Finger vein recognition technology is a biometric identification technique that analyzes the vein patterns in the fingers to authenticate individuals. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the principles, applications, and future prospects of finger vein recognition technology. Firstly, the unique biological characteristics and advantages of finger vein recognition will be explored. Secondly, the working principle and key techniques of the finger vein recognition system will be introduced, covering image acquisition, feature extraction, and matching algorithms. Subsequently, the extensive applications of finger vein recognition technology in personal identity authentication, financial payments, information security, and other domains will be discussed. Finally, the future development of finger vein recognition technology will be forecasted, addressing potential challenges and solutions, as well as its potential applications in broader domains.