Particle Velocity Research Articles

An equivalent model of horizontal vibratory finishing process: Model construction and analysis based on similarity theory

The manufacturing cost of parts and experimental equipment seriously limits the development of experimental research on mass finishing. To tackle this issue, an equivalent model construction method was proposed based on similarity theory. First, the similarity criterion of relevant physical quantities in horizontal vibratory finishing was determined, and the calculation formula of the distortion coefficient was derived to correct the prediction results. Second, the effects of vibration parameters on the characteristics and similarities of particle velocity and normal force were analyzed by DEM simulation. Finally, the validity of the equivalent model was proved by PIV and force tests. The results show that the equivalent model can be used to reflect the variation of the actual model and anticipate the particle velocity and normal force. And the prediction accuracy can reach 99.56 % and 97.46 %, respectively. The research results provide a new efficient and low-cost method for researching the mass finishing process.

Influence of concentration on thermophoresis of spherical aerosol particles within a Brinkman medium

Abstract We are examining the thermophoretic movement of a uniform mixture of spherical aerosol particles, all with the same properties, as they are situated within a porous material. These particles can have various thermal conductivity and surface characteristics. This analysis focuses on situations where the Péclet and Reynolds numbers are small. The influence of particle interactions is carefully considered by using a unit cell model, a well-established method known for its accurate predictions in the context of sedimentation for monodisperse suspensions of spherical particles. The porous medium is represented as a Brinkman fluid characterized by a Darcy permeability, which can be determined directly from experimental observations. This medium is considered to be uniform and isotropic, and the solid matrix is in thermal equilibrium with the fluid flowing through the voids of the medium. The Knudsen number is assumed to be low, enabling the description of fluid flow through the porous medium using a continuum model that includes temperature jump, thermal creep, frictional slip, and thermal stress slip at the aerosol particle’s surface. The conservation equations for energy and momentum are individually tackled within each cell. In this model, each cell represents a spherical particle enclosed by a concentric shell of surrounding fluid. The thermophoretic particle migration velocity is determined across different cases. We derive analytical expressions for this average particle velocity, expressing it in terms of the particle volume fraction. It is observed that different cell models yield somewhat varied results for particle velocity. Generally, with a fixed permeability parameter characterizing the porous medium, an increase in the thermal stress slip coefficient tends to decrease the normalized thermophoretic velocity across the different cell models. The results are in good agreement with the available data as documented in the existing literature. Additionally, a parallel examination of aerosol sphere sedimentation is provided.

The impact of particle size and concentration on the characteristics of solid–fluid two-phase flow in vertical pipe under pulsating flow

Vertical pipe hydraulic conveying is currently considered the most promising method for deep-sea mining. The conveying velocity at the inlet of the vertical pipe is often close to a pulsating form due to the influence of the flexible pipe and the marine environment. This study employs a combined Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach to investigate the impact of various particle sizes and concentrations on the flow behavior of solid–fluid two-phase flow in a vertical pipe under pulsating flow. The study reveals that fluid velocities exhibit periodic fluctuations within the vertical pipe under pulsating inlet flow. Moreover, the periodic phenomenon of local increases in particle velocity and concentration becomes more pronounced as particle size and concentration increase. Larger particle sizes increase particle inertia, reducing the ability to follow the fluid and leading to more localized particle aggregation. Therefore, the flow pattern within the vertical pipe transitions from homogeneous flow to plug flow as particle size increases. Variations in fluid–solid interaction forces and particle collision forces are explored to explain this phenomenon. When the particle size exceeds a critical threshold, the collision force surpasses the fluid–solid interaction force, leading to the transition.

A pulsed power facility for studying the warm dense matter regime.

A pulsed power facility has been designed for studying the warm dense matter regime. It is based on the pulsed Joule heating technique, originally proposed by Korobenko and Rakhel [Int. J. Thermophy. 20, 1257 (1999)], where a 3.96µF capacitor bench is used for inducing a solid to plasma phase transition to metallic foils confined into a sapphire cell. The first experiments have been conducted on pure aluminum. Experimental data have been collected using electrical and optical diagnostics. Direct measurements of tension, current, pressure, and particle velocity allow us to evaluate the equation of state (EOS) and the DC conductivity of expanded aluminum. The results are compared to hydrodynamic simulations performed with various EOS models. As a result, collected data on aluminum highlight the relevance of our experimental procedure for improving EOS modeling in the warm dense matter regime.

Microgravity influenced unsteady dispersion during magnetic drug targeting in an inclined tumor-stenosed microvessel with slip effects

Introduction:Recent cancer research into microgravity or altered gravity environments has gained attention for its potential to disrupt cancer cell growth and proliferation while reducing the risk of chemoresistance—a major challenge in conventional chemotherapy. Aim of the study:Motivated by the emerging applications of microgravity in cancer research, the current study aimed to mathematically investigate the potential of the microgravity-enhanced environment in combination with magnetic drug targeting (MDT) to optimize drug delivery and dispersion. Methodology:The particle velocity, including microgravity’s influence in the presence of an external applied magnetic field alongside fluid pressure, was computed analytically while the solute dispersion model was numerically evaluated using the Crank–Nicolson method. Results:Findings show that microgravity lowers particle concentration in the tumor, however, improved drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticle properties, and magnetic field strength reveal a positive impact on nanoparticle accumulation. Also, altered stenosis height, inclination angle, slip velocity, and other control parameters such as Peclet number, magnetic-tumor distance, drug source term, elimination, and local skin friction revealed significant differences in particle dispersion behavior before, within, and after the stenosis region. Conclusion:Our results suggest potential future therapeutic applications of altered gravity in combination with MDT phenomena to improve drug delivery for noninvasive therapeutic strategies.

Simulating 2D Fluid Motion with the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic Approach

Abstract Virtual two-dimensional (2D) fluid simulation is useful for directly simulating fluids in various situations, including geological simulations for landslides and fluid simulations for teaching. This research aims to simulate the behaviour of three different types of fluids (water, coconut oil, and glycerine) in a 2D container and analyse how these three types of fluids behave under various conditions, including interactions with boundaries. The research used Python programming to simulate fluids and the Wondershare Filmora X application to combine images. The Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics method simulated fluid in a 2D container with 10,000 particles by deriving the force density field directly from the Navier-Stokes equations. The Navier-Stokes equations were utilized to find the acceleration and velocity of fluid particles by considering external forces, internal forces, and gravity through this method. Acceleration and velocity were validated due to wall collisions, collisions with boundaries, and collisions between particles, which caused changes in particle position and velocity. During visualization, the fluid velocity decreased over time due to attenuation caused by interactions between neighbour particles, particles with boundaries, and particles with walls. From the simulation, it was observed that the fluid flowed from a higher place to a lower place, with fluid particles taking the shape of the container and the surface of the fluid forming waves. On the other hand, simulations with boundaries indicated that smaller gap sizes and higher viscosities led to increased difficulty in fluid penetration into the gap within the container.

Machine learning predictions of spatter behavior in LPBF additive manufacturing

The adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), has been rapidly increasing in industries requiring high precision and complex geometries. Despite its advantages, LPBF faces challenges related to defects that affect material quality, with spatter formation being a significant concern. Spatters—tiny particles ejected during the printing process—can adversely affect the final product’s integrity by altering surface roughness and contributing to defects. This study introduces a comprehensive approach to predict the ejection velocity and direction of spatter particles using a suite of machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Random Forest, Gaussian Process Regression, Support Vector Machine, Regularized Linear Regressions, Gradient Boosting Trees, and Neural Networks. Our analysis reveals that the Neural Network model outperforms others, achieving prediction accuracies of 97.58% for spatter velocity and 88.22% for ejection direction, thus offering a substantial improvement in understanding and controlling spatter-related defects in LPBF processes. The practical implications of these predictions are profound, enabling manufacturers to adjust AM parameters in real time to minimize defects and enhance product quality. This study not only fills a gap in the current literature by providing a detailed comparative analysis of multiple ML algorithms for spatter ejection prediction but also paves the way for future research into real-time monitoring and control systems in AM.

Investigation of droplet splashing behavior during oblique jet impact onto a wall

For the issue of jet impingement on the wall in industrial cooling processes, an experimental setup based on high-speed photography for oblique jet impingement onto the wall was constructed. The experimental focus was on the study of liquid droplet splashing behavior after oblique jet impingement on the wall, discussing the liquid droplet splashing behavior under three jet impingement modes: Rayleigh regime, first wind-induced regime, and secondary wind-induced regime. By employing methods such as trajectory imaging and particle image velocity for liquid droplet parameter image measurement, obtaining the particle size, velocity, and distribution of splashed droplets after oblique jet impact on walls under different working conditions. The impact of jet impingement velocity and angle on droplet splashing parameters was analyzed. The results showed that when the impingement point is before the breakup length, with increasing flow velocity, the surface wave of the liquid column, and the spreading liquid film became more pronounced, but the loss of liquid-phase components due to splashing was relatively small. When the impingement point is after the breakup length, the secondary breakup resulting in a “crown”-shaped liquid film after droplet impingement leads to a significant loss of liquid-phase components through splashing. As the inlet velocity of the jet increases, there is a decreasing trend in droplet size and an increasing trend in droplet velocity. With an increase in jet angle, there is a decreasing trend in droplet size and velocity. Based on the concentration, size, and velocity distribution characteristics of splashing droplets, the area after oblique jet impingement on the wall can be divided into the impingement zone, low-concentration low-velocity zone, high-concentration high-velocity zone, and lateral splashing zone. This has significant implications for understanding the splashing mechanism after oblique jet impingement on the wall and optimizing operating conditions.

Volcanic tremor associated with successive gas emission activity at a boiling pool: Analyses of seismic array and visible image data recorded at Iwo-Yama in Kirishima Volcanic complex, Japan

Volcanic tremors are often observed during volcanic activity and volcanic eruptions, and their generation processes provide clues for understanding volcanic fluid activity underground and eruption dynamics. However, tremors are characterized by continuous oscillations that mask P- and S-waves; hence few studies have precisely located the source, which is the most fundamental information for understanding the generation mechanism. In this study, we focus on volcanic tremors excited by continuous gas emissions occurring at a vent called Y2a in Iwo-Yama, the Kirishima Volcanic Complex, Japan, to clarify the source process of the tremor as well as gas emission activity. We simultaneously observed the volcanic tremor by deploying a small aperture array consisting of six seismometers and the gas emission activity by using a newly developed visual IoT system that can be operated without commercial electricity. MUSIC analysis locates the tremor at depths ranging from the ground surface to approximately 200 m beneath the Y2a and Y2b vents, which are approximately 30 m apart, for approximately four months from November 2021 to February 2022. The source locations of the tremors in the 2 Hz (1.2–2.6 Hz), 4 Hz (3–4 Hz), and 5 Hz (4–5.5 Hz) ranges show some differences and changes with time. The source location tends to become deeper when the 2 Hz amplitude is large. The infrasound generated by gas emission activity is dominant in the tremor signals, which are recognized in the wave propagation velocity with an acoustic velocity of 330 m/s when the 2 Hz amplitude is small. The visual IoT system succeeded in detecting long-term changes in the gas emission activity, and we found that the 2 Hz amplitude of tremor was well correlated with the amount of hot water in the boiling pool of Y2a, which was controlled by precipitation and evaporation during non-rainy days. From these observations, we infer that the volcanic tremor is generated by resonance of volcanic gas and hot water in a crack-like structure beneath Y2a. The resonance was triggered by the counterforces of the gas emissions in the boiling pool, and the infrasound was dominant during periods of hot water depletion in the boiling pool. Temporal changes in the source depths may be caused by changes in the fluid properties, configuration of the resonator and/or the strengths of the underground sources and infrasound. Our simultaneous observations of seismic array and visual IoT system clarify that even the continuous gas emission activity that looks stable is controlled by external sources such as precipitation.

Sound velocity measurement based on laser-induced micro-flyers

The measurement of high-pressure sound velocity in solid materials is crucial for developing constitutive equations and equations of state for materials in extreme stress–strain rate conditions. In this study, we propose a novel method for high-pressure sound velocity measurement using laser-induced micro-flyer technology. By optimizing laser driving conditions and target structure design, we measure high-pressure sound velocity using the “reverse-impact geometry” approach. The well-established Photon Doppler Velocimetry system allows for high-precision, single-shot measurements of both flyer velocity and particle velocity histories. A systematic error analysis shows that the longitudinal sound velocity of aluminum obtained in this experiment is consistent with data from traditional devices, such as gas guns, within the error margin. Finally, we analyze the potential application value of this method in laser technology as well as high-pressure dynamic responses of materials, and conclude the current shortcomings and possible improvements of this method.

Dynamic failures at the metal-glass interface under impact loading

To investigate dynamic fracture behavior in the metal, three metal spheres (e.g., steel sphere, high purity tungsten sphere, and high purity lead sphere) are accelerated by the gas gun devices to impact glass spheres under the critical speed range (i.e., from 70 m/s to 210 m/s). The velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) devices are employed to measure the particle velocities at the back surface of glass sphere, and high-speed photographs are utilized to capture the failure process at the metal-glass interface. Due to the asynchronous evolutions of stress fields and strain fields in the violent failure process, the results illustrate quite different failure mechanisms from those by the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) impacting. Fragmentations of the glass sphere are caused mainly by the radial cracks and the lateral cracks around the metal-glass interface and the edges of the sphere with increasing impact velocity. Dynamic failures in the three metal impactors exhibit different modes, e.g., tensile fracture in the steel impactor, shear fracture in the tungsten impactor, and compressed yielding in the lead impactor. The transferring of strain energy releasing is introduced to describe the failure behavior at the metal-glass interface, and a relaxation-diffusion equation of strain energy releasing is then established based on the experimental results and the numeric results by the discrete element method (DEM). The evolutions of failures at the metal-glass interface are discussed. Further investigation is conducted to describe the dynamic fractures in tungsten impactors and steel impactors based on the dimensional analyses, and the quantitative expressions of these strain rate dependent fracture strains and crack width in the metal impactors are obtained. The results are helpful for the profound understanding of the dynamic fracture in the metal structures and the dynamic fragmentations in the brittle material when subjected to impact loading.

An equivalent source method for acoustic problems with thermoviscous effects.

This paper presents an equivalent source method (ESM) for analyzing sound propagation in small-scale acoustic structures with thermoviscous effects. The formulations that describe the thermal, viscous, and acoustic modes for thermoviscous acoustic problems are introduced. The concept of ESM is then applied to solve these formulations, resulting in an efficient numerical computation and implementation procedure. Based on two different strategies, the obtained ESM formulations are coupled at the boundary using the isothermal, non-slip, and null-divergence conditions. The coupling based on the first strategy is efficient for solving thermoviscous acoustic problems with few matrices required. However, this procedure faces the evaluation of the tangential derivatives of the boundary velocity. Coupling the ESM formulations directly for each component of the total particle velocity at the boundary has no such problem, which leads to the second strategy. However, it entails a larger memory usage compared to the former. Additionally, the coupled finite element method (FEM)-ESM formulations based on the above strategies are developed for acoustic-structural interaction. The validity of the presented ESM formulations is demonstrated through benchmark examples, and that of the coupled FEM-ESM formulation is illustrated by the numerical analysis of a simplified microphone.

Data-driven machine learning approaches for simultaneous prediction of peak particle velocity and frequency induced by rock blasting in mining

The vibrations generated by rock blasting are a serious and hazardous outcome of these activities, causing harmful effects on the surrounding environment as well as the nearby residents. Both the local ecology and human communities suffer from the consequences of these vibrations. Assessing the severity of blasting vibrations necessitates a thorough evaluation of Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and frequency, which are essential parameters for measuring vibration velocity. Accurate prediction of vibration occurrence is critically important. Therefore, this study employs five machine learning models for predicting the PPV and frequency resulting from quarry blasting. This work compares five machine learning models (XGBoost, Catboost, Bagging, Gradient Boosting, and Random Forest Regression) to choose the most efficient performance model. The performance evaluation of each five machine learning models demonstrates each model achieved a performance of more than 0.90 during the testing phase, there was a strong correlation observed between the actual and the predicted ones. The analysis of performance metrics shows Catboost regression model demonstrate better performance prediction comparing with the other models with R2 = 0.983, MSE = 0.000078, RMSE = 0.008, NRMSE = 0.019, MAD = 0.004, MAPE= 35.197 in the PPV prediction, and R2 = 0.975, MSE = 0.000243, RMSE = 0.015, NRMSE = 0.031, MAD = 0.008, MAPE = 37.281 for the frequency prediction. This study will help mining engineers and blasting experts to select the best machine learning model and its hyperparameters in estimating ground vibration, and frequency. In the context of the mining and civil industry, the application of this study offers significant potential for enhancing safety protocols and optimizing operational efficiency. By employing machine learning models, this research aims to accurately predict and assess ground vibrations with frequency resulting from rock blasting.

Development of fully controlled rock crushing method and its vibration impact during rockfall risk reduction at Assos ancient port: Experimental and field studies

Historical sites are vulnerable to significant damage caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, rockfalls, floods, landslides, and fires. Protecting these invaluable regions necessitates preemptive measures against such disasters. This study delves into the rockfall risk assessment and remediation techniques for Assos, an ancient port with a history spanning over 2000 years. Initially, field surveys were conducted to identify active rockfall potential and precarious blocks within the area. Subsequently, intervention methods were devised, involving the removal of numerous hazardous blocks. A novel approach to rock crushing/breaking was developed specifically for the historical locale, comprising three distinct techniques: Fully Controlled, Splash Controlled, and Free Rock Crushing/Blasting. Additionally, two types of materials, namely Chemical Rock Breaking Powder and Cartridges Containing Pyrotechnic Class Explosives, were employed in refining the method. The subsequent phase of the research aims to evaluate the impact of recorded vibrations on historical artifacts and structures within the ancient site, with a particular focus on potential structural damage. To this end, seven rock crushing/breaking experiments were conducted, employing five different accelerometers strategically placed near the experimental site to measure vibrations in the historical structures. The findings have been analyzed in accordance with international standards, including DIN 4150/3, USBM RI-8507, and the Environmental Noise Assessment and Management Regulation. The assessment specifically scrutinized the condition of historical structures. In summary, during rock crushing operations employing chemical rock crusher powder (W=17 kg), the highest maximum particle velocity recorded at the closest distance to the operation point was 0.031 mm/s. These measurements fell comfortably below the specified damage criterion outlined in the norms. As a result, utilizing this method, over 7500 m³ of hazardous rock blocks were successfully broken and removed from the slope, while concurrently erecting rockfall protection structures. Ultimately, this comprehensive approach led to a reduction in regional rockfall risk, facilitating the safe reopening of Assos to visitors.

Comparative study of analytical models with linear and quadratic pressure drop conditions on a perforated plate in water waves

Proper pressure drop conditions are essential in predicting hydrodynamic performance of perforated structures in the framework of a potential flow theory. In this study, we investigate water waves passing through a perforated plate with various pressure drop models to examine how pressure drop conditions affect the hydrodynamic performance of perforated structures. We derive the analytical solutions of waves across the perforated plate by adopting three commonly pressure drop conditions, including one linear pressure drop condition (LPDC), and two quadratic pressure drop conditions (QPDCs). A series of laboratory experiments are conducted to validate the present theoretical results. We compare the hydrodynamic performance between the experimental data and the theoretical solutions with the three different pressure drop models, typically for wave reflection coefficients, dynamic pressures, and velocity fields measured by the technique of particle image velocimetry in the experiments. It is found that the existing pressure drop models can predict well wave reflection coefficients, dynamic pressure, and velocity profiles at certain conditions. However, the linear wave solutions associated with LPDC or QPDCs generally underpredict the amplitude of particle velocity near the free surface on the perforated plate. This underestimation increases largely as the wave steepness increases. The LPDC performance relies much on the selection of empirical coefficients. For the QPDCs, the analytical models show deviated results from the experimental data for wave reflection coefficients when the wave steepness is relatively low.

Study of different theories of thermoelasticity under the propagation of Rayleigh waves in thermoelastic medium

The present research is on the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a homogenous thermoelastic solid half-space by considering the compact form of six different theories of thermoelasticity. The medium is subjected to an insulated boundary surface that is free from normal stress, tangential stress, and a temperature gradient normal to the surface. After developing a mathematical model, a dispersion equation is obtained with irrational terms. To apply the algebraic method, this equation must be converted into a rational polynomial equation. From this, only those roots are filtered out, which has satisfied both of the above equations for the propagation of waves decaying with depth. With the help of these roots, different characteristics are computed numerically, like phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, and path of particles. Various particular cases are compared graphically by using phase velocity and attenuation coefficient. The elliptic path of surface particles in Rayleigh wave propagation is also presented for the different theories using physical constants of copper material for different depths and thermal conductivity.

Improvement in the Number of Velocity Vector Acquisitions Using an In-Picture Tracking Method for 3D3C Rainbow Particle Tracking Velocimetry

Particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) have developed from two-dimensional two-component (2D2C) velocity vector measurements to 3D3C measurements. Rainbow particle tracking velocimetry is a low-cost 3D3C measurement technique adopting a single color camera. However, the vector acquisition rate is not so high. To increase the number of acquired vectors, this paper proposes a high probability and long-term tracking method. First, particles are tracked in a raw picture instead of in three-dimensional space. The tracking is aided by the color information. Second, a particle that temporarily cannot be tracked due to particle overlap is compensated for using the positional information at times before and after. The proposed method is demonstrated for flow under a rotating disk with different particle densities and velocities. The use of the proposed method improves the tracking rate, number of continuous tracking steps, and number of acquired velocity vectors. The method can be applied under the difficult conditions of high particle density (0.004 particles per pixel) and large particle movement (maximum of 60 pix).

Effects of Superthermal Plasmas on Hiss Wave‐Driven Scattering Loss of Radiation Belt Electrons

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in the loss of radiation belt electrons via cyclotron resonant interactions. The cold plasma approximation is widely used in the evaluation of hiss‐driven electron losses, which however can break down during disturbed periods of geomagnetic storms and substorms. The kappa particle velocity distribution, characterized by a pronounced high‐energy tail, is well‐established to model the profile of superthermal plasma under disturbed geomagnetic conditions. In the present study, by calculating the electron bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients with kappa plasma dispersion relations, we investigate the sensitivity of hiss‐induced cyclotron‐resonant electron scattering loss to the spectral index κ under a variety of superthermal plasma conditions. Our results demonstrate that, with increasing κ, the diffusion coefficients of ∼20–100 keV radiation belt electrons significantly decrease at lower pitch angles and increase at higher pitch angles. In contrast, for electrons at higher energies, the diffusion coefficients tend to increase at lower pitch angles and decrease at relatively higher pitch angles. We also find that decrease of L‐shell and increase of α* and temperature anisotropy tend to weaken the hiss‐driven pitch angle scattering efficiency of electrons at energies from tens to hundreds of keV with a dip at ∼30–50 keV, while the scattering of higher energy electrons can be enhanced. This study confirms the important role of superthermal plasmas in the hiss‐driven electron loss processes and should be carefully incorporated in future modeling of radiation belt electron dynamics.

Iron capture mechanism for harmless recovering platinum group metals from spent automobile catalyst

ABSTRACT Automotive catalysts are the largest consumption source of platinum group metals (PGMs). When it exceeds its useful life, spent automotive catalysts (SACs) are the most important secondary PGMs resource and are classified as hazardous solid waste. Recycling SAC is a promising solution to alleviate the shortage of PGMs resources for projects and reduce environmental pollution. The technology for recovering PGMs by iron-melting collection can obtain Fe-PGMs alloy and harmless glass slag. In this paper, the spontaneous aggregation and growth behaviour of Fe and PGMs in slag at melting temperature were studied, and the settling velocity of Fe-PGMs particles in the slag was calculated to be 6.68 × 10−3 m/s. The effects of melting time, melting temperature and Fe dosage on PGMs recovery were determined, and the optimal conditions were 10 wt% Fe, 1500°C and 40 min. The toxicity test verifies that the slag obtained is a clean slag harmless to the environment. This work explains the mechanism of Fe collection of PGMs and provides a pathway for efficient and harmless recovery of PGMs from SAC.

VOF-DEM study of particle entrainment behaviors in the gas–solid-liquid system with multi-inlet configuration

Enhancing the entrainment capability of particles by bubbles is pivotal for facilitating particle elutriation and augmenting reaction efficiency in gas–liquid-solid systems. The current work utilizes the volume of fluid method in conjunction with discrete element method (VOF-DEM) to study particle entrainment in gas–liquid-solid three-phase reactors featuring different gas inlet layouts. Following model validation, this study delves into the multiphase flow characteristics and particle behaviors in detail. The results reveal that the merging of adjacent channels leads to the formation of larger combined bubbles, thereby increasing particle force, velocity and entrainment height. The average entrainment height during the merging of adjacent bubble channels is 42% higher compared to the four-channel configuration. However, this amalgamation diminishes the channel count and particle entrainment count. Specifically, the highest particle entrainment occurs in the two-channel configuration, which is 26% greater than that in the adjacent-channel merging configuration. Conversely, increasing the channel number decreases bubble size and overall particle entrainment capacity. With consistent bubble sizes, an increase in particle entrainment is associated with reduced entrainment height, indicative of diminished momentum transfer from bubble wakes to individual particles. Additionally, maintaining an optimal number of channels ensures high gas inlet velocity and bubble size, thereby enhancing particle entrainment efficiency. Lastly, appropriately reducing channel distance fosters interaction between adjacent channels, resulting in a meandering bubble path that further promotes particle entrainment and elution efficiency. The results obtained from this study serve as a useful reference for the design and optimization of similar systems.