydisperse into moderately disperse. The results of the Zetta potential measurement also confirmed the increase stability of cluster distribution in the colloidal Ag/PVA compared to the original Ag.

The Canopy Structure and Its Impact on Hydrological Performance of Five Local Trees Species Grown in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden

The hydrological performance of individual tree can be estimated by measuring the stem flow, throughfall and rainfall interception. Water distribution through tree canopy is affected by tree architectural model and another tree’s morphology. This research was done in order to predict the most appropriate tree species that is suitable on soil and water conservation. This research was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden during the rainy season on January 2014 to March 2015, in order to examine the interception rate, throughfall and stemflow on some selected local plants i.e Syzygium polyanthum, Diospyros blancoi, Schleichera oleosa, Madhuca longifolia, and Canarium vulgare. Other observation that support the data, was also measured i.e. Leaf Area Index (LAI), crown depth, leaf size, Diameter of Breast Height (DBH), and height of tree on each species. Results showed that Diospyros blancoi has the highest interception value, which is 53 %, followed by C. vulgare 47.4%, S. oleosa 46.9 %, M. longifolia 38.6%, and S. polyanthum 35.6% respectively. Under the heavy rain, D. blancoi, which has the highest LAI value, also showed the best performance in the rainfall interception value and showed significantly different among others. Canopy interception and stem flow is related to rainfall, the higher the rainfall, the higher the throughfall and the stemflow among species. Morphology on each species, gives the different effect on their partitioning rainfall value.

Adaptasi Ekofisiologi Terhadap Iklim Tropis Kering: Studi Anatomi Daun Sepuluh Jenis Tumbuhan Berkayu

ABSTRACT Study on foliar anatomic structure of tropical plants are useful to study various aspects of plant life related to photosynthetic, productivity, carbon sequestration, adaptation to environmental stresses as the results of global climate change, etc. This study was conducted to investigate foliar anatomic structure of ten tropical woody plant species including Barringtonia asiatica, Dracontomelon dao, Heritiera littoralis, Diospyros discolor, Calophyllum inophyllum, Antidesma bunius, Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium cumini, Madhuca longifolia dan Adenanthera pavonina; also to discuss its implication to ecophysiological adaptation to tropical dry climate. The results showed that ten woody plant species studied had variation of adaptation pattern to dry tropical climate, exposure to high light intensity or open shade and photosynthesis activity. Plant species in Group II (Antidesma bunius, Madhuca longifolia and Adenanthera pavonina) has relatively higher adaptation compared to Group I (Diospyros discolor, Calophylum inophyllum, Dracontomelon dao, Schleichera oleosa, Heritiera littoralis, Baringtonia asiatica and Syzygium cumini). Some foliar anatomic structures including palisade shape and size, stomatal index, stomatal density, spongy mesophyll thickness, the ratio of P/T and P/S are important characters that can be used as indicator of changes in environmental factors; particularly the density of stomata as indicators of climate change in dry tropic area. Keywords: adaptation, dry climate, eco-physiology, foliar anatomy, woody plant

Bawean Island: The Potential for Ecotourism and Local Knowledge on Plant Diversity Supporting Ecotourism

Bawean Island has attractive biodiversity and natures that are potential for development. The present study was aimed to investigate (i) the potential of Bawean Island’s natural resources for ecotourism (ii) local knowledge of Bawean people on plant diversity and uses, and (iii) the potential of plants for commodities supporting ecotourism development. The potential of Bawean Island for ecotourism was examined based on data of attractive natural environments, while the local knowledge was obtained by interviewing Bawean people and observation of the daily practical use of plants. Various plants were analysed for their potential as commodities suppporting ecotourism. The results showed that Bawean Island has high potential resources for ecotourism. It is ranging from beaches, mountains, rivers, plant diversity, and endemic animals. The local knowledge showed that Bawean has plant diversity with various potential uses. There were 81 plant species traditionally used by Bawean people, including plants for foods (40 species), ornamental plants (15 species), timbers for housings and buildings (9 species), medicines (8 species), natural dyes (4 species), and other uses (5 species). Various plant species potential as the commodity supporting ecotourism development included Abelmoschus manihot (traditional food) , Diospyros discolor (fresh local fruit), Nypa fruticans and Pandanus tectorius (local handicrafts), Phalaenopsis amabilis (ornamental plants or cutting flowers). The use of plants in Bawean Island needs to consider the sustainable use of plants and conservation approaches. Keywords: Bawean, conservation, ecotourism, local knowledge, plant diversity.

Comparative investigation of the free radical scavenging potential and anticancer property of Diospyros blancoi (Ebenaceae)

ObjectiveTo investigate the comparative effects of Diospyros blancoi (Ebenaceae) leaves (DBL), root bark (DBRB) and stem bark (DBSB) on free radicals and cancer. MethodsThe polyphenol contents, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activities were performed on brine shrimp nauplii and Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells, respectively. ResultsAmong the extracts, DBSB showed the highest total antioxidant capacity and reducing capacity on ferrous ion. Based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, DBSB showed (95.760 ± 0.343)% and (67.460 ± 2.641)% scavenging with IC50 of (3.10 ± 0.17) and (50.00 ± 3.11) μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of standard butylated hydroxytoluene and catechin (CA) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals were (8.50 ± 0.25) and (75.00 ± 0.14) μg/mL, respectively suggesting that DBSB had a significant (P < 0.05) radical scavenging activity than standards. In lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, the inhibitory activity of the extracts and the standard was in the following order: DBSB > DBRB > CA > DBL. Also, the phenolic [(139.91 ± 3.924) mg gallic acid equivalent/g] and flavonoid contents [(412.00 ± 16.70) mg catechin equivalent/g)] of DBSB were higher than that of other extracts. In addition, the DBSB showed the moderate cytotoxic and anticancer properties. ConclusionsOur results indicate that Diospyros blancoi stem bark had the significant highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties as well as moderate anticancer activity. Hence, we assume that the anticancer activity of this plant can be, at least in part, attributed to its content in phenolic compounds as well as its significant free radical scavenging properties.

Flowering and fruiting behavior of velvet apple

The study was conducted at three upazilla of Patuakhali during the period from the 1st February, 2013 to the 31st July, 2013 to evaluate the flowering and fruiting behavior of velvet apple germplasm. Twelve velvet apple germplasm were selected from three locations (DD 01, DD 04, DD 06, and DD 09 from Dumki; DD 02, DD 05, DD 08 and DD 10 from Mirzaganj; DD 03, DD 07, DD 11 and DD 12 from Patuakhali sadar upazilla) by field survey. The age of plant varied from 10 to 25 years having satisfactory growth and good health. A lot of variations in different parameters were observed among the germplasm. Flowering season started from 22 February and continued up to 20 April. Percentage of fruit setting ranged from 65.15 % to 92.26 % in DD 07 and DD 01, respectively. Required time for fruit maturation ranged from 116 days (DD 01) to 129 days (DD 07). Single fruit weight varied from 198.10 g (DD 12) to 238.90 g (DD 01). The highest number of seeds (8) was found in DD 07 while DD 01 was seedless. The length and diameter of fruit ranged from 6.72 cm (DD 07) to 8.04 cm (DD 01) and 6.09 cm (DD 07) to 7.27 cm (DD 01), respectively. The maximum edible portion (87.33 %) was recorded in seedless germplasm DD 01, while it was the lowest (42.00 %) in DD 07.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 660-669

Tree Diversity and Stand Structure of Permanent Biodiversity Monitoring Area in Mount Makiling

Following the international protocol for establishment of permanent plots, a two-hectare permanent biodiversity monitoring area (PBMA) was established inside Makiling Forest Reserve. Results of the intensive 100% inventory revealed that the PBMA holds tremendous tree diversity. A total of 155 tree species were identified. Of these, 148 are indigenous to the Philippines with 47 endemics (30% endemism). The most abundant native species in the PBMA is Magabuyo (Celtis luzonica) with 2,287 individuals, followed by Balobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus) , Tinaang pantai (Drypetes maquilingensis) , and Apanang (Mallotus cumingii) . The average diameter for all trees inside the plot is 14.28 cm. More than 90% of the individual trees fall under the category poles and saplings while large trees account to only 0.6%. Twenty-nine (29) species are listed under either the Philippine Red List (Fernando et al. 2008) or the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2015-4). Noteworthy among the list are the six critically endangered (CR) premium timber species including Makaasim (Syzygium nitidum) , Kamagong (Diospyros discolor) , Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) , Bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan) , Guijo (Shorea guiso) , and White lauan (Shorea contorta) . The geodatabase that includes an interactive map developed in this study is of critical importance for future research activities in the area. Keywords: Permanent biodiversity monitoring area, Makiling Forest Reserve, endemics, threatened species, geodatabase

The complete plastome sequence of Diospyros blancoi A. DC. (Ebenaceae)

The plastome sequences of Diospyros blancoi A. DC. (Ebenaceae) were completed in this study (NCBI acc. no. KX426216). The gene order and structure of the D. blancoi plastome are collinear with the typical plastome of land plants. The complete plastome size is 157,745 bp in length and consists of a large single-copy region of 87,246 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,323 bp, which are separated by a pair of 26,088 bp-long inverted repeat regions. The overall A-T content of the plastome sequence is 62.6%. The plastome contains 113 genes, of which 79 are protein-coding genes, 30 are tRNA genes, and 4 are rRNA genes. Sixteen genes contain one intron and two genes have two introns. A total of 45 simple sequence loci were identified from the genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. blancoi is a sister group of Primulaceae with 100% bootstrap support.