Veliky Novgorod Research Articles

Urban protopops in the public life of Russia in the era of the political crisis of the early 17th century

The article shows that the protopopes at the beginning of the XVII century usually took a patriotic position and opposed impostors and interventionists, which is especially clearly seen in Bryansk, Zaraysk, Nizhny Novgorod and Veliky Novgorod. Episodes of the protopops' loyal attitude towards the supporters of impostors are not typical and were caused by their presence in the occupied territories. The support of patriotic forces by the protopopes of Russian cities strengthened their position both within the clergy and in society as a whole, as manifested by their participation in the signing of the Approved Letter of Mikhail Fedorovich not among the Consecrated Cathedral, but as electors from places not traceable in an earlier era

1162 Years of Russian Statehood: An Essay on Historical Evolution

On September 21, 2024, the Russian statehood will be 1162 years old. This advanced age is conceptually linked to the modern understanding of the historical evolution from the past to the present as a result of the thesaurus of knowledge accumulated over a hundred years. Historically, Russian statehood originally came from Veliky Novgorod in 862, and not later from the southern Kiev suburbs, which is confirmed not only by well-known chronicles, the works of scientists, but also by modern archaeological data. The stable and independent Novgorod state education since the arrival of Prince Rurik in 862 has existed for a generally longer period in history than Kievan Rus. The historical past of Russian statehood is being actualized today during Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine, in the process of global multivector confrontation between Russian and Western civilizations of the United States and Europe, sanctions against the Russian population.

Analysis of the ruined murals from the Resurrection Church of the Derevyanitsky Monastery (Veliky Novgorod, Russia): Dating and attribution

The Resurrection Church of the Derevyanitsky Monastery, one of the most significant historical and architectural monuments of Veliky Novgorod, was founded in 1335 by Archbishop Moses of Novgorod, painted by the order of Archbishop Vasily Kalika in 1348, and subsequently rebuilt several times, the last one at the end of 17th century. In the course of archeological excavations in 2013–2015, fragments of wall paintings were discovered, presumably dating back to 1348. A total of 63 fragments were examined using following analytical techniques: neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized microscopy, and stratigraphic analysis. Set of pigments and wall painting structure were revealed. The indirect dating was implemented based on statistical treatment of experimental data. Additionally, methods of humanities were applied, such as content and comparative analysis of manuscripts, proved by archeological sources. This approach allowed to make an assumption about painting authorship, as well as to trace artistic contacts of Novgorod with the Byzantine world.

Ways of using and reorganizing of former industrial territories: industrial zone «Bohemia» in Veliky Novgorod

Ways of using and reorganizing of former industrial territories: industrial zone «Bohemia» in Veliky Novgorod

Паблик-арт в историческом городе: визуализация локального культурного кода

The article analyses public art within the framework of the cultural approach – as a form of visualization of the city’s cultural code. The author examines the variants of public art comprehension existing in the Russian academic discourse and identifies the two most common approaches to the interpretation of art in the public space. According to the first approach, public art is interpreted as “commissioned” art, which is an instrument of the state’s ideological policy, and is therefore evaluated negatively. According to the second approach, public art is understood in a less evaluative and more meaningful way, emphasizing the variability of artistic practices existing within it, their focus on communication with society, participation of residents and reflection of locally significant meanings. The article emphasizes the commemorative functions of public art and comprehends its role in the actualization of the city’s cultural memory and representation of urban identity. The author explores what historical, cultural and mythological narratives are depicted on the murals in Veliky Novgorod, created within the framework of the All-Russian Street Art Festival “Pages of History” (2019– 2023). The article proposes to categorize Novgorod murals into the following thematic groups: 1) genius loci; 2) historical subjects; 3) myths and legends; 4) cultural heritage; 5) natural objects; 6) modern heroes. Art in Veliky Novgorod’s public spaces, especially located in typical Soviet districts, serve to individualize the urban environment and create new points of attraction for the city dwellers. Murals have become part of new excursion routes that run both through the symbolic city center and the city outskirts. The author argues that the subjects represented on the murals are authentic for Veliky Novgorod, contribute to the formation of local identity, enhance the imagery of the urban environment and emphasize the uniqueness of the Novgorod cultural landscape.

Практики исторической реконструкции в городской среде

This article studies the potential of historical reenactment festivals as an increasingly popular hobby and way of life that revives the history and identity of medieval cities through crafts, costumes and customs. Participation in these festivals educates people about the historical significance of their city and promotes community participation. Despite the fact that Veliky Novgorod can provide favorable conditions for largescale events, there are no targeted projects for the development of historical reconstruction there yet. The resurgence of historical festivals after the decline caused by Covid-19 highlights the need for suitable venues to integrate re-enactments into Novgorod's event calendar. These events provide educational benefits through practical, live historical presentations and aim to balance historical accuracy and entertainment value. Historical reconstruction festivals can bring different benefits to the cities being cultural holidays and tools for urban regeneration, improving the global image of the city. Successful integration of historical reenactment festivals into the city's event agenda requires balancing the needs of redevelopers, the host city and the local population.

Визуальная репрезентация исторического города в цифровых медиа

The article analyses the visual representation of the historical city in digital media as one of the leading ways of urban identity forming. The author shows that the connection of the image with the city, which is a territorial carrier of visual and symbolic information, and with city digital representation is established and coordinated with the help of an intermediary – digital media, including social networks. On the example of Veliky Novgorod, it is investigated how the image of the city in the media environment shapes the idea of the real urban space for most Internet users. The article identifies the main elements of urban space that emphasize Veliky Novgorod’s status as a historical city: culturalhistorical and natural-landscape. The visual representation of the historic city emphasizes the uniqueness of a place and expresses local identity, which allows to distinguish a certain urban space in the endless flow of visual data. At the same time, the author notes that digital media do not display the entire urban space, but only the part that is recorded and then actively disseminated by Internet users. Such incompleteness of the visual representation of the historical city provokes the emergence of socio-cultural distortions: the reproduction of basic visual patterns works to form a stereotypical image that does not reflect the heterogeneity of the real urban environment.

Культурный код Великого Новгорода: современность исторического города. Экспертное интервью

The expert interview is devoted to the analysis of the cultural code of Veliky Novgorod and to the architectural techniques, which represent it in the urban environment. The expert considers the general concept of cultural code and examines the modern situation of Veliky Novgorod, where only a small part of authentic objects has been preserved, as most of the structures were destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Also, the expert evaluates various city objects and projects in terms of combination of Novgorod architectural motifs and modern solutions in them, and emphasizes that the design code, which has been introduced in Veliky Novgorod since 2024, is very poorly connected with the cultural identity of the city. The key thesis of the interview is that all urban objects that are located outside the historic part of the city (outside the berm boundaries) should be resolved in a modern architectural language. In addition, the creation of new projects in contrast with the existing urban environment is described as one of the possible and productive strategies for working in the historical area of the city. In this way, contemporary architects and urban planners can make their original, authorial contribution to the historical city and leave their mark on the urban texture.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ЛАПАРОСКОПИЧЕСКОЙ ПРЕДБРЮШИНННОЙ ПЛАСТИКИ ПАХОВЫХ ГРЫЖ И ГЕРНИОПЛАСТИКИ ПО ЛИХТЕНШТЕЙНУ

The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the results of transabdominal preperitoneal laparoscopic surgery and inguinal hernioplasty according to Lichtenstein. From 2017 to 2023, 695 patients with inguinal hernias were operated on in Clinic 2 of the Central City Clinical Hospital of Veliky Novgorod. 322 (46.3%) patients had surgery performed by endovideosurgical method and 373 (63.7%) had open surgery according to Liechtenstein.

КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ ДЕТЕЙ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

In the article, based on the analysis carried out, the concepts of “communication”, “abilities”, “communicative abilities” are clarified. The author’s definition of the concept of “communicative abilities of children” is given and its structure is described. The diagnostic study was conducted on the basis of a comprehensive school in the city of Veliky Novgorod to identify the level of development of communicative abilities of primary school students. The diagnostic criteria were: motivational (the need for communication and the use of communication skills in speech practice); active (readiness for productive cooperation); reflexive-evaluative (analysis and assessment of the communicative situation). For the diagnostic study, the “Carpet” method (R. Ovcharova), the “Communication abilities” test (adapted for primary school age), and the “Mitten” test (according to the method of G. A. Tsukerman) were used. The conditions under which younger schoolchildren experience difficulties in demonstrating their communicative abilities have been identified.

Dental health of first-year students of the Novgorod State University

Goal and objectives: to study the dental health of 1st year students of the Novgorod State University. Materials and methods: questionnaire, literature review, study of statistical data on the Russian Federation, India, Egypt, and Pakistan. An analysis of the dental health of first-year Russian and foreign students of the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University was carried out, and factors influencing dental health were identified. Official reports on the condition and composition of tap water in the city of Veliky Novgorod and tap water in Egypt, India, and Pakistan were studied. The standards for the content of fluorine and iodine in tap water in Veliky Novgorod, Egypt, India, and Pakistan were analyzed. The influence of changing climatic conditions, quality of nutrition, and the presence of bad habits and stress on the development of dental diseases in students was considered. The World Health Organization’s global oral health status report for 2022 in the Russian Federation, Egypt, India, and Pakistan was analyzed. A survey among students of the Novgorod University was conducted in order to evaluate water in the Novgorod Region in comparison with their homeland; the survey included general health questions with an emphasis on oral hygiene. What paste, brush, and cleaning method students used when brushing their teeth, and if they visited the dentist. What dental problems they had before and what issues they have now. Conclusions: To provide recommendations on oral hygiene, the choice of oral hygiene items and products, the diet taking into account the fluorine and iodine content in the region, and daily routine.

HORN SPOONS OF THE 10th–11th CENTURIES WITH GEOMETRIC INTERLACED ORNAMENT FROM EXCAVATIONS IN NOVGOROD (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NEREVSKY AND TROITSKY EXCAVATIONS)

The article deals with comprehensive study of four horn spoons from the early strata of Troitsky and Nerevsky excavation sites from Veliky Novgorod. The main hallmark distinguishing these artefacts among analogies is highly artistic geometric interlaced ornament, which has not been studied fully and is not discussed in Russian historiography. The complex use of archaeological and artistic analysis made it possible to interpret the origins of interlaced ornament in archaeological contexts. The closest typological and stylistic analogies were found in the medieval urban centres of Middle Sweden, on the boundaries of the Scandinavian and Sami cultures. The research prompted an assumption about the North European origin of these spoons from the Novgorod cultural deposit. The ornaments of these artefacts can be regarded as one of the areas of Scandinavian art influenced by Sami tradition.

Birchbark letters from Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa excavations of 2022

The article contains a preliminary publication of twelve birchbark letters of the twelfth — first half of the fifteenth century, found in the archaeological season of 2022 in Veliky Novgorod (Nos. 1146–1157), and letters Nos. 52 and 53 from Staraya Russa. Letters Nos. 1142 and 1143 from the excavations of 2021, which were not included in the previous article, are also published.

Young scientists of the Russian Federation – participants of the all-russian forum of young inventors

In the article, the authors consider the issues of participation of young scientists in the events of the Festival of the All-Russian Society of Inventors and Innovators (hereinafter - VOIR) "Science and Inventions for Life", which took place in 2023 in various regions of the Russian Federation. At the same time, special attention is paid to the organization and holding of the Forum at Yaroslav the Wise Novgorod State University (hereinafter – NovSU) (Veliky Novgorod). The authors conclude that the model of holding events of this format for young scientists forms not only professional, but also additional skills in the field of communication, interaction, as well as competencies in the field of intellectual property. The advantages of the analyzed model of conducting scientific and practical events at the AllRussian level are noted in the work. The authors reveal an innovative approach to the preparation of scientific and practical events. In particular, the requirements for the organization of the competitive, expert, exhibition and congress part of the events, the algorithm of actions and the stage of implementation are revealed. It is concluded that the model of scientific and practical activities of university students should be accompanied by comprehensive interaction with the patent office.

Glass ware of the “Aldrevandin Group” from excavations in Veliky Novgorod

Glass ware of the “Aldrevandin Group” from excavations in Veliky Novgorod

Первый этап росписи церкви Андрея Стратилата в новгородском Детинце

The article begins with the history of St. Andrew Stratelates Church in Veliky Novgorod. It is shown that today’s church dedicated to St. Andrew was originally built as a chapel of the Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Novgorod Detinets. The St. Andrew Stratelates Church now stands alone in the south-eastern part of Novgorod Detinets, but until 1682 it was the south-ern chapel of the Boris and Gleb Cathedral. Its earliest part was erected at the former location of cathedral’s staircase tower. The initial church, as the paper suggests, was constructed to com-memorate the capture of Swedish Landskrona fortress in 1301 by the army of Prince Andrey III Alexandrovich. It was later rebuilt by Euthymius II, the Archbishop of Novgorod, likely in 1441, simultaneously with rebuilding the Boris and Gleb Cathedral “on its old foundation”. Then the paper turns to the description and analysis of what remains today of the initial iconographic pro-gram of the original St. Andrew Stratelates Church, namely a composition with nine images of saints in the lower part of the northern wall, which belongs to the earliest period of painting. On the right we see the Apostle Peter, an Archangel (Michael?) and the Apostle Paul being blessed by Christ. In the background stand a few praying figures: St. Andrew Stratelates, the patron saint of the church, as well as the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, passion bearers princes Boris and Gleb, and two unidentified holy women. The composition was likely to be created after 1494, when the Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Novgorod burned again. Although the origins of the mural remain unknown, a connection with the capture of the Landskrona for-tress is a likely possibility. Indeed, St. Andrew Stratelates Church was first constructed in 1302, i. e., a year following the capture of Landskrona, and it was initially integrated into the Boris and Gleb Cathedral which speaks for itself in view of military overtones of the cult of Boris and Gleb.

Optical microscopy and SEM-EDS on wall-painting fragments from the St. George’s cathedral at Novgorod

This paper presents the latest data obtained from the analyses of fragments of Russian-Byzantine wall paintings recovered from the architectural excavations carried out in the church of St. George in the Yuriev Princely Monastery built in 1119 at Veliky Novgorod, one of the oldest cities in Russia and UNESCO World site. In the last 7 years the archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow excavated the 12th century layers and extracted a large number of wall-paintings fragments, which are extremely important for the reconstruction of the history of Novgorod and for the study of Russian-Byzantine art in general. The pigments employed for the paintings and the painting techniques, together with color layers, substrates and mortars, have been studied and analyzed in the last two years in the Laboratory of the Architectural Archaeology and Multidisciplinary Methods for Architectural Research, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The employed analytical methods were optical microscopy (OM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). OM permits to distinguish the superficial painting method, the inclusions in the mortars, the intonaco and intonachino layers and the various substrates. XRF was applied for a first screening of the fragments and for the first pigment identification. The samples of painted mortar were then mounted in epoxy resin and polished for the analysis with SEM-EDS. The analytical data we possessed up to now indicate a very classical Byzantine technique with the use of expensive pigments such as lazurite and cinnabar, but also green earth, various types of ochres and mixtures of pigments. Special care was taken for the identification of the substrates.

UNIVERSITY PROJECT IN THE ANCIENT CITY: THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE, EDUCATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT IN VELIKY NOVGOROD

The article describes the experience of creating Novgorod State University within the framework of the integration concept as an innovative project. The historical and cultural context of the development of the ancient Novgorod region is presented, which gives grounds to believe that the formation of the Novgorod University of the classical type is a historically predetermined and natural phenomenon. At the same time, it is shown that the implementation of such university project requires special conditions, prerequisites and huge efforts from university teams, understanding the need for change, support for power structures and the formation of a powerful leadership team – a team of like-minded people. It is also important that in the system of spiritual and moral values of Veliky Novgorod, bookishness and enlightenment have always occupied one of the leading places. From here new trends of worldview, science and culture spread in Russia. Currently, the university with full responsibility implements its mission of the federal-regional center for science, culture, education, is the main methodological and scientific-methodical regional center for continuing pedagogical education and educational, scientific and innovative complex with a developed infrastructure.

Jonas, Archbishop of Novgorod, and the Question of the Canonical Subordination of the Novgorod Diocese (To the History of the Struggle of the Moscow and Lithuanian Parties in Novgorod)

The present work aims to demonstrate that St. Jonas, Archbishop of Novgorod (1458–1470)—the last independent Archbishop of Veliky Novgorod—was a supporter of the Lithuanian party, and not at all an adherent of Moscow, as hagiographic tradition claims and is commonly thought. In particular, he wanted his successor to be consecrated not in Moscow, but in Kiev (i.e., in Lithuanian Rus’). In this connection, In this connection we consider the question: whether Jonas promised not to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian, who was appointed in Rome to the metropolitan see of Kiev.

On the Allocation of Regional Geological Monuments of the Main Devonian Field

Abstract—Using the example of two particularly valuable geological objects of the Main Devonian Field (Ilmen glint and the valley of the Velikaya River in the area of the Vybuty rapids), the features of the allocation and protection of geological monuments of regional significance are considered. Ilmen glint is a complex (stratigraphic, paleontological, ore-litho-petrological, hydrogeological) geological monument of regional significance. The authors substantiate the paleogeographic value of the object, which consists in the possibility of studying various ecological complexes of the macrofauna of the Middle Frasnian Sea, reflecting both regressive and transgressive stages of its development. Also, for the Ilmen glint are recommended two new criteria: a historical criterion (reflection of information about a geological object in the classical geological literature) and (for the first time) the introduction of a new historical and geographical criterion (the relationship of geological and geographical features with the history of settlement and development of the region). As a unique geological object, Ilmen glint has been studied by outstanding Russian and foreign researchers. The sections of the glint and the near-glint region are stratotypic for a number of sub-regional and local subdivisions of the Middle Frasnian of the Main Devonian Field. The features of the geological structure (close occurrence to the surface of carbonate rocks of the Upper Devonian), proximity to Novgorod and convenient communication with it by water influenced the fact that this area became one of the areas of ancient mining back in the days of Veliky Novgorod. Due to the location at the crossroads of important roads, the surroundings of glint often turned out to be the scene of important historical events, so in the village of Korostyn, located at the western tip of glint, the famous Korostyn Peace was concluded. The Vybuty Rapids tract is not a protected area, although it also has a clear scientific value from the paleogeographic (interesting complexes of ichnofossils are observed in the outcrop and extremely valuable in the reconstruction of paleogeographic conditions of the hardground facies) and historical and geographical points of view (a large ford was the strategic place in the Middle Ages for Pskov). The article considers the influence of natural and anthropogenic hazards on the condition of the described geological objects. In the described unique outcrops, there is an active manifestation of landslide processes and weathering processes. At the same time, the terrain features (the presence of local plicative and disjunctive structures that contribute to the formation of zones of increased fracturing) are aggravated by the active traffic load in the areas adjacent to the coastal cliffs.