Vehicular Architecture Research Articles

Autonomous vehicle security: Current survey and future research challenges

SummaryThe advancement in technology and the adoption of innovative developments have made our lives easier. Every industry, from agriculture to transport, has experienced this advancement. The entire transportation system is in the process of becoming intelligent. Smart mobility of autonomous vehicles is an important part of the upcoming smart cities. The autonomous vehicle provides functionalities for safety and convenience. It has been an emerging field with a lot of attention and still under advancement and requires a thorough study and solutions for potential challenges and opportunities. Despite impressive advantages, it has some security vulnerabilities which could lead to life‐threatening consequences. Though they could prevent road accidents by eliminating human errors from the driving process, they also create the possibility of cyber‐physical attacks on the vehicular controlling system. For this, many researchers have focused on the security attacks and defenses in autonomous vehicular systems. A 360‐degree research has been undertaken to understand the concept of autonomous vehicles entirely, such as history, social impacts, difficulties and challenges, current product developments, and security aspects. Also, a vehicular architecture is proposed by integrating various technologies such as 5G, SDN, cloud, and so forth, its possible security attacks are mentioned.

Narrow band of vehicular things communication system using hybrid pelican-beetle swarm optimization approach for intelligent transportation system

Congestion is caused by the continually expanding number of vehicles worldwide. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) could be used to build a system that efficiently uses the existing infrastructure and current technological advancements. Several Vehicular applications use the restricted vehicle battery in V2X systems, and a key concern is communication secrecy. Earlier research has focused on channel measurement, autonomous piloting, high-speed transmissions, secretive communications, and QoS analysis but battery-limited V2X has received far less attention. Therefore, resolving the abovementioned complications in the current model is imperative. Thus, a new V2X communication model is developed based on NB-IoT (NarrowBand Internet of Things) approaches. NB -IoT is utilized in the V2X communication model to offer low-cost, high-range, and minimal power to the communication environment. The objective of the proposed NarrowBand of Vehicular Things Communication (NBVTCS)System is to analyze the performance metrics of vehicular communication including energy efficiency rate with different SNR, bit error rate with different vehicular positions, and overall throughput of the system. The simulation was carried out to attain an effective energy efficiency rate, the system's transmit power, bit error rate, and overall system throughput. The proposed vehicular architecture also optimized the abovementioned vehicular metrics with the help of the proposed Hybrid Pelican Beetle Swarm Optimization (HPBSO) approach to achieve a higher accuracy in communication parameters. Finally, the simulation outcome demonstrates that the developed vehicular model is achieved with a minimal energy consumption rate and maximum throughput and also compares the proposed HPBSO technique with other optimization techniques including DOX, EFO, POA, and BSO.

Multi-RAT-enabled edge computing for vehicle-to-everything architectures

The accelerating deployment of vehicular networks in smart cities sparked a demand for a wider diversity of on-board applications, extending their performance requirements. Higher computation needs and stricter delay constraints provide new challenges for edge computing vehicular architectures, especially regarding urgent data and high-priority tasks. In that regard, QoS-provisioning appears as imperative, along with optimized resource requesting at RSUs. To this end, we propose CAVTOMEC, a multi-RAT location-aware, context-aware task offloading solution with QoS provisioning for MEC vehicular networks. Three concurrent mechanisms are at play: traffic classification, CAM-beacon-enhanced location awareness and long-range V2N resource polling. Three-tier traffic classification identifies task priority, while location and resource awareness participate in the selection of the most appropriate offloading destination depending on these priorities. The resource awareness mechanism is developed in two phases: immediate available resources and prospective resources based on edge server queue state. Experimental results corroborate the gains of our scheme compared to a standard offloading scheme, especially for high-priority tasks, with success rates increased by up to 14%, and offloading delays reduced by up to 24%.

Energy-efficient routing protocol on public roads using real-time traffic information

Wireless technology has been significantly expanding to perform automotive services related to enhancing road networks and increasing traffic safety. Internet of Vehicles (IoV), as a part of wireless sensor technology, has succeeded in making considerable progress in promoting and protecting human lives from the damage caused by traffic accidents. The road statistical reports demonstrated that utilizing data dissemination techniques in IoV to share timely information about the vehicle’s position with drivers plays a key in avoiding accidents occurrence. This type of technique enables data propagation in a collaboratively and efficient manner to boost real-time performance. However, several limitations have arisen in network bandwidth usage and power consumption, as well as communication reliability with increasing packet loss probability. The main objective of this study is to present a new vehicular architecture that supports the integration of Software-Defined networks and fog computing for enhancing VANET performance. An energy-efficient and QoS-aware routing technique allowing for control of excessive dissemination of data traffic across the networks is also proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol introduced an accurately controlling methodology in the transmission rate of data packets and communication reliability of VANET. There is a 50–60% enhancement of the whole power consumption and network throughput, depending on the implementation of the proposed geographical routing methodology.

Design and Development of a Machine Learning-Based Task Orchestrator for Intelligent Systems on Edge Networks

This paper proposes an edge-centric workload orchestration approach that uses machine learning in a three-tier vehicular architecture (edge, cloud via roadside unit, or cloud via cellular base station). The orchestrator uses a wireless network at the edge to receive and send over-the-air requests from vehicles, considering a metropolitan network connects the entire edge structure to support the high mobility of devices, allowing vehicles to share information and resources. Additionally, suppose the edge is congested, or its resources are unavailable. In that case, cloud resources will be used via roadside or cellular networks using a wide-area network to meet the tasks’ time constraints. Moreover, the proposed machine learning model uses variance-based sensitivity analysis to determine which inputs influence the model’s final decision. The experiments performed on the EdgeCloudSim simulator are based on modelling computational and network resources besides the representation of vehicles. The results indicate that our approach best fits task offloading over the air, outperforming the comparative experiments between the one-stage(our approach) model against two-stage and random models. Furthermore, by using our one-stage model that outputs the average of the prediction interval and the variance of this interval, we can measure how confident our model is in its prediction.

Cooperative vehicular networks: An optimal and machine learning approach

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide a promising technology to enhance road safety. The vehicular standard wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE), also known as dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), can assist in reducing the number of deadly crashes. However, DSRC has a limited range. To enhance the network coverage, roadside units (RSUs) are placed along the road. However, the placement of RSUs at every instant increases the infrastructure cost. In this paper, we proposed the cooperative vehicular architecture, with network function virtualization (NFV) enabled RSU inside the mobile edge computing (MEC) unit. RSUs are only placed in the dense traffic region. We applied the Long short-term memory (LSTM) based machine-learning algorithm to predict the traffic flow based on the vehicle information table (VIT) maintained at the MEC unit. NFV is implemented at the top of RSU. Based on predicted traffic density it assists RSU to enhance its coverage range by exploiting the transmit power. Furthermore, MEC is also responsible for cooperative relay-based communication. Optimal stopping theory is modeled to select the best candidate relay node immediately. In this paper, we tested the proposed scheme in actual on-road vehicles and through simulations performed in network simulator NS-3.

Handover Management in 5G Vehicular Networks

Fifth-Generation (5G) vehicular networks support novel services with increased Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Vehicular users need to be continuously connected to networks that fulfil the constraints of their services. Thus, the implementation of optimal Handover (HO) mechanisms for 5G vehicular architectures is deemed necessary. This work describes a scheme for performing HOs in 5G vehicular networks using the functionalities of the Media-Independent Handover (MIH) and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIP) standards. The scheme supports both predictive and reactive HO scenarios. A velocity and alternative network monitoring process prepares each vehicle for both HO cases. In the case of predictive HO, each time the satisfaction grade of the vehicular user drops below a predefined threshold, the HO is initiated. On the other hand, in the case of reactive HO, the vehicle loses the connectivity with its serving network and connects to the available network that has obtained the higher ranking from the network selection process. Furthermore, the HO implementation is based on an improved version of the FPMIPv6 protocol. For the evaluation of the described methodology, a 5G vehicular network architecture was simulated. In this architecture, multiple network access technologies coexist, while the experimental results showed that the proposed scheme outperformed existing HO methods.

Dynamic Allocation of SDN Controllers in NFV-Based MEC for the Internet of Vehicles

The expected huge amount of connected cars and applications with varying Quality of Service (QoS) demands still depend on agile/flexible networking infrastructure to deal with dynamic service requests to the control plane, which may become a bottleneck for 5G and Beyond Software-Defined Network (SDN) based Internet of Vehicles (IoV). At the heart of this issue is the need for an architecture and optimization mechanisms that benefit from cutting edge technologies while granting latency bounds in order to control and manage the dynamic nature of IoV. To this end, this article proposes an autonomic software-defined vehicular architecture grounded on the synergy of Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) along with a heuristic approach and an exact model based on linear programming to efficiently optimize the dynamic resource allocation of SDN controllers, ensuring load balancing between controllers and employing reserve resources for tolerance in case of demand variation. The analyses carried out in this article consider: (a) to avoid waste of limited MEC resources, (b) to devise load balancing among controllers, (c) management complexity, and (d) to support scalability in dense IoV scenarios. The results show that the heuristic efficiently manages the environment even in highly dynamic and dense scenarios.

Density‐aware deployment with multi‐layer UAV‐V2X communication networks

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communications have been regarded as a promising technology, which can be used in dynamic heterogeneous networks, since the UAVs can be applied as mobile base stations (MBSs). It is more efficient to set the UAVs as MBSs in different layers according to their functions. Due to the ability in communicating with other vehicles or facilities, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) makes the information required by the vehicles be efficiently transmitted and processed, so as to increase the safety of driving. However, because of the rapid change of topology and the huge demand of data transmission, it is hard to guarantee the efficient coverage of all the vehicles only by the support of terrestrial wireless communication networks. Considering this, this study combines UAV and V2X communications together, and proposes a multi-layer aerial-road vehicular (MLARV) architecture. The UAVs in the higher layer are in charge of overall monitoring, while the UAVs in the lower layer are responsible for hot-spot area coverage. To solve the throughput maximisation problem, the authors further propose a density-aware deployment (DAD) scheme with an iterative three-dimensional matching resource allocation algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed DAD scheme with the MLARV architecture outperforms the traditional UAV-assisted V2X communications with single layer architecture.

Software-Defined Vehicular Cloud Networks: Architecture, Applications and Virtual Machine Migration.

Cloud computing supports many unprecedented cloud-based vehicular applications. To improve connectivity and bandwidth through programmable networking architectures, Software- Defined (SD) Vehicular Network (SDVN) is introduced. SDVN architecture enables vehicles to be equipped with SDN OpenFlow switch on which the routing rules are updated from a SDN OpenFlow controller. From SDVN, new vehicular architectures are introduced, for instance SD Vehicular Cloud (SDVC). In SDVC, vehicles are SDN devices that host virtualization technology for enabling deployment of cloud-based vehicular applications. In addition, the migration of Virtual Machines (VM) over SDVC challenges the performance of cloud-based vehicular applications due the highly mobility of vehicles. However, the current literature that discusses VM migration in SDVC is very limited. In this paper, we first analyze the evolution of computation and networking technologies of SDVC with a focus on its architecture within the cloud-based vehicular environment. Then, we discuss the potential cloud-based vehicular applications assisted by the SDVC along with its ability to manage several VM migration scenarios. Lastly, we provide a detailed comparison of existing frameworks in SDVC that integrate the VM migration approach and different emulators or simulators network used to evaluate VM frameworks’ use cases.

VEGa: A High Performance Vehicular Ethernet Gateway on Hybrid FPGA

Modern vehicles employ a large amount of distributed computation and require the underlying communication scheme to provide high bandwidth and low latency. Existing communication protocols like Controller Area Network (CAN) and FlexRay do not provide the required bandwidth, paving the way for adoption of Ethernet as the next generation network backbone for in-vehicle systems. Ethernet would co-exist with safety-critical communication on legacy networks, providing a scalable platform for evolving vehicular systems. This requires a high-performance network gateway that can simultaneously handle high bandwidth, low latency, and isolation; features that are not achievable with traditional processor based gateway implementations. We present VEGa, a configurable vehicular Ethernet gateway architecture utilising a hybrid FPGA to closely couple software control on a processor with dedicated switching circuit on the reconfigurable fabric. The fabric implements isolated interface ports and an accelerated routing mechanism, which can be controlled and monitored from software. Further, reconfigurability enables the switching behaviour to be altered at runtime under software control, while the configurable architecture allows easy adaptation to different vehicular architectures using highlevel parameter settings. We demonstrate the architecture on the Xilinx Zynq platform and evaluate the bandwidth, latency, and isolation using extensive tests in hardware.

An Architecture for Hierarchical Software-Defined Vehicular Networks

With the recent advances in the telecommunications and auto industries, we have witnessed growing interest in ITS, of which VANETs are an essential component. SDN can bring advantages to ITS through its ability to provide flexibility and programmability to networks through a logically centralized controller entity that has a comprehensive view of the network. However, as the SDN paradigm initially had fixed networks in mind, adapting it to work on VANETs requires some changes to address particular characteristics of this kind of scenario, such as the high mobility of its nodes. There has been initial work on bringing SDN concepts to vehicular networks to expand its abilities to provide applications and services through the increased flexibility, but most of these studies do not directly tackle the issue of loss of connectivity with said controller entity. In this article, we propose a hierarchical SDN-based vehicular architecture that aims to have improved performance in the situation of loss of connection with the central SDN controller. Simulation results show that our proposal outperforms traditional routing protocols in the scenario where there is no coordination from the central SDN controller.

Efficiency measure of routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc network using freeway mobility model

To move packets among the vehicles mobility pattern of vehicles in a vehicular network performs an imperative factor for creating competent routing protocol. To reproduce the movement features of vehicles in VANET is the main purpose of the mobility model. Manhattan mobility model is conversed by a lot of researchers. Merely very limited research study is prepared on highway and freeway mobility models. In this document Cluster scheme, different routing protocols are used to the freeway mobility based vehicular architecture. The Ns2.34 simulation effect illustrates the effort of cluster scheme over different protocols and standard 802.11p. The competence of the routing protocols in the vehicular communication by means of freeway movement pattern is estimated by different network parameters.

Vehicle to Vehicle GeoNetworking using Wireless Sensor Networks

Vehicular communications will be the next quality step in the development of automotive technologies. Defining these communications is currently in the final step of development, the focus being on standardization and field tests of network devices and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. However, some issues regarding vehicular communications that require a specific research effort are still open and represent a challenge if the technology is to be ultimately implemented and marketed. One of these challenges is to develop effective GeoNetworking in vehicular communications. This concept means that the Vehicle Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) data package transmission is organized according to the topographical location of the different network nodes (vehicles), with the data flow being organized optimally so as to cover the surroundings of each vehicle. The core of this GeoNetworking system is the GeoRouting algorithm that supports the optimal routing of the data packages and reorganizes the network structure in accordance with the positions of the nodes. In this paper we present a novel GeoRouting algorithm for unicast communications, based on the evolution of the previous results of vehicular mesh networks using IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology. This algorithm has been designed, implemented and validated under controlled conditions and tested in real vehicles on real roads with free-flow traffic. The results suggest that the features of this routing algorithm can be inserted into any vehicular architecture to provide functioning GeoNetworking that will support a wide range of Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) applications.

A Novel Geo-Broadcast Algorithm for V2V Communications over WSN

The key for enabling the next generation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), the cooperative systems, is the availability of vehicular communication technologies, whose mandatory installation in cars is foreseen in the next few years. The definition of the communications is in the final step of development, with great efforts on standardization and some field operational tests of network devices and applications. However, some inter-vehicular communications issues are not sufficiently developed and are the target of research. One of these challenges is the construction of stable networks based on the position of the nodes of the vehicular network, as well as the broadcast of information destined to nodes concentrated in a specific geographic area without collapsing the network. In this paper, a novel algorithm for geo-broadcast communications is presented, based on the evolution of previous results in vehicular mesh networks using wireless sensor networks with IEEE 802.15.4 technology. This algorithm has been designed and compared with the IEEE 802.11p algorithms, implemented and validated in controlled conditions and tested on real vehicles. The results suggest that the characteristics of the designed broadcast algorithm can improve any vehicular communications architecture to complement a geo-networking functionality that supports a variety of ADAS.

Performance evaluation of a cooperative reputation system for vehicular delay-tolerant networks

Abstract In the last decade, both scientific community and automotive industry enabled communications among vehicles in different kinds of scenarios proposing different vehicular architectures. Vehicular delay-tolerant networks (VDTNs) were proposed as a solution to overcome some of the issues found in other vehicular architectures, namely, in dispersed regions and emergency scenarios. Most of these issues arise from the unique characteristics of vehicular networks. Contrary to delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), VDTNs place the bundle layer under the network layer in order to simplify the layered architecture and enable communications in sparse regions characterized by long propagation delays, high error rates, and short contact durations. However, such characteristics turn contacts very important in order to exchange as much information as possible between nodes at every contact opportunity. One way to accomplish this goal is to enforce cooperation between network nodes. To promote cooperation among nodes, it is important that nodes share their own resources to deliver messages from others. This can be a very difficult task, if selfish nodes affect the performance of cooperative nodes. This paper studies the performance of a cooperative reputation system that detects, identify, and avoid communications with selfish nodes. Two scenarios were considered across all the experiments enforcing three different routing protocols (First Contact, Spray and Wait, and GeoSpray). For both scenarios, it was shown that reputation mechanisms that punish aggressively selfish nodes contribute to increase the overall network performance.

Mobile ad hoc wireless networks

As the name “ad hoc” indicates, an ad hoc network is a wireless network designed to satisfy a “special purpose” application, often of short duration. An ad hoc network must be deployed rapidly and is frequently reconfigured to adjust to changes. The temporary nature and the high rate of change set the ad hoc network apart from other more permanent wireless structures such as urban mesh networks or environmental sensor networks. A prime example of an ad hoc environment is the battlefield. It is no surprise that much of the early work on ad hoc nets was supported by the Department of Defense, through the DARPA Packet Radio program that began just a couple of years after the introduction of the ARPANET. Civilian applications (natural disaster management, homeland defense, etc.) have followed closely the military model and in fact share many of its requirements. Commercial applications have just begun to emerge, in most cases as “opportunistic extensions” of the network infrastructure (wired or wireless). One promising commercial application is car-to-car ad hoc networking. The vehicular network application is in part propelled by the Department of Transportation plan to develop a “standard” vehicular radio architecture — DSRC (Digital Short Range Communications) — for navigation safety. Once the radio is installed on each car for a civilian purpose (e.g., safe driving), one can speculate that a number of commercial applications will rapidly spring up. Most of the vehicle applications will revolve around wireless Internet access; but, some will be based on fully distributed applications, e.g., car-to-car file sharing and games. Besides vehicular ad hoc networking, other commercial applications are now emerging which include multihop extensions of the urban “mesh networks” to mobile momentarily out of reach. This trend is fueled by the proliferation of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN products and services together with development of ad hoc protocol standards in IETF MANET.